Normal Social Life Research Articles

Social Intervention as an Adjuvant Therapy for Patients with Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating psychiatric disorders due to its medical, social, professional and relational disability. With the lack of any progress made in the pharmaceutic treatment of this disorder in the last twenty years, developing adjuvant therapies to help patients live a normal professional and social life comes with great importance. Our study was conducted on 88 participants, which were recruited during an acute episode of schizophrenia at the Socola University Hospital, Iasi, Romania. These patients were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: one group received a social intervention consisting of one year of Behavioral Family Management (BFM), and the other group received the Supportive Family Management (SFM) intervention. The results of our study showed that the social intervention, whether it was behavioral or supportive, dramatically decreased the scores on the BPRS (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale). At baseline our patients had mean score of 84.4 (SD=12.3). After 12 months of social intervention the mean scores for BPRS were 38.8 (SD=11.6) for the BFM group and 37.7 (SD=10.5) for the SFM group. The results of our study suggest that a more holistic approach in treating schizophrenia is needed. Working with the families of the patients in various forms of therapy might help not only with the decrease of schizophrenia’s symptoms, but also help patients to interact better with their families, colleagues and friends and therefore increase the quality of life of this at risk population.

Evaluation of the psychiatric examination findings of victims decided to have sexual abuse occurred as a result of trial

In the study; it is aimed to examine the personal, environmental, and incident factors that may affect the mental health of the victims of sexual abuse and to discuss the data in the light of the literature. Total 449 (8.7%) cases that were sent with a history of sexual abuse in 5157 cases, which were reported between 2005 and 2012 in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, were examined. Among these cases, 68 (15.1%) cases, which were judged to have committed sexual abuse, were included in the study. Of the cases, 44 (64.7%) were female and 24 (35.3%) were male. In their second mental examination, which was made six months after the date of the incident; there were no psychiatric pictures in 43 (63.2%) cases, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 14 (20.6%) cases, depression in three (4.4%) cases, PTSD in three (4.4%) cases, and depression, anxiety disorder in one (1.5%) case, depression, and anxiety disorder in one (1.5%) case. Three (4.4%) cases were referred to another center without a diagnosis. The risk of being affected of mental health in the late period was found increased by 11.32 times in the cases which have psychiatric findings during the first examination, by 12.52 times if the action took place in the form of anal penetration, by 6.9 times if deprived of liberty and by 15.88 times if the attacker was a foreigner. Long-term follow-up of victims of sexual abuse by the psychiatry clinic is important in terms of continuing their normal social life as healthy individuals.

SOCIAL DANGER OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE NEED FOR REHABILITATION OF ITS VICTIMS

The aim: To investigate the social danger of domestic violence, find out its principal manifestations, consequences, and impact on women and minors' health. Based on the acquired knowledge, to suggest ways to overcome this problem, which will minimize the consequences of domestic violence. Materials and methods: The authors studied and analyzed international legal acts, Ukraine's legislation, and scientific publications on domestic violence. The method of statistical processing of analytical data of the World Health Organization (hereinafter - WHO), the Institute of Demography and Social Research at the request of the UN Population Fund, the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine (for 2017 - first half of 2020) were used. A comparative method of research was useful in comparing the number of cases of domestic violence in Ukraine and Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: It is concluded that domestic violence is a socially dangerous act that negatively affects all family members, as it causes significant damage to health and life. The most dangerous are the consequences of domestic violence on the physical and mental health of women and minors, who are particularly vulnerable to this negative manifestation. Rehabilitation is said to help minimize the effects of domestic violence, restore the physical and mental health of victims, and return them to normal social life.

Functional imaging localization of complex organic hallucinations

ABSTRACTBackground: fMRI of mental phenomena is quite difficult to perform because lack of patient’s cooperation or because the symptoms are stable. In some exceptional cases, however, fMRI and DTI are capable to provide insights on the anatomy of organic hallucinations. Methods: In this report we describe a 14-year-old boy with a left fronto-dorsal tumor who experienced chronic complex brief, frequent and repetitive complex visual and auditory hallucinations. His clinical picture included multiple and severe social and mood problems. During a presurgical fMRI mapping the patient complained of having the visual and auditory hallucinations. A block-design FMRI paradigm was obtained from the event timecourse. Deterministic DTI of the brain was obtained seeding the lesion as ROI. The patient underwent surgery and electrocorticography of the lesional area. Results: The fMRI of the hallucinations showed activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the peri-lesional area. The tractography of the tumor revealed structural aberrant connectivity to occipital and temporal areas in addition to the expected connectivity with the IFG via the aslant fasciculus and homotopic contralateral areas. Intraoperative EEG demonstrated epileptic discharges in the tumor and neighboring areas. After resection, the patient’s hallucinations stopped completely. He regained his normal social life and recover his normal mood. He remained asymptomatic for 90 days. Afterwards, hallucinations reappeared but with less intensity. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of combined functional and structural connectivity imaging demonstrating brain regions participating in a network involved in the generation of complex auditory and visual hallucinations.

The Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Phthisis Bulbi Using Semi-customized Ocular Prosthesis: A Technical Note

Mutilation in the facial region may significantly affect the self-image and personality of individuals. Prosthetic rehabilitation of facial defects could increase the quality of life, thereby encouraging the patients to build up their self-confidence to return to normal social life. Acceptable cosmetic results are often obtained through facial prosthesis. Recovery after the loss of an eye requires proper adjustment to monocular vision and the improvement of appearance with an artificial eye, which is meticulously prepared to match the remaining natural eye. The present study aimed to demonstrate a technique for the fabrication of an ocular prosthesis with stock iris and custom-made sclera to provide aesthetically satisfactory results.

Menstrual disorders and quality of life of women in an urban area of Puducherry: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Background:Menstrual disorders are common among women in reproductive age group and affect their normal functioning and social life. Due to cultural reasons, menstrual problems often get unreported. In India, the literature on the effect of menstrual disorders on the quality of life (QOL) of women is limited.Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea among women in an urban field practice area and to compare their QOL with women without menstrual disorders.Methods:This is a community-based cross-sectional study among women who have attained menarche and not yet attained menopause in an urban field practice area of a tertiary care teaching institute in Puducherry. Households were selected by systematic random sampling, and a door-to-door survey was done using an Android-based mobile phone app Epi Info. A pretested questionnaire was used for collection of sociodemographic details. QOL was measured using World Health Organization BREF scale.Results:A total of 119 women were interviewed, and their mean (standard deviation) age was 33 (10) years. The majority was homemakers (63%), belonging to lower socioeconomic status (60%) and one-fifth had no formal education. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 45% [95% confidence interval (CI): 36.6%–54.4%] and that of menorrhagia was 17% (95% CI: 11.6%–25.3%). QOL in women with dysmenorrhea was poor compared with normal women in physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains (mean score 57.9 vs. 69.7, P < 0.001).Conclusions:Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia is comparatively high in this study area. QOL of women with these disorders was poor.

Shift Work and Sleep

Shift Work and Sleep Abstract. Shift work and night work are necessary in our society today. In Europe, on average about 20 % of the working population work shifts; in Switzerland it is slightly lower at 14.7 %. The proportion of the working population who regularly work night shifts is much lower: 7 % of the working population in Europe and 5 % in Switzerland. The changed daily routine in night work and shift work leads to disturbances in our biological rhythms, which adapt only slowly to the new conditions. This often leads to a lack of sleep, poor sleep quality, reduced recovery and increased strain on the body. Moreover, the unusual working rhythms are not compatible with normal family and social life. It is important that as little shift and night work as possible is performed. Those affected and their environment should be aware of the disadvantages of shift and night work in particular and know how best to adapt to the specific work situation. There is much to suggest that lack of sleep and poor sleep quality are responsible for a large proportion of the negative effects of shift work. It is therefore important to ask specific questions in this area and offer concrete support to shift workers in this regard. This overview of shift work and sleep is based on literature and our many years of practical experience with shift work counselling and training in Switzerland.

ОЧИМА ЄВРОПЕЙЦЯ: ВІЗІЯ СХОДУ В ПРАЦІ АВРААМА АНКЕТІЛЬ-ДЮПЕРОНА «СХІДНЕ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВО»

XVII-XVIII centuries determined by further European inclination into the Eastern countries affair`s. Due to old custom and to enlarge European understanding of the East, a lot of travelers made their own accounts about nearly everything the saw. But usually they didn`t understand the language, didn’t realize peculiarities of social order and receive information from only one source and moreover analyzed issues they had through the prism of European-based consciousness, that had created specific and inaccurate image of the East. During the Enlightenment such descriptions were used to create a civilization theory which stated about principal distinction between East and West. In popular form this theory is known as «oriental despotism», and had been postulated by one of the most popular French philosopher – Charles Louis de Montesquieu in his works «The Spirit of Laws» and «Persian letters». This concept consists of three elements: absolute monarchy, which is not restrained by any means, law or society, ability of state to confiscate property of its own citizen and therefore absence of private property at all, and absence of codified law. In not so distant future such an ideas were implicitly rooted in the theoretical background of full-scale political and military expansion of European countries, that ruined Asian states or limited their sovereignty made them almost a colonies. Nevertheless there was one man who stood against such theories – Abraham Anquetile-Duperron (1734-1805), profound French scholar, linguist, adventurer and due to his time – participant of French-Britain rivalry in India, who is now remarkably known for efforts to translate and edit Avesta, and thereafter being totally obstructed by his fellow-scholars, and now widely recognized as one of the finding father of French oriental studies and oriental studies generally. In his not so acclaimed work «Eastern legislation» (1778) he argued that so called «oriental despotism» has never existed, its element were based on false, incomplete assumptions, mechanistic extrapolation of European realities on the improper civil situation, banal exaggerations which had been made by previous travelers. Taking Ottoman empire, Persia and India (Moghul Empire) Duperron offer his own interpretation of the same facts, which were described by others. He stated, that in each of this countries have codified laws, which regulate all kinds of social activities, there is private property, that could be bought and sold and inherited by both male and female, and could be confiscated only as a penal punishment. All economical interactions are based on written agreements and religion is not as sufficient as his predecessors described. Monarch and other officials are being restrained by the system of rules which control each their step or decision, moreover their power depends on public recognition and charisma, which means in case they lose it, they lose their position as well and society have divine right to overthrow such leaders as infidels or tyrants. In spite of this Duperron makes his conclusion of invalidity of «oriental despotism» as an immanent and established type of ruling in the East. He emphasized that so called «oriental despotism» occurs only in time of collapsing of normal social life which were described. So force Duperron insists on principal equivalency of the Eastern and Western civilization types, which have the same core elements but differs only in its realization, determinate by geography, history and society.

The Hidden Identity: Exploring Experiences of one of the youngest Transgender Woman in India

The transgender community in India today is subject to discrimination, antagonism and rejection, and kept at bay from the normative paradigm set by society. Transgender individuals are excluded from normal social and cultural life, and are not granted basic human rights because of their gender dysphoria. This paper is the case analysis of a young woman dealing with stressful life situations and consequent coping mechanisms employed, supported by suggested interventions. I embarked on this project with the intention to understand the dilemmas and the coping mechanisms adopted by members of the transgender community, after putting away my lens that proclaimed a gender binary. A sixteen-year-old student, renowned for being one of the first few Indians outspoken about her transgender identity, is the subject of this study. Her story has already struck a chord with people across the country. The case study method employed an idiographic approach under which Free Association, Semi-Structured Interview and the Bem’s Sex Role Inventory were administered. Accordingly, the thematic analysis was conducted to focus on recurrent ideas like childhood memories, hardships faced, societal influences, self-perception, physical and psychological concerns, wishes, desires and future goals. The learned result was that the subject faced incredibly stressful experiences and employed certain coping mechanisms that are gender individuals do not.

Qualitative Study on Postoperative Self - identity in Patients with Temporary Ileostomy

&lt;p&gt;The purpose is to understand the postoperative self-identity of patients with temporary ileostomy and to provide a clinical basis for the development of psychological interventions by stoma therapists. &lt;strong&gt;Method&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;Selecting 10 patients intentionally who underwent temporary ileostomy for 1 month and testing via one-on-one in-depth interviews and analyze data with Claizzi analysis program. &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;One month after surgery, patients' self-identity can be summarized into three topics:(1) inferiority complex and disgust mood; (2) adaptation and coping; (3) social value experience change. &lt;strong&gt;conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;Temporary ileostomy Patients’ psychological experience within 1 month after the surgery is complicated. In this study, the purpose is to dig out the true experience of such patients in the heart by analyzing 10 cases of patients with temporary ileum after 1 month in-depth interviews, so that we can aware of these patients in self-identity on the existence of the three main problems. Remind the stoma therapists pay attention to the After surgery early social psychological adaptation; strengthen information delivery and emotional support; helping rebuild self-identity, for the realization of self-care return to normal social life is of great significance and provide a reference for clinical pathological nursing patients after ostomy.&lt;/p&gt;

High altitude with monotonous environment has significant impact on mood and cognitive performance of acclimatized lowlanders: Possible role of altered serum BDNF and plasma homocysteine level

BackgroundMonotony resulting due to the wilderness, sparse population and isolation from society could adversely affect human physiology and cause mood alterations. Thus, observations need to be conducted in order to elucidate the possible role of circulating biomarkers in inducing altered mood and cognitive performance following prolonged exposure to high altitude (HA) with persistent monotonous environment. ObjectiveThe present study aimed towards investigating the impact of monotonous environment in remote HA on mood and cognitive performance of human volunteers and its correlation with serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and plasma homocysteine level. MethodsThe present study was conducted on male lowlander participants who had normal social life prior to induction in HA environment. Baseline data was acquired at altitude ≤240 m mean sea level (MSL). Thereafter, the participants were inducted to an altitude of 4500–4800 m MSL. After acclimatization to HA, the participants were assigned as acclimatized low landers (ALL). Longitudinal follow up was conducted after 8 months of high altitude induction on acclimatized low landers (8ALL). Further, to study the effect of monotony, the participants were randomly assigned into different group sizes during their further stay of 4 months in HA viz. ≤5 (12ALL ≤ 5) and ≥10 (12ALL ≥ 10). Mood and cognitive performance of the participants were assessed by standard self-administered questionnaires. Serum BDNF and plasma homocysteine were estimated and their correlation with mood and cognition were determined. ResultsThe findings showed significantly low serum BDNF in 12ALL ≤ 5 group when compared to baseline, 8ALL and 12AL ≥ 10 groups. Alleviated serum BDNF was associated with increased prevalence of mood alterations in HA with persistent monotonous environment. Participants of 12ALL ≥ 10 group showed significantly higher cognitive performance as compared to 12ALL ≤ 5 group which was associated with reduced plasma homocysteine level. LimitationsTotal registered volunteers during baseline study were not available during the entire period of this study. The second limitation was exclusion of participants with medical history of severe head injuries, chronic diseases in family and extreme baseline serum profile. Third limitation of the study was to exclude the participants detected with MCI after 8 months of HA induction for negating the role of hypobaric hypoxia on mood and cognition. ConclusionThe study advocated that ALLs of 12ALL ≤ 5 group have increased prevalence of depressive trait and cognitive impairment which was correlated with reduced serum BDNF and augmented plasma homocysteine level as compared to participants of 12ALL ≥ 10 group having better social interaction with improved cognition and mood. The basic findings of the present study revealed that prolonged HA stay after physiological acclimatization should be regulated by proper social interaction involving normal group size to avoid detrimental effect of monotony and its significant impact on circulatory biomarkers.

TRATAMENTO DAS ÚLCERAS CRÔNICAS DE MEMBROS INFERIORES: ESTADO DA ARTE E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS

Úlceras crônicas de membros inferiores afetam até 1% da população adulta e a incidência aumenta com a idade, chegando a 4% em pacientes acima de 80 anos. Essas úlceras tem um custo social e emocional muito grande para os pacientes, uma vez que o longo período necessário para a cicatrização impossibilita atividades habituais e convívio social. Não existe ainda um tratamento único que resolva a maioria das úlceras de maneira eficiente e rápida. O tratamento depende da etiologia da úlcera, envolve equipe multiprofissional de saúde e requer o tratamento da doença de base, não só da ferida em si. Abordaremos aqui as características clínicas e possibilidades atuais de tratamento das úlceras venosas e diabéticas, que são as úlceras crônicas de membros inferiores mais comuns, e também as perspectivas futuras em relação a essas doenças.

Pathway-based analysis of genome-wide association study of circadian phenotypes.

Sleepiness affects normal social life, which attracts more and more attention. Circadian phenotypes contribute to obvious individual differences in susceptibility to sleepiness. We aimed to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which may cause circadian phenotypes, elucidate the potential mechanisms, and generate corresponding SNP-gene-pathways. A genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset of circadian phenotypes was utilized in the study. Then, the Identify Candidate Causal SNPs and Pathways analysis was employed to the GWAS dataset after quality control filters. Furthermore, genotype-phenotype association analysis was performed with HapMap database. Four SNPs in three different genes were determined to correlate with usual weekday bedtime, totally providing seven hypothetical mechanisms. Eleven SNPs in six genes were identified to correlate with usual weekday sleep duration, which provided six hypothetical pathways. Our results demonstrated that fifteen candidate SNPs in eight genes played vital roles in six hypothetical pathways implicated in usual weekday bedtime and six potential pathways involved in usual weekday sleep duration.

Is non-awake surgery for supratentorial adult low-grade glioma treatment still feasible?

In this short review, the author performs a database search, summarizes, and discusses studies that provide information on the need to perform awake surgery to preserve quality of life/return to work of adult patients who undergo resection for a supratentorial low-grade glioma (LGG). Based upon the currently available data, the author concludes that in LGG, patients with no or only mild deficits at diagnosis, non-awake surgery can no longer be achieved. Indeed, awake craniotomy with intrasurgical electrical mapping has resulted in an increase of the extent of resection and overall survival in LGG. Furthermore, in order to resume a normal familial, social, and professional life, LGG patients with a prolonged survival expectancy have to benefit not only from language mapping when the tumor involves the left "dominant" hemisphere, but also from intraoperative mapping of sensorimotor, visuospatial, higher cognitive, and emotional functions under local anesthesia, even for gliomas situated within presumed "non-language" areas such as the right "non-dominant" hemisphere. In other words, the ultimate goal is to map the functional connectome for each patient in order to perform the resection up to the eloquent networks and then to optimize the onco-functional balance of LGG surgery. To this end, an objective neuropsychological assessment has to be achieved in a more systematic manner before and after resection. Early postoperative cognitive rehabilitation is also recommended, whenever needed.

Apport de l’ultracision dans les liftings cervico-faciaux

Rapid recovery and return to social activities are what every patient wishes when considering to undergo a face lifting procedure. In our practice, the use of the Harmonic scalpel in order to achieve this goal has greatly improved the postoperative period. We have performed 920 face lifting procedures exclusively using the Harmonic scalpel from 2001 to May 2017. A retrospective chart review was performed. Mean operative time was 110minutes for facelift involving SMAS plication only, and 180minutes for facelift involving SMAS plication with the addition of submental approach for anterior platysma plasty. Return to normal social life was achieved on the8th postoperative day for the majority of cases. The use of the Harmonic scalpel, once properly integrated in the face lifting procedure, significantly reduces postoperative ecchymosis and oedema and allows a prompt return to normal social life.

A LITERATURE SURVEY ON COMPUTING METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER

Data mining algorithms and its application having different and diverse field. One of the challenging and emerging research fields is medical science. Medical field exhibit many type of data and thus it provide large statically and dynamic data, its relevant Meta data which contains a detail information about the observation made in different scenario. Medical data such as EEG, ECG reports, MRI reports, different lab test reports and other observation which are either in text format or graphical image format derived. These are different sample format describe various symptoms and prevention associate with those symptoms. Genetic activity, genes presence and repetition also gives user activity detail and problems in human body. Mental illness is a type of disease which relate with the mental disorder. It deals in human interaction, its behavior, and its regular and irregular activity. In this stage human sudden start misbehave or extra activities during the particular phase and hence an un-predictable incident may occur. Psychometric disease cases are increasing day by day with different symptoms in human being. These are diseases which occur due to over work pressure, mental activity, some past human life incident or may be the victim of some good or bad incident. It leads to several problems in society, as per well issue with the person who is suffering with the particular disorder. An human interaction and understanding capacity is different than a normal person which keep person separate from the normal society and social life. These disorders also occur sometime very violent and make it very tedious to recover. Psychiatric relate to brain disorder, Mental disorder, irregular work performing in public etc. Diagnosis over the disease is complex and not fixed. In the previous research on the same concern shows that the past data can be analyzed properly and it can further be useful for the precautions. Mental disorder records may leads to several Meta data, report activities observed by hospital or supervision person. A classification over the given symptoms, its action and medical treatment help in diagnosis. Past studies always parts in important role using which further decision can be taken. Mental disorder, mental health, further possibilities can be observed and driven remedy can be discussed. Data classification algorithm makes it possible to classify the normal and abnormal data cases. Hospital release dataset give the information which tends to changes, mental health of previous patients and their best precautions taken to cure them. Different algorithm model is used which help in mining the previous algorithm data rule over the past cases. It enable user to understand past cases, their symptoms, disease occurred and its diagnosis steps taken. Various algorithms such as Genetic algorithm, Naive bayes, Ant colony optimization, Rule based reasoning (RBR), Case based reasoning (CBR) and Artificial neural network (ANN) is used for psychometric disease finding from the large dataset. In this paper survey of past techniques is performed. This paper also illustrates the work finding and limitation of previous research. An analysis using the real time dataset over the proposed algorithm is left for further work..

Two Equals One: Two Human Actions During Social Interaction Are Grouped as One Unit in Working Memory

Every day, people perceive other people performing interactive actions. Retaining these actions of human agents in working memory (WM) plays a pivotal role in a normal social life. However, whether the semantic knowledge embedded in the interactive actions has a pervasive impact on the storage of the actions in WM remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated two opposing hypotheses: (a) that WM stores the interactions individually (the individual-storage hypothesis) and (b) that WM stores the interactions as chunks (the chunk-storage hypothesis). We required participants to memorize a set of individual actions while ignoring the underlying social interactions. We found that although the social-interaction aspect was task irrelevant, the interactive actions were stored in WM as chunks that were not affected by memory load (Experiments 1 and 2); however, inverting the human actions vertically abolished this chunking effect (Experiment 3). These results suggest that WM automatically and efficiently used semantic knowledge about interactive actions to store them and support the chunk-storage hypothesis.

Knowledge and Attitude in Indonesian Patients and Parents of Patient with Turner Syndrome towards Fertility Treatment

&lt;p&gt;The objective of the study was to prospectively determine the knowledge and attitude in Indonesian girls and parents of patients diagnosed with Turner Syndrome (TS) towards future fertility treatment possibility. Data collected from in-depth interviews with 20 TS patients or parents. The first group was composed of 16 patients selected from Indonesian Turner Syndrome Society and 4 patients from dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital Jakarta. All participants were stratified by characteristics, physical appearance, hormonal therapy and TS knowledge and attitude towards future fertility treatment possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="ng-scope"&gt;More than half of the TS patients belong to the support grup have better knowledge than the patients in the non support group. This study showed that 31.25% patients from support group and 25% patients from non support group believed that TS patients still have normal social life, but still concern about TS fertility (support group 87% and non support group 100%). Most of them (support group 93.75% and non support group 100%) agree to have possible fertility treatment, but 31.25% of them insisted on lower cost of hormonal treatment and medication. The greatest barriers for accepting fertility preservation by the parents and TS patients were lack of information (41.2%), fear of complication (22.1%) and lower cost for hormonal treatment (15.3%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="ng-scope"&gt;The challenges of counseling and fertility treatment for TS patients in Indonesia are the time pressure diagnosis and the possible fertility treatment and lack of knowledge about TS fertility condition by pediatric endocrinologist, fertility experts and parents; therefore a team consisting of pediatric endocrinologist, infertility specialists and support group is recommended in these setting.&lt;/p&gt;

Social Exclusion Related To Mobility in Urban Area

Abstract The concept and methodology of social exclusion is imported to understand transportation for a people who have low mobility. There are many previous works in social welfare territory about social exclusion. First step is to select a list of outgoings necessary for normal social life. Second step is that exclusion criteria is determined considering component rate for each number of indicator. Third step, using this result the man who is excluded prefer share-ride and individual transportation either. Indicator calculated status of the achievement of this list for each person. Reliability of this indicator is examined using a data of questionnaire survey from case study area. Considering the data of case study area 1 or more is selected as the criteria. It is mentioned size of area discussing transportation planning.

Voicing the Third Gender – The Castrato Voice and the Stigma of Emasculation in Eighteenth-century Society

The golden days of vocal castrati lasted from c. 1650 -1750, when opera buffa, reform opera, and Enlightenment ideas about ‘the sound’ and ‘natural’, made the ‘unnatural’ and ‘unsound’ voice of the castrati obsolete. This article will investigate the castrato voice in eighteenth-century music on a scale from sound to unsound, using contemporary statements. It will explore the castrato voice, the vocal ideals that led to their fame and downfall, and also reveal the stigma that adhered to their presence in society, barring them from a normal social life. It will consider how the contemporaries of castrati viewed them on a scale from male to female and explain the reasons for categorizing them as a third gender.