Normal State Research Articles

Small Sample Fiber Full State Diagnosis Based on Fuzzy Clustering and Improved ResNet Network

The optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) curve features of communication fibers exhibit subtle differences among their normal, subhealthy, and faulty operating states, making it challenging for existing machine learning-based fault diagnosis algorithms to extract these minute features. In addition, the OTDR curve field fault data are scarce, and data-driven deep neural network that needs a lot of data training cannot meet the requirements. In response to this issue, this paper proposes a communication fiber state diagnosis model based on fuzzy clustering and an improved ResNet. First, the pretrained residual network (ResNet) is modified by removing the classification layer and retaining the feature extraction layers. A global average pooling (GAP) layer is designed as a replacement for the fully connected layer. Second, fuzzy clustering, instead of the softmax classification layer, is employed in ResNet for its characteristic of requiring no subsequent data training. The improved model requires only a small amount of sample training to optimize the parameters of the GAP layer, thereby accommodating state diagnosis in scenarios with limited data availability. During the diagnosis process, the OTDR curves are input into the network, resulting in 512 features outputted in the GAP layer. These features are used to construct a feature vector matrix, and a dynamic clustering graph is formed using fuzzy clustering to realize the fiber state diagnosis. Through on-site data detection and validation, it has been demonstrated that the improved ResNet can effectively identify the full cycle of fiber states.

Explainable artificial intelligence-based evidential inferencing on process faults in plasma etching

The fault detection and classification (FDC) modeling proposed in this study is a research approach that is intended to improve the performance of plasma process models by leveraging optical emission spectroscopy (OES) data containing plasma information (PI) and enhancing model interpretability using explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) algorithms. Status variable identification data that included normal and abnormal states of bias power, pressure, SF6 gas flow, and O2 gas flow were collected during a silicon etching process with SF6, O2 gas plasma. Additional variables were derived from the OES data and included additional PI, such as O and F radicals, which were computed using actinometry, and electron temperature and electron density computed using the line ratio method. By building a high-performance FDC model and interpreting its results using XAI algorithms, we propose solutions to the limitations of the FDC model in semiconductor plasma processes.

Observation and quantification of the pseudogap in unitary Fermi gases.

The microscopic origin of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates remains unknown. It is widely believed that substantial progress could be achieved by better understanding of the pseudogap phase, a normal non-superconducting state of cuprates1,2. In particular, a central issue is whether the pseudogap could originate from strong pairing fluctuations3. Unitary Fermi gases4,5, in which the pseudogap-if it exists-necessarily arises from many-body pairing, offer ideal quantum simulators to address this question. Here we report the observation of a pair-fluctuation-driven pseudogap in homogeneous unitary Fermi gases of lithium-6 atoms, by precisely measuring the fermion spectral function through momentum-resolved microwave spectroscopy and without spurious effects from final-state interactions. The temperature dependence of the pairing gap, inverse pair lifetime and single-particle scattering rate are quantitatively determined by analysing the spectra. We find a large pseudogap above the superfluid transition temperature. The inverse pair lifetime exhibits a thermally activated exponential behaviour, uncovering the microscopic virtual pair breaking and recombination mechanism. The obtained large, temperature-independent single-particle scattering rate is comparable with that set by the Planckian limit6. Our findings quantitatively characterize the pseudogap in strongly interacting Fermi gases and they lend support for the role of preformed pairing as a precursor to superfluidity.

Resonant x-ray diffraction measurements in charge ordered kagome superconductors KV3Sb5 and RbV3Sb5

We report on (resonant) x-ray diffraction experiments on the normal state properties of kagome-lattice superconductors KV3Sb5 and RbV3Sb5. We have confirmed previous reports indicating that the charge density wave (CDW) phase is characterized by a doubling of the unit cell in all three crystallographic directions. By monitoring the temperature dependence of Bragg peaks associated with the CDW phase, we ascertained that it develops gradually over several degrees, as opposed to CsV3Sb5, where the CDW peak intensity saturates promptly just below the CDW transition temperature. Analysis of symmetry modes indicates that this behavior arises due to lattice distortions linked to the formation of CDWs. These distortions occur abruptly in CsV3Sb5, while they progress more gradually in RbV3Sb5 and KV3Sb5. In contrast, the amplitude of the mode leading to the crystallographic symmetry breaking from P6/mmm to Fmmm appears to develop more gradually in CsV3Sb5 as well. Diffraction measurements close to the V K edge and the Sb L1 edge show no sensitivity to inversion- or time-symmetry breaking, which are claimed to be associated with the onset of the CDW phase. The azimuthal angle dependence of the resonant diffraction intensity observed at the Sb L1 edge is associated with the difference in the population of unoccupied states and the anisotropy of the electron density of certain Sb ions.

Providing a Control System for Charging Electric Vehicles Using ANFIS

Frequency control, especially when incorporating distributed generation units such as wind and solar power plants, is crucial for maintaining grid stability. To address this issue, a study proposes a method for controlling the connection status of electric vehicles (EVs) to prevent frequency fluctuations. The method utilizes an adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a whale optimization algorithm to regulate the charging or discharging of EV batteries based on frequency fluctuations. The objective is to minimize and adjust the frequency fluctuations to zero. The proposed method is evaluated using a real microgrid composed of a wind power plant, a solar power plant, a diesel generator, a large household load, an industrial load, and 711 electric vehicles. The ANFIS system serves as the primary controller, taking inputs such as electric vehicle and battery status and generating outputs that determine the charging or discharging of the electric vehicles. Several investigations are conducted to assess the effectiveness of this model, and the results obtained are compared with the normal state where electric vehicles only consume power. By implementing this method, it is expected that the connection status of electric vehicles can be optimized to help stabilize the grid and minimize frequency fluctuations caused by the integration of distributed renewable energy sources. This study highlights the importance of automatic frequency control in smart grids and offers a potential solution using ANFIS and the whale optimization algorithm.

Water level control of nuclear steam generators using intelligent hierarchical autonomous controller

The challenge of water level control in steam generators, particularly at low power levels, has always been a critical aspect of nuclear power plant operation. To address this issue, this paper introduces an IHA controller. This controller employs a CPI controller as the primary controller for direct water level control, coupled with an agent-based controller optimized through a DRL algorithm. The agent dynamically optimizes the parameters of the CPI controller in real-time based on the system’s state, resulting in improved control performance. Firstly, a new observer information is obtained to get the accurate state of the system, and a new reward function is constructed to evaluate the status of the system and guide the agent’s learning process. Secondly, a deep ResNet with good generalization performance is used as the approximator of action value function and policy function. Then, the DDPG algorithm is used to train the agent-based controller, and an advanced controller with good performance is obtained after training. Finally, the popular UTSG model is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves rise times of 73.9 s, 13.6 s, and 16.4 s at low, medium, and high power levels, respectively. Particularly, at low power levels, the IHA controller can restore the water level to its normal state within 200 s. These performances surpass those of the comparative methods, indicating that the proposed method excels not only in water level tracking but also in anti-interference capabilities. In essence, the IHA controller can autonomously learn the control strategy and reduce its reliance on the expert system, achieving true autonomous control and delivering excellent control performance.

Polymorphic Kondo Effects Driven by Spin Lattice Coupling in VTe2

AbstractPolymorphism in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) allows unique physical properties to be controlled, such as artificial heavy fermion phenomena, the quantum spin Hall effect, and optimized device operations with 2D materials. Besides lattice structural and metal‐semiconductor polymorphs, intriguing charge density wave (CDW) states with different electronic and magnetic phases are demonstrated in TMDs. Typically, the “normal” state is stabilized at high temperature above the CDW energy scale, and therefore, is not relevant to many low‐temperature quantum phenomena, such as magnetic ordering and the heavy fermion Kondo state. Here, a local and robust phase manipulation of the normal (1T) and CDW (1T’) states of VTe2 is reported by laser irradiation, and polymorphic Kondo effects are demonstrated with the two phases at low temperatures. The theoretical calculations show that Kondo screening of vanadium 3d electron moments is markedly enhanced in 1T’‐VTe2, which is responsible for the observed transport properties distinct from its 1T counterpart. Controlling the spin‐lattice coupling and Kondo physics via laser‐driven CDW phase patterning allows the design of correlated electronic and magnetic properties in TMDs.

High-order time-reversal symmetry breaking normal state

High-order time-reversal symmetry breaking normal state

The Small-Amplitude Dynamics of Spontaneous Tropical Cyclogenesis. Part I: Experiments with Amplified Longwave Radiative Feedback

Abstract What determines the vortex size at the small-amplitude stage of spontaneous tropical cyclogenesis remains unclear. A doubly periodic domain is a standard setup for numerically studying this problem, but the convectively coupled standing waves inherent to the setup could directly trigger vortices, rendering an unrealistic path for tropical cyclogenesis. We increase the Coriolis parameter to suppress the wave and double the longwave radiative feedback to make the more realistic moisture–radiation instability dominant. Experiments show that the moisture–radiation instability has a short-wavelength cutoff due to the smoothing effect of convective dynamics, which includes the nonlocal convective triggering by cold pools and the nonlocal longwave radiative effect of anvil clouds. By approximating the spread of convective activity as a Gaussian filter on the column humidity, we derive a bulk convective spreading length lcp+av to parameterize the combined effect of cold pools and anvils. Using a novel diagnostic method, lcp+av is shown to be around 10 km. The contribution of cold pools and anvil clouds to convective spreading is comparable in the doubled radiative feedback experiments. An extrapolation to the normal radiative feedback state shows the anvil clouds play a smaller yet nonnegligible role.

Monitoring and Early Warning for Hydroelectric Generating Sets based on Hotelling’s T2 and LSTM Model

A method of monitoring and early warning for hydroelectric generating sets based on Hotelling’s T-squared statistics(T2) and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) network is proposed. Multi-channel vibration and swing signals can be fused and predicted based on the given model. The monitoring and alerting function can also be implemented according to a threshold value of T2. First, the vibration and swing signals of multi-channels hydroelectric generating sets are obtained and fused based on Principal Component Analysis(PCA) to reduce the amount of data. Second, Hotelling’s T2 statistics under normal running state is calculated and taken as a warning threshold. Third, a LSTM model is established to predict future values of T2, and early warning for a hydroelectric generating set can be realized by use of the obtained warning threshold. The vibration and swing signals from 16 channels in a set are used to validate the effectiveness of the method. Finally, there is a more than 90% reduction in the amount of data and the efficiency is significantly improved. LSTM has a high accuracy in T2 prediction and realize the early warning for abnormal status.

Стабилизация характеристик регенераторов

The article relates to the field of research of the physics of the transition of the amplifier from the aggregate state of amplification to the aggregate state of generation. The aim of the study is to find the possibility of controlling the process of transition from one state of aggregation to another, to implement a stable retention of the device at a given point. The latter will make it possible to implement the construction of stable regenerators. A theoretical conclusion is obtained about the possibility of stable signal regeneration, for which the stabilization coefficient of negative feedback on a constant, zero component should be greater than the regeneration coefficient or gain in gain due to positive feedback at the maximum gain frequency, and for a resonant amplifier – at a resonant frequency. The information confirming the theoretical conclusions and conditions on the example of some technical solutions and implementations of practical devices is given. The multiple technical advantages of stable regenerators over traditional amplifying devices are demonstrated, including resistance to excitation of parasitic generation in a wide dynamic range and temperature range. This is explained by the fact that a stable regenerator cannot be excited twice, a stable excitation is a normal state of aggregation of the regeneration of the input signal. There is also a significant increase in sensitivity and, accordingly, a decrease in intrinsic noise by 9-10 orders of magnitude, an improvement in the width of the linear dynamic range by 8-9 orders of magnitude. An improvement in the amplified frequency bandwidth is demonstrated, not only in the area of minimization, but also in the region of significant expansion, more than an order of magnitude, relative to the maximum achievable for specific samples of the amplifying element, the transistor. The fact that the dependence of the regeneration coefficient and the quality factor of the LC circuit is a special case, only for LC regenerators, is shown and explained. The presented broadband regenerators use strip valves or broadband transformers without an LC circuit and have a regeneration coefficient, which does not contradict the theory and is useful in practice. Multiple improvements are predicted in the construction of systems and devices for low-power signals, as well as an improvement by several orders of magnitude of the main technical characteristics of communication and location systems, measuring systems and devices.

Roles of IL-11 in the regulation of bone metabolism.

Bone metabolism is the basis for maintaining the normal physiological state of bone, and imbalance of bone metabolism can lead to a series of metabolic bone diseases. As a member of the IL-6 family, IL-11 acts primarily through the classical signaling pathway IL-11/Receptors, IL-11 (IL-11R)/Glycoprotein 130 (gp130). The regulatory role of IL-11 in bone metabolism has been found earlier, but mainly focuses on the effects on osteogenesis and osteoclasis. In recent years, more studies have focused on IL-11's roles and related mechanisms in different bone metabolism activities. IL-11 regulates osteoblasts, osteoclasts, BM stromal cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and chondrocytes. It's involved in bone homeostasis, including osteogenesis, osteolysis, bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis, BM adipogenesis, and bone metastasis. This review exams IL-11's role in pathology and bone tissue, the cytokines and pathways that regulate IL-11 expression, and the feedback regulations of these pathways.

Localization effect in single crystal of RuAs2

We report the magnetotransport and thermal properties of RuAs2 single crystal. RuAs2 exhibits semiconductor behavior and localization effect. The crossover from normal state to diffusive transport in the weak localization (WL) state and then to variable range hopping (VRH) transport in the strong localization state has been observed. The transitions can be reflected in the measurement of resistivity and Seebeck coefficient. Negative magnetoresistance (NMR) emerges with the appearance of localization effect and is gradually suppressed in high magnetic field. The temperature dependent phase coherence length extracted from the fittings of NMR also indicates the transition from WL to VRH. The measurement of Hall effect reveals an anomaly of temperature dependent carrier concentration caused by localization effect. Our findings show that RuAs2 is a suitable platform to study the localized state.

Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dan Pola Makan terhadap Status Indeks Masa Tubuh Normal

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple method used to assess the nutritional status of an individual. BMI is related to risk factors for obesity and its complications. Knowledge is needed regarding matters related to BMI in order to be able to control it and keep it in a normal or ideal state. This research aims to explain the relationship between physical activity and Body Mass Index (BMI) as well as good eating patterns to control BMI to remain normal. The research was conducted using the literature review method. Literature reviews were carried out on research articles, books and government documents. The results found that physical activity was related to BMI in terms of energy burning and fat reserves in the body. Insufficient physical activity will lead to a tendency towards high BMI values. Vice versa, high physical activity tends to set lower (normal) BMI values. Apart from managing physical activity, in order to get an ideal BMI, you need to regulate your diet well, namely by paying attention to the type, amount and schedule of food consumption.

APC mutations disrupt β-catenin destruction complex condensates organized by Axin phase separation

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is critical to maintaining cell fate decisions. Recent study showed that liquid–liquid-phase separation (LLPS) of Axin organized the β-catenin destruction complex condensates in a normal cellular state. Mutations inactivating the APC gene are found in approximately 80% of all human colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the molecular mechanism of the formation of β-catenin destruction complex condensates organized by Axin phase separation and how APC mutations impact the condensates are still unclear. Here, we report that the β-catenin destruction complex, which is constructed by Axin, was assembled condensates via a phase separation process in CRC cells. The key role of wild-type APC is to stabilize destruction complex condensates. Surprisingly, truncated APC did not affect the formation of condensates, and GSK 3β and CK1α were unsuccessfully recruited, preventing β-catenin phosphorylation and resulting in accumulation in the cytoplasm of CRCs. Besides, we propose that the phase separation ability of Axin participates in the nucleus translocation of β-catenin and be incorporated and concentrated into transcriptional condensates, affecting the transcriptional activity of Wnt signaling pathway.

A Simulation Analysis of The Failure Mode of Series Stabilized Voltage Circuit with Restricted Electric Current Protection

This paper uses the failure simulation function of multisim circuit simulation software to analyzes the characteristics of the fault mode of the series stabilized voltage circuit in normal state and three common limit tube breakdown, stabilizer breakdown and adjusting tube breakdown. Combined with the theoretical calculation of the circuit parameters in each fault mode,the correctness of the simulation analysis is verified.

A Health Status Assessment Method of Fluid Loop System Based on Hierarchical Multi-Information Fusion

As a kind of thermal control device, fluid loop systems must operate with the demands of high safety, high reliability, and long life. In order to accurately assess the health status of fluid loop systems, a hierarchical multi-information fusion (HMIF) method is proposed in this paper. Considering that fluid loop systems generally have distinct structural hierarchies, the health evaluation process in this method is divided into three levels, which are the indicator level, the component level, and the system level. In the evaluation process, the health indices are, respectively, constructed to quantify the health status at the three levels. At the indicator level, One-Class support vector machine algorithm is used to obtain the distribution space of each state monitoring indicator under a normal state. The indicator-level health indices are evaluated by calculating the ratio of the data located in the distribution space to the overall data. At the component level, a fuzzy theory is used to calculate the health indices of the component level. Health indices at the indicator level are first converted to membership degree by membership degree function. Then, the evaluation fusion strategy is used to deduce the membership degree of the component level. The health indices at the component level are obtained from the mapping relationship between the membership degree and the health index. At the system level, an adaptive weight adjustment strategy is proposed to fuze all component-level health indices. Taking a practical fluid loop system as an example, health indices at the three levels evaluated by the HMIF method are compared with the actual status. The results indicate that the proposed method can correctly judge the health state of the system and provide a reference for the maintenance and fault diagnosis of fluid loop systems.

In-Plane Anisotropy of Electrical Transport in Y0.85Tb0.15Ba2Cu3O7-x Films.

We fabricated high-quality c-axis-oriented epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-x films with 15% of the yttrium atoms replaced by terbium (YTBCO) and studied their electrical properties. The Tb substitution reduced the charge carrier density, resulting in increased resistivity and decreased critical current density compared to pure YBa2Cu3O7-x films. The electrical properties of the YTBCO films showed an in-plane anisotropy in both the superconducting and normal states that, together with the XRD data, provided evidence for, at least, a partially twin-free film. Unexpectedly, the resistive transition of the bridges also demonstrated the in-plane anisotropy that could be explained within the framework of Tinkham's model of resistive transition and the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) model, depending on the sample parameters. Measurements of the differential resistance in the temperature range of the resistive transition confirmed the occurrence of the BKT transition in the YTBCO bridges. Therefore, we consider the YTBCO films to be a promising platform for both the fabrication of devices with high kinetic inductance and fundamental research on the BKT transition in cuprate superconductors.

P887 Comparative efficacy of JAK inhibitors versus vedolizumab in patients with hypoalbumineamia and Ulcerative colitis

Abstract Background The IBD community are seeking ways to personalize medication choices for individual patients. Hypoalbumineamia is a poor prognostic marker in ulcerative colitis (UC) as a surrogate marker of disease activity. Biologic molecules are intermittently dosed using albumin binding to maintain plasma concentration, therefore in low albumin states drug clearance is accelerated. This effect is potentially less significant in regularly dosed, JAK inhibitors (JAKi). Methods All patients at our unit taking a JAKi were included. Patients using vedolizumab were selected for inclusion based on the nearest neighbour with respect to medication start date. Vedolizumab was chosen as a second line advanced therapy used regularly in UC. Demographic and disease characteristics were collected. Blood tests immediately prior to starting medication were collected. Outcome measure was response to treatment based based on drug continuation and clinician documentation of treatment success at 6 months. Results 56 patients were included; 28 receiving a JAKi, 28 patients using vedolizumab. The JAKi group consisted of 8 patients receiving Filgotinib, 12 Tofacitinib and 8 Upadacitinib. Patients receiving JAKi were younger (mean age 44 years, SD 14) compared to vedolizumab (56 years, SD 20). Both were predominantly white (JAKi n=16, Vedolizumab n=22). Chronic liver disease was uncommon in both groups; JAKi n=2 (7.1%) and vedolizumab n=3 (10.7%), none of whom had cirrhosis. More hospital admissions were observed in the year prior to starting treatment in patients who received JAKi (n=16, 57.1%) compared to vedolizumab (n=9, 32%). Hypoalbuminaemia (defined as ≤30g/L) was seen in 5 patients in each group. In patients receiving JAKi 16/23 (69.7%) patients without hypoalbuminaemia responded to treatment at 6 months, compared to 3/5 (60%) with low albumin. (p=0.999). In patients receiving Vedolizumab 18/23 (78.3%) patients responded to treatment at 6 months, compared to 1/5 (20%), (p=0.026). Conclusion In patients with hypoalbumineamia, vedolizumab was less effective compared to normal albumin states. A similar effect was not observed in patients receiving JAKi. Numerically the efficacy of both vedolizumab and JAKi was worse in patients with hypoalbuminaemia, as would be expected given the likely reflection of increased disease severity. This data suggests that those patients requiring advanced therapy with hypalbuminaemia might respond better to a JAKi. Further research is needed to investigate this finding.

Cow's Milk: A Benefit for Human Health? Omics Tools and Precision Nutrition for Lactose Intolerance Management.

Cow's milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, "lactase-deficient" individuals cannot digest milk's main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the "one size fits all" approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state.