Completely Normal Research Articles

SPECIAL NORMAL AND NEO-NORMAL PROJECTIVE RECURRENT, BI-RECURRENT, FINSLER SPACES ADMITTING AFFINE MOTION

This paper deals with the study of the recurrent and bi-recurrent, Neo-normal / normal and special normal projective Finsler spaces admitting an affine motion. The relation between two Ricci tensors has been established in a normal projective Finsler space and in a special normal projective Finsler space, the recurrence tensor of a birecurrent vector field generating an affine motion can not be independent of the directional arguments and is always non-symmetric. Also, some special types of affine motion generated by a vector field whose covariant derivative is recurrent have been discussed in this paper.

Evaluation of varieties and spacing against chiku moth Nephopteryx eugraphella (Ragonot) in sapota and their eco-friendly management

The study on assessment of varieties and spacing against chiku moth, Nephopteryx eugraphella (Ragonot) along with safer management tactics in sapota was carried out at Fruit Research Station, NAU, Gandevi during 2019-20. The average infestation in winter due to chiku moth under normal and high density plantations showed significantly higher damage in Kalipatti (13.25%) followed by Cricket ball (9.00%). However, the damage was comparatively low in PKM-3 (4.57%) and PKM-1 (4.74%). During summer significantly highest incidence was noted in Kalipatti (14.31%) followed by Cricket ball (11.39%) and DHS-1 (11.21%), while the lower infestation was noted in PKM-1 (6.46%) and PKM-3 (6.99%). The average infestation was found to be higher in high density plantation (7.93 and 10.46%) than normal spacing (6.51 and 8.72%) during winter and summer seasons, respectively. Higher damage was noticed in summer than winter among all the varieties. Among evaluation trial of different biopesticides and botanicals after tourk spray, azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 2 ml L−1 and Bt @ 2 g L−1 showed lower bud and flower damage 6.88 and 7.36 per cent and estimated reduction of 63.53 and 60.93 per cent, respectively over control followed by azadirachtin @ 1 ml L−1 (8.58%) and B. bassiana @ 4 g L−1 (8.76%) in damage and reduction up to 54.47 and 53.53 per cent, respectively over control.

Some remarks on Star-Menger spaces using box products

This article is a continuation of study of star-Menger selection properties in line of (Kocinac, 2009, 2015), where we mainly use covers consisting of G? sets with certain additional condition. It is observed that star-Mengerness is equivalent to the fact that every such type of cover of a space has a countable subcover. We improve this result by considering ?subcovers of cardinality less than b? instead of ?countable subcovers?, which is our primary observation. We also show that it is possible to produce non normal spaces using box products and dense star-Menger subspaces.

Composition operators on normal weight Dirichlet space

By using Bergman ball and Carleson domain, the authors give several equivalent characterizations for which composition operator is bounded or compact on the normal weight Dirichlet type spaces in this paper.

Nataf transformation based univariate decomposable polynomial RSM for engineering reliability analysis

For engineering problems, the correlation exists among the common random variables. For those with highly correlated variables accompanying the high nonlinearity, large error would be induced if ignoring the influence of their correlation matrix. Considering correlated variables, an executing mode of polynomial response surface method based on Nataf transformation and univariate decomposition is introduced in this paper, called as N-UDPRSM. The correlated variables can be converted into the independent standard normal space and all of the univariate component polynomials can be determined separately. Besides, high order terms can be adopted into N-UDPRSM to balance the accuracy and efficiency for high nonlinear engineering problems. The corresponding practical implementation for engineering reliability analysis is designed in detail. A typical engineering structure is studied. The results indicate that it performs well in balancing accuracy and efficiency, and it also preserve some superiority contrast with other state-of-art methods.

Electromagnetic form factors in noncommutative space time

Electric and magnetic moment distributions are presenting by form factors (FF)s. Noncommutative space-time (NCST) includes an additional Lorentz index which are effecting on FFs. In this content we investigate electron-proton elastic scattering to impose the noncommutative effect on FFs and to obtain their physical meaning. Two Rosenbluth and polarization methods are utilized in NCST. The second method is not affected by NCST. When we resort to polarization method, the ratio of electric form factor to magnetic form factor in NCST is identical to the one in normal space time. This indicates the priority of polarization method to measure experimentally the concerned ratio as is expecting. On the other hand, the pure NC effect makes to appear an extra ratio, denoted by R_{NC}. If we let the variation of this quantity to cover the difference between the experimental results for Resonbluth and polarization ratio then the accepted lower limit of Lambda _{NC} as NC scale is achieved which is corresponding to 180^circ for the scattering angle.

Radiographic Measurements of Normal Knee Joint Space in Adults

Introduction: The knee joint is the space between the femoral and tibial condyles. The tibiofemoral articulations are separated by articular cartilages and menisci; with little contributions from cruciate ligaments. These are collectively seen on a radiograph as a radiolucent area between the bony tibial and femoral condyles. This study was conducted to measure the normal knee joint space in patients referred for X-Ray to the Department of Radiology of a tertiary care hospital.
 Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from 1st January to 1st April 2021 in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH). A total of 157 patients were involved. The radiographic joint space width in the knee joint was measured in both medial and lateral compartments of bilateral knees in correlation with age and gender.
 Results: The mean right medial, left medial, right lateral, and left lateral spaces for females were 0.25±0.08 cm, 0.23±0.09 cm, 0.49±0.10 cm, and 0.49±0.29 cm respectively. Similarly, the mean right medial left medial, right lateral, and left lateral spaces for males were 0.26±0.07 cm, 0.10±0.09 cm, 0.18±0.09 cm, and 0.17±0.08 cm respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between both right and left joint spaces about age.
 Conclusion: The radiographic reference values for the joint space width were obtained, showing a positive correlation with age and no significant gender variations in bilateral knees.

Metrizability of partial metric spaces

We analyze relationship between partial metric spaces and several generalized metric spaces. We first establish that the perfectness of an arbitrary partially metric space X is equivalent to each of the following properties: developability, semi-stratifiability, X has a σ-discrete closed network, X is a β-space with T1. Using this fact we obtain that the metrizability of a partial metric space X is equivalent to the stratifiability of X or to the fact that X is a perfect regular paracompact space. Moreover, we give examples that indicate the essentiality of certain conditions in the previous two results. Finally, we show that the statement “every perfectly normal separable partial metric space is metrizable” is independent of ZFC, similarly as for the Normal Moore Space Problem.

P-Normality

A topological space X is called P-normal if there exist a normal space Y and a bijective function f : X −→ Y such that the restriction f|A : A −→ f(A) is a homeomorphism for each paracompact subspace A ⊆ X. We will investigate this property and produce some examples to illustrate the relation between P-normality and other weaker kinds of normality.

Treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability by double-band anatomical reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament's fibular enthesis.

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury is one of the most common injuries in sports medicine, resulting in chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). The patients' daily life may be seriously affected by ankle osteoarthritis and other irreversible damages, if the ATFL injury is not treated in time and drags on. Patients with ATFL injury who show no significant recovery after 3-6 months of conservative treatment should consider surgical treatment as soon as possible to restore ankle stability and function. This study aims to investigate the effect of double-bands anatomical reconstruction of the ATFL's fibular enthesis for the treatment of CLAI. A retrospective review was conducted on 67 patients diagnosed with CLAI in the Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from January 2015 to January 2018, including 42 males and 25 females, aged from 17 to 41 years old, with disease course of (12.6±3.2) months. Of the 67 patients, 29 left ankles and 38 right ankles were included in this study. Patients suffered from repeated sprains which leaded to pain, swelling and obvious ankle relaxation. There were obvious tenderness at the ATFL insertion and the calcaneal fibular ligament insertion. Both the anterior ankle drawer test and the varus stress test were positive. Other ankle disorders were excluded by X-ray. Preoperative color Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance examination were performed to observe ATFL injury. All the patients had surgical indications and no obvious contraindications, and they were treated with arthroscopic debridement and double-bundle anatomical reconstruction of the AFTL's fibular enthesis under anesthesia. Postoperative routine nursing and standardized rehabilitation exercise were recommended. Outpatient follow-up was conducted at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, Karlsson Ankle Functional (KAF) score, and the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Intraoperative arthroscopic examination of 67 patients showed inflammatory synovial hyperplasia in 52 cases (77.6%), obvious osteophyte hyperplasia in 12 cases (17.9%), talus osteochondral injury of grade II-III in 23 cases (34.3%), and cartilage injury of grade IV in 5 cases (7.5%). All operations were carried out successfully, and both the anterior ankle drawer test and the varus stress test were negative under anesthesia after surgery. The anchors were in good position. Among them, 3 patients (4.5%) got temporary superficial peroneal nerve palsy and skin numbness at ankle joint after surgery, which gradually recovered within 2 weeks. There were no serious perioperative complications such as infection and suppurative arthritis. Postoperative follow-up was conducted for 12-24 (15.64±3.17) months. At the last follow-up, all patients were walking normally. Most patients had no pain or occasionally mild pain. Ankle function and motion were restored without re-instability. Sixty-four patients (95.5%) worked and exercised as before the surgery. Standing X-ray examination indicated normal joint space without stenosis, and the internal fixation was in good position. Postoperative AOFAS scores (94.78±6.37) were significantly better than the preoperative scores (64.17±12.43, P<0.01). Besides, the KAF scores and the JSSF ankle/hindfoot scale before surgery were significantly increased (KAF: 91.04±11.36 vs 59.74±13.63, P<0.01; JSSF: 95.32±10.21 vs 66.92±14.38, P<0.01). Arthroscopic debridement and double-bands anatomical reconstruction of the ATFL's fibular enthesis for the treatment of CLAI gains beneficial short-term effects for its minimal invasion and quick recovery.

Psychological attachment in the new normal working context: Influence of career navigation and career well-being attributes

Background: The new normal working context, characterised by fast changes, rapid upskilling, adoption of technology, and remote working, requires employees to remain psychologically attached to their organisations. More insight is needed regarding how career navigation (as an attribute of career agility) and career well-being attributes explain the psychological attachment of employees in order to invest in their career development amidst the chaos and demands driven by the new normal working context.Objective: The study explored career navigation and career well-being attributes (i.e. positive career effect, career networking/social support, and career meaningfulness) as potential explanatory mechanisms of individuals’ psychological attachment.Method: The study used a cross-sectional research design, which involved a convenience sample (n = 177) of national and international employees (mean age = 34 years; standard deviation [SD] = 10.14), represented by 39% managerial employees, 38% staff, and 23% professional consultants. Most of the participants (72%) were employed by South African organisations.Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that career navigation explains higher levels of psychological attachment (including affective, normative, and continuous attachment). Positive career effects significantly predicted continuous attachment, whereas social support/career networking positively predicted overall psychological attachment and affective and normative attachment. Career meaningfulness was found to explain higher levels of overall and affective psychological attachment.Conclusion: The findings contribute new insights into the construct of career navigation and career well-being attributes and extend research on the antecedents of psychological attachment in the new normal working space, characterised by remote working and technology.

Decomposition, Mapping, and Sum Theorems of ω-Paracompact Topological Spaces

As a weaker form of ω-paracompactness, the notion of σ-ω-paracompactness is introduced. Furthermore, as a weaker form of σ-ω-paracompactness, the notion of feebly ω-paracompactness is introduced. It is proven hereinthat locally countable topological spaces are feebly ω-paracompact. Furthermore, it is proven hereinthat countably ω-paracompact σ-ω-paracompact topological spaces are ω-paracompact. Furthermore, it is proven hereinthat σ-ω-paracompactness is inverse invariant under perfect mappings with countable fibers, and as a result, is proven hereinthat ω-paracompactness is inverse invariant under perfect mappings with countable fibers. Furthermore, if A is a locally finite closed covering of a topological space X,τ with each A∈A being ω-paracompact and normal, then X,τ is ω-paracompact and normal, and as a corollary, a sum theorem for ω-paracompact normal topological spaces follows. Moreover, three open questions are raised.

On monotonically normal and transitively (linearly) dually discrete spaces

In this article, we show that if X is a monotonically normal space, then for any neighborhood assignment ϕ for X there exists a discrete subspace D of X such that X=(⋃{ϕ(d):d∈D})∪D‾ and D‾∖(⋃{ϕ(d):d∈D}) is left-separated. A space X is called weakly dually discrete if for any neighborhood assignment ϕ for X there exists a discrete subspace D of X such that X=(⋃{ϕ(d):d∈D})∪D‾ and D‾∖(⋃{ϕ(d):d∈D}) is a closed discrete subspace of X. We discuss some basic properties of weakly dually discrete spaces.In the last part of this article, we introduce the notions of linear dual discreteness and transitive dual discreteness. Some of their properties are discussed. We finally show that if a space X is discretely complete and X=⋃{Xn:n∈N} such that Xn is monotonically normal for each n∈N, then X is compact. If X is a monotonically normal space and Y is a compact T1-space, then X×Y is dually 2-scattered. We also discuss some properties of spaces which are dually scattered with finite rank.

Probabilistic power flow computation using nested point estimate method

The probabilistic power flow (PPF) computation involves quantifying and propagating uncertainty over hundreds of variables. Zhao's point estimate method (PEM) has been widely used for PPF computation, and the computational burden increases linearly with respect to the number of PPF inputs. In this paper, Zhao's PEM is reformulated as the Kronecker product of Gauss-Hermite quadrature and an identity matrix. Following this formulation, a new PEM termed Nested PEM is developed based on Hadamard matrix, which can reduce the computational burden nearly by half relative to Zhao's PEM. In order to consider the dependence among PPF inputs, the extended generalized lambda distribution (EGLD) is employed to model marginal distributions of correlated PPF inputs, and the t-copula is introduced to map PPF problem to the independent standard normal space. Finally, case studies are conducted on a modified IEEE 118-bus system to illustrate the proposed PEM.

Intelligent fault detection of reciprocating compressor using a novel discrete state space

Aiming to the intelligent fault detection of reciprocating compressors (RCs), a novel method based on discrete state space construction and state space transformation is proposed in this paper. Conventional fault detection methods were conducted with continuous data, which tend to cause overfitting on establishing a model. This paper proposes a novel framework of fault detection on the basis of discrete data. High-dimensional features are extracted from raw signals and discretized into labels representing potential states of operating conditions. These discrete features of normal data are constructed into raw state space, and then transformed into a new state space by latent Dirichlet allocation subsequently. The transformed state space and its distribution can reflect operating conditions with more representative information. Then the distributions of real-time data under the transformed normal state space are calculated. The divergences of real-time state space distribution and normal state space are determined to identify the operating condition of reciprocating compressors, including normal condition and abnormal condition. This proposed method was validated on four cases of RC faults. The result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method on detecting abnormal conditions of RCs.

A New Approach to the Katětov–Tong Theorem

We give a new proof of the Katětov–Tong theorem. Our strategy is to first prove the theorem for compact Hausdorff spaces, and then extend it to all normal spaces by showing how to extend upper and lower semicontinuous real-valued functions to the Stone–Čech compactification so that the less than or equal relation between the functions is preserved. In this way, the main step of the proof is the compact case, and our approach to handling this case also leads to a new proof of a version of the Stone–Weierstrass theorem.

Reliability computation via a transformed mixed-degree cubature rule and maximum entropy

Based on the maximum entropy method with fractional exponential moments, a new method is proposed for deriving the probability density function of the limit state function for reliability calculation. Since numerical evaluation of fractional exponential moments is of critical significance, a novel transformed mixed-degree cubature rule is developed. First, the integral related to fractional exponential moment evaluation is transformed over the standard normal space, where the cubature rule can be employed for the numerical evaluation. Then, the spherical and radial rules with different degrees are combined to formulate a novel mixed-degree cubature rule, where the sample size only increases linearly with the dimension. To further enhance and improve the precision, a rotational transformation is performed over the samples produced by the mixed-degree cubature rule to obtain a transformed cubature rule, in which a proper angle needs to be specified. A two-step strategy is then put forward to specify the appropriate angle in the transformed mixed-degree cubature rule, where the standard deviations of input variables and Kullback-Leibler divergence are used to formulate the objective functions. The proposed approach is verified via a set of numerical examples involving different types of problems.

Where is community during COVID-19? The experiences of families living in housing insecurity.

This article explores the understanding of community to families living in insecure housing in one Australian state during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Five female‐headed families were interviewed during the pandemic and asked to identify what community meant to them. All participants were referred by an agency caring for families experiencing homelessness or housing insecurity. Community was defined using Bourdieu's concept of social capital, allowing for both bonding and bridging relationships to be explored. Bonding relationships refer to close emotional ties with family and friends, while bridging ties establish networks that provide individuals with access to resources. Two themes emerged that shed light on how community is understood during times of crisis: The first suggests that for families experiencing housing insecurity, particularly women escaping family violence, their links with community were primarily maintained by welfare and church agencies. These organisations provided bridging social capital during the pandemic that allowed the women and their children to cope with the isolation and to maximise opportunities. The second themes point to traditional notions of community as family and geographical space. Here the findings are mixed. Resources provided by government, and mediated through the welfare agency, allowed these families to create a safe and comfortable space. However, for First Nations women, the lockdown meant that it was difficult to maintain community obligations, while children who appeared to identify community with attendance at school found the lockdown confusing because of the disruption to their normal social space.

Boosted Mechanical Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Barium Titanate Composite Porous Foam Based on Three-Dimensional Printing and Foaming Technology.

The popularity of intelligent and green electronic devices means that the use of renewable mechanical energy has gradually become an inevitable choice for social development. However, it is difficult for the existing energy harvesters to meet the requirement for efficient collection of discrete mechanical energy due to the limitation of traditional two-dimensional (2D) film deformation. In this research, a green and convenient supercritical carbon dioxide foaming (Sc-CO2)-assisted selective laser sintering method was developed, and piezoelectric energy harvesters with a 3D porous structure of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO3) were successfully constructed. The 3D structure combined with the porous structure made full use of the normal space, amplified the stress–strain effect, and improved the piezoelectric output capability. Under the synergistic effect of BaTiO3, the foams exhibited high output with an output voltage of 20.9 V and a current density of 0.371 nA/mm2, which exceeded most of the known PVDF/BaTiO3 energy harvesters, and the prepared piezoelectric energy harvester could directly light up 11 green light-emitting diodes and charge a 1 μF commercial capacitor to 4.98 V within 180 s. This work emphasizes the key role of 3D printing and Sc-CO2 foaming in fabricating 3D piezoelectric energy harvesters.

The technology of artificial pneumoperitoneum CT and its application in diagnosis of abdominal adhesion

To retrospectively analyze the use of artificial pneumoperitoneum in CT scans, to explore its operation methods and technical points, and to lay the foundation for the widespread application of artificial pneumoperitoneum in CT. A total of 331 patients who underwent artificial pneumoperitoneum with CT angiography from January 1, 2013, to November 1, 2019, were recruited. All patients underwent standardized artificial pneumoperitoneum in the horizontal, left and right lateral, and prone positions during CT thin-layer scans of the abdomen and 3D reconstruction. Taking the surgical results as the gold standard, and using kappa test to verify the consistency of surgical results and imaging results. In all 331 patients, 43 patients had a normal peritoneal space, and 288 patients had an abnormal peritoneal space. And only 22 patients developed complications of subcutaneous emphysema, accounting for 6.6% of all 331 patients. In terms of the postoperative results, 28 were normal, and 303 were abnormal. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CT diagnosis of abdominal adhesions using artificial pneumoperitoneum were 100%, 95.04%, and 95.46%, respectively. According to the Kappa consistency test, the imaging diagnosis from the CT scan with artificial pneumoperitoneum had a high consistency with the surgical results (kappa = 0.796, P < 0.05). The technique of artificial pneumoperitoneum CT is safe, reliable, highly practical, and proficient for obtaining good imaging results. It provides a good imaging basis for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal diseases, especially intra-abdominal adhesions.