Normal Skin Color Research Articles

Characteristic appearance of spindle cell hemangiomatosis, often misdiagnosed as venous malformation: A retrospective study of 11 cases.

Spindle cell hemangiomatosis is a benign multifocal vascular proliferation that mostly occurs in the distal extremities. It is a relatively rare disease and causes difficulties in clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of venous malformation. We retrospectively assessed the medical history, and clinical features, imaging features, pathological features and follow up of 11 patients diagnosed pathologically with spindle cell hemangiomatosis after surgery. There are two types of clinical appearances in spindle cell hemangiomatosis in the distal extremities: bleb-like nodules and varix-like nodules. Bleb-like nodules are mostly superficially located in the palm or interphalangeal joints with obvious hemorrhage in lesions and mainly composed of cavernous spaces rather than spindle cells. Varix-like nodules are located in the back of the hands or arms with normal skin color and mainly composed of solid areas of accumulated spindle cells. Surgery is the standard therapy for spindle cell hemangiomatosis, while sclerotherapy is invalid. Despite the tendency to develop new lesions, there are no residual lesions at the surgical site during follow up. Bleb-like nodules in the palm and interphalangeal joints are a typical clinical appearance in spindle cell hemangiomatosis which can help make clinical and a differential diagnosis of venous malformation. Surgery is the standard therapy for spindle cell hemangiomatosis with no residual lesions remaining at the surgical sites.

Isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol for prevention of UVB-induced hyperpigmentation.

Isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (ITR, Thiamidol® ) has been proposed as a potent tyrosinase inhibitor. A formulation containing ITR has recently shown promising efficacy for the treatment of some hyperpigmentary conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ITR in the prevention of ultraviolet (UV)-induced hyperpigmentation in human skin. We performed a randomized, single-blinded, pilot study in 30 healthy participants. One arm was randomly assigned to receive an ITR-containing product for three weeks. Three hyperpigmented spots were induced by UVB irradiation on both arms after 3weeks of ITR application. Outcome evaluations included measuring mean lightness index (*L) obtained by colorimeter, hyperpigmentation scores by visual analog scale (VAS), and adverse effects. Both experimental sides showed no significant difference in terms of skin lightening after ITR application. However, the ITR-treated sides showed a statistically significant lower mean lightness index compared to control after an induction with UVB. In addition, the ITR-treated sides had an earlier improvement and resumed the normal skin color after 3weeks post-UVB induction. A clinical evaluation by a blinded nontreating physician and subjects was more favorable on the ITR-treated side than the control side (P<.05). No significant side effect was noted. ITR is an effective agent in the prevention of pigmentary change from UVB irradiation and may serve as a promising agent for preventing other hyperpigmentary conditions.

Advances in the research of clinical treatment of hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation after burns

Hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation are complications commonly seen in burn patients after wound healing, which may have seriously adverse impact on the appearances of the patients. The change of skin color in the exposed areas such as the face and hands may cause great psychological burden on the patients. While the occurrence and development mechanisms of hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation post burns are unclear, it is generally believed to be associated with excess or deficiency of melanin content in the epidermis. Therefore, the therapeutic strategies of hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation are as follows: the former focuses on inhibiting the synthesis of melanin and reducing the content of melanin in the skin, while the latter can restore the normal skin color by improving the function of melanocytes to promote the synthesis of melanin. In recent years, the therapeutic technologies for abnormal melanin metabolism after burns have developed rapidly. In this paper, treatment strategies commonly used in clinical practice are summarized in terms of photoelectric therapies, drugs, and operations, aiming to provide references for the treatment of patients who suffer abnormal pigmentation after burns.

CO RELATIVE STUDY OF BHRAJAK PITTA AND MELANIN

Dosa dhatu mala are the basic principles of Ayurveda. In Ayurveda vata,pitta, kapha are the main 3 types of dosa. According to Vagbhata pitta has these main function namely pakti (digestion),ushma(maintain proper body temperature),darshan (vision), kshudha(hunger), trushna(thirst), prabha (lustre) to skin ,medha( intellect). Pathological increase in Pitta causes yellow coloured skin and eyes and decrease in Pitta causes loss of lustre and low glorification (prabhahani). pitta has five subtypes Aalochak ,Ranjak ,Sadhak ,Pachak and Bhrajak pitta . Bhrajak pitta is located in skin and its functions are regulation of body heat and maintain normal skin colour and absorption and digestion of medicine applied on skin. According to modern science the colour of skin depends upon melanin concentration. Excess level of melanin results in skin tanning while absence of melanin causes albinism. Co- relative study of Bhrajak Pitta and melanin may helpful to ayurvedic students to understand ayurvedic concept Bhrajak pitta in modern point of view hence, detail study of Bhrajak pitta and Melanin in has been elaborated in this article.

Prepectoral Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction Using Meshed ADM.

Prepectoral prosthetic breast reconstruction has been widely reassessed in recent years and is taking on an increasingly important role in the field of immediate breast reconstruction. We report here a case series of 32 patients who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast carcinoma and prepectoral breast reconstruction involving an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) treated by means of a skin-graft mesher in our hospital from January 2015 to March 2016. The indications for this type of reconstruction were body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg/m2; no history of radiotherapy; no active smokers; moderate grade breast; and good viability of mastectomy flap: normal skin colour, active bleeding at the fresh cut edges, and thicker than 1 cm mastectomy flaps; the viability of lower thicknesses was ascertained by the fluorescent dye indocyanine green xenon-based imaging technology (4 patients). The mean age of the patients was 56.4 years (range: 39-77 years). Their mean BMI was 27.4 kg/m2. Until the end of follow-up (mean: 17 months), major complications requiring reoperation occurred in 9% of patients and minor complications in 22% of patients. The mean of the 3 pain visual analogue scale scores taken in the first 24 hours after surgery was 1.8. Mean duration of hospital stay has been 2.2 days. Our complication rate was similar to those reported in other studies on prepectoral breast reconstruction featuring total ADM coverage of the implant.

Restraint of Bagging on Fruit Skin Coloration in on-Tree Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta)

Fruit skin color is an important characteristic of fruit quality. The light-mediated regulation on fruit skin coloration in Actinidia arguta remains unclear. To better understand the role of light in fruit skin coloration, we performed bagging treatments in both on-tree and off-tree ‘Hongbaoshixing’, which is a kind of all-red-typed A. arguta cultivar. Non-bagging kiwifruits were used as control. For off-tree fruits, there was no difference between non-bagging and bagging treatments. For on-tree fruits, physiological and molecular changes were investigated during fruit development in non-bagging and bagging treatments. Phenotypic identification and the hue angle measurement showed that the stage of most significant color difference between non-bagging and bagging treatments was 130 days (after full bloom). Determination of five anthocyanin components suggested cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-xylose-galactoside made a main contribution to the fruit skin coloration. Gene expression profiles and cluster analysis showed AaLDOX and AaUFGT were highly expressed at 130 days and obviously clustered into the same class in non-bagging treatment, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested only AaLDOX expression was significantly correlated with anthocyanin content in non-bagging treatment while no correlation in bagging treatment. Similar results was observed for MYB1 transcription factor. The result of subcellular localization showed that AaLDOX was located in the cytoplasm, indicating AaLDOX is indeed structural gene that encodes leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase participated in anthocyanin biosynthesis. All results were used to establish a possible working model, showing that light is indispensable for normal fruit skin coloration, and bagging treatment suppresses anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation mainly by inhibiting AaMYB1 and AaLDOX expression in A. arguta.

Improving Fruit Coloration, Quality Attributes, and Phenolics Content in ‘Rainier’ and ‘Bing’ Cherries by Gibberellic Acid Combined with Homobrassinolide

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of gibberellic acid (GA3) combined with homobrassinolide (HBR) treatment to improve fruit anthocyanin content, to maintain high-quality properties, to reduce susceptibility to physiological disorders, and to retard the development of bioactive compounds in yellow-fleshed ‘Rainier’ and red-fleshed ‘Bing’ sweet cherries. Application of 1, 5, and 10 mg L−1 HBR once at straw color did not affect anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Rainier’, but 5 or 10 mg L−1 HBR application elevated anthocyanin content in ‘Bing’. No significant differences were observed in fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity, or surface pitting between the control and HBR treatments in either cultivar after 4 weeks of storage at 0 °C; however, low rates of stem browning and decay were noted in HBR treatments. A single application of GA3 resulted in firmer fruit. Spraying HBR and GA3 to cherries effectively recovered anthocyanin synthesis and increased the levels of phenolics and SSC. Moreover, in combination, these compounds reduced stem browning and pitting development. In conclusion, pre-harvest application of 10 mg L−1 GA3 combined with 5 mg L−1 HBR had a potential to retain the normal skin color development and phenolics synthesis, to increase SSC accumulation, and to reduce fruit susceptibility to disorders in mid-season sweet cherry.

Final congenital melanocytic naevi colour is determined by normal skin colour and unaltered by superficial removal techniques: a longitudinal study.

SummaryBackgroundSpontaneous lightening of congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN) has not been studied systematically. Final colour is considered an important outcome after superficial removal techniques such as curettage, dermabrasion or laser ablation, and is often compared with colour at birth.ObjectivesTo quantify the natural history of CMN lightening over time, and explore phenotypic and genotypic predictors of colour change.MethodsA longitudinal cohort study was undertaken of 110 patients with CMN (mean follow‐up 5·3 years). Accurate colour‐space measurements were taken from professional serial photographs of CMN and normal skin. Changes in colour over time were modelled using multiple logistic regression, against phenotypic and genotypic variables.ResultsLightening of CMN was significantly associated with lighter normal skin colour (P < 0·001) and with MC1R variant alleles (red/blonde hair gene) (P < 0·001), but not with CMN colour in the first 3 months of life, NRAS genotype or projected adult size of CMN. Importantly, the final colours of adjacent treated and untreated areas of CMN were indistinguishable.ConclusionsFinal CMN colour in childhood is related to the genetically determined skin colour of the individual, is unrelated to the colour of CMN at birth, and is unaffected by superficial removal. What's already known about this topic? Final colour of congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN) is considered an important outcome after superficial removal techniques such as curettage, dermabrasion or laser ablation, and is often compared with colour at birth.The phenomenon of spontaneous lightening in CMN, in which naevi lighten gradually and sometimes dramatically during childhood, has been described but not systematically studied. What does this study add? Final CMN colour in childhood is significantly associated with the individual's normal skin colour, and with MC1R genotype, and is therefore genetically determined.Final CMN colour is not predictable from CMN colour in the first 3 months of life.Superficial removal techniques do not alter the final colour of CMN.

Low-risk planned caesarean versus planned vaginal delivery at term: early and late infantile outcomes.

Understanding the impact of delivery mode on neonatal morbidity becomes essential in the context of rising Caesarian delivery rates. We aimed to compare the selected outcomes in neonates born by low-risk planned Caesarian delivery versus planned normal vaginal delivery (NVD). This prospective cohort study examined early, and late neonatal complications among 1071 neonates born through low-risk planned Caesarian delivery and 1367 neonates born through planned NVD, in Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran, during 2012-2014. Gestational age of neonates born through Caesarian delivery was significantly lower than their counterparts in NVD group. Accordingly, babies' birth weights were 3166 (±442.4) grams in Caesarian delivery group and 3213 (±454.8) grams in NVD group. Normal skin colour at birth was more prevalent in the Caesarian delivery group compared to the NVD group (85% vs. 81.3%, P = 0.04). No significant differences were detected between the two groups regarding birth trauma, birth height and head circumference, and developing infection, icterus and convulsion during neonatal period. Also, height and weight at two years of age did not significantly differ in both groups. The results of this study show that neonates born by Caesarian delivery and NVD had the same early and late outcomes.

Plućna embolija asocirana Hočkinovim limfomom

Introduction/Objective Pulmonary embolism is a pathological condition occurring as a result of medium or small pulmonary artery branch obstructions with a thrombus or other material (fat, air, amniotic fluid, pieces of tissue etc.) which enter the pulmonary circulation through the right heart, carried by venous blood. This report presents a rare case of pulmonary embolism in a patient suffering from Hodgkin lymphoma. Case report the Emergency Medical Aid Team intervened on a 65 year old woman suffering from Hodgkin lymphoma, who had suddenly developed significant difficulty in breathing and tachycardia. During examination the patient was conscious, afebrile, with normal skin and mucous membrane colour, was capable of active movement, had tachycardia (130 beats per minute) with normal heart sounds and no murmurs and tachy-dyspnoea with 29 respirations per minute, on auscultation with pronounced vesicular breath sounds and no other pathological findings. High blood pressure was recorded (160/95mmHg) and blood oxygen saturation was 92%. The ECG recording manifested no pathological signs and a complete absence of the McGinn-White sign (S1Q3T3). Based on Wells' score, the patient had medium probability of being diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. She was admitted to the Cardiology department of the Clinical Hospital Centre Zvezdara, where high levels of D-dimer were diagnosed (12263). The X-ray findings revealed hilar congestion and hilar pulmonary stasis. The pulmonary embolism protocol demanded that a pulmonary angioscan be performed and it revealed micro thromboembolism of pulmonary artery branches up to the level of segmental arteries, mainly on the right. The patient was treated during the course of two weeks under the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism of the micro embolism type with relatively small repercussions on the heart and hemodynamic. She was discharged in good health. Conclusion: As the prehospital setting does now allow many diagnostic possibilities, even in patients with atypical findings it is imperative to keep in mind the patient's history of a malignant disease, which can potentially be the cause of pulmonary embolism. If unrecognized, in 10% of the cases pulmonary embolism can result in death within the hour of the first symptom onset.

Localized Myxoedematous lichen: A rare subtype of cutaneous Mucinosis clinical and dermoscopic features

Cutaneous mucinoses, also called lichen myxoedematosus, are a group of diseases characterized by mucin deposit on the skin. They may be associated to systemic diseases or be primary ones. The discrete papular form (DPLM) is a very rare entity that is located exclusively in the skin and is not associated to any systemic disease. We present the case of a 67-year-old healthy woman who had multiple discrete papillae of normal skin color with a smooth surface at the neck, the nape and the upper part of the trunk and whose histological study confirmed an (DPLM), and we also report the dermoscopic aspect of this entity not previously found in the literature

Vitiligo surgery: A journey from tissues via cells to the stems!

Depigmented patches in vitiligo, a common dermatosis, cause a great psychological distress to the patients. Hence, apart from halting the disease process, the strategies to impart normal skin colour to these white patches carry an important role in the management of vitiligo. Surgical procedures are often required for stable vitiligo lesions not responding to medical therapies. It involves "shuffling" of melanocytes from the pigmented skin to the depigmented areas. During the last fifty years, the vitiligo surgery has evolved from tissue transplantation via cellular transplantation to reach a stage where the use of stem cells or immunomodulatory cells is contemplating. We would like to depict this wonderful journey of vitiligo surgery through this viewpoint.

A STUDY OF USING ABORTED BOVINE FETAL SKIN AND SKIN ALLOGRAFT FOR REPAIRING CRITICAL SKIN DEFECT IN DOGS

The present study was designed to compare the potential repair efficacy of using either skin xenograft or allograft on the treatment of induced skin defects. The study was conducted on twelve stray dogs. Their weight and age ranges were 12-18 kg and 10-15 months, respectively. Animals were randomly allocated into two equal groups. In the first group, a 10 cm of full-thickness skin piece was harvested aseptically from a 4-month-aborted fetus. Along with, in the experimental animals, comparable skin defects were created at the lateral aspect of the forelimb. The grafts were fixed firmly to the wound bed by suturing. In the second group, the skin grafts (10 cm) were harvested from the lower abdomen of dogs and were firmly fixed over induced wounded beds at the forelimb of other dogs. In the first group, a few days postoperatively, the operative site demonstrated dryness, scar tissue formations, delayed wound healing, and local inflammation. However, after one-month post-surgery, there was a separation of the grafted tissue from the wound bed and signs of tissue rejection. In first group, histopathological examination revealed extensive infiltration of the inflammatory cells and separation of the grafted tissue from the subdermal layer. In the second group, the repaired site exhibited inflammatory signs and skin ulcers during the first postoperative week. After one month of the operation, formations of granulation tissue and restoration of normal skin coloration without hair formation were revealed on the allograft site. Complete skin healing and union of the graft with the recipient host were determined after two months of surgery. Histopathological examination demonstrated fibrocystic hyperplasia of the grafted tissue one month post-operatively, while deposition of collagen fibers was the main feature at the second month. In conclusion, unlike using of skin from the aborted bovine fetuses, the study specified the successful outcomes of using skin allograft in tissue repairing in dogs.

Management of Low Anal Fistula by Chedana and Ksharkarma A Case Study and Review of Literature

Introduction:-Bhagandara is considered under the Ashta Mahaarogas (Eight grave disorders).The prevalence rate of fistula-in-ano has been accepted as second highest after piles in ano-rectal disorders. Sushruta has given equal emphasis to surgical as well as parasurgical measures for the management of bhagandara, he advocated chedana (fistulectomy) of fistulous tract followed by ksharkarma. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of chedana (fistulectomy) with ksharakarma in management of low anal fistula. Material &amp; Methods: A 43 years old male patient visited OPD with throbbing pain in ano, swelling and fever with chills. On examination external opening was seen at 11 o’clock approximately 4 cm from anal verge with abscess. TRUS (Transrectal Ultrasonography) was done to confirm the diagnosis. Patient had history of surgery before 2 years for drainage of perianal abscess. So, it was diagnosed as a case of perianal abscess with intersphicteric low anal fistula. Chedana (fistulectomy) followed by teekshna Apamarga kshara application under spinal anesthesia (Xylocaine 2% with adrenaline) was done. Observation And Results: The wound was assessed weekly and it was observed that in first week pain was reduced completely. On second week healthy granulation was observed without any discharge. The wound healed completely within one and half month with minimal scar formation and normal skin coloration. Conclusion: This single case study concluded that chedana (fistulectomy) with ksharkarma is one of the option for management of low anal fistula.&#x0D;

Effects of tank color on the growth, stress responses, and skin color of snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis)

The effects of tank color on the growth, stress responses, and skin color of snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) were investigated in this study. Fish with initial body weights of 5.03±0.00 g were reared in five experimental tank colors (white, red, green, blue, and black) for 8 weeks. Each tank color was tested in triplicate with an initial stocking density of 15 fish per tank. Fish were fed with commercial sinking pellets at 4% of the average body weight per day. Growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, stress indicators (hematocrit, blood glucose, plasma cortisol levels), and skin color parameters were investigated. The fish reared in blue tanks had a significantly higher average final body weight (9.73 ± 0.14 g) and significantly lower average feed conversion ratio (3.42 ± 0.12) than the fish reared in black tanks (P < 0.05). The fish reared in black tanks exhibited higher average hematocrit (36.63 ± 1.11%), blood glucose (48.33 ± 1.45 mg dL−1), and plasma cortisol (9.00 ± 0.56 μg dL−1) levels than those reared in the other tank colors. However, the blood glucose levels in only the fish reared in black tanks were significantly higher than those in the fish reared in the other tank colors. The fish skin color ranged from very pale (high skin lightness) in the white tanks to very dark (low skin lightness) in the black tanks, and 80% of the variation in skin lightness were explained by the tank lightness. The use of a blue tank resulted in normal skin color; hence, blue tanks will not affect the customer acceptance of the fish. Our study revealed that blue is the most appropriate tank color for culturing snakeskin gourami.

Integration of ayurveda and conventional medicine for chronic wound healing

Background: Chronic wounds affect around 2.4 – 4.5 million patients in the United States. The burden of wound management is growing rapidly. Objective: Management of chronic wounds with integrated conventional medicine and Ayurveda treatment. Clinical Features: A 52-year-old female patient, presented with non-healing chronic wound on the right leg with pain persisting for 5 years. Initial measurement of the wound was 48 cm length × 13 cm width × 0.4 cm depth. Intervention and Outcomes: Wound depth was measured during different stages of healing along with photographic images. Patient was given Ciprofloxacin 500mg twice daily for 10 days, compression leg wraps and diuretics along with washing of the wound with Triphala decoction daily and application of wound dressing with Turmeric powder, neem bark powder and Medihoney daily were done. Marma therapy was performed once a week. Patient was also suggested kapha pacifying diet and lifestyle. Results: The wound was completely healed with normal skin coloration by the sixth week. Conclusions: This case study discusses the use of integration of ayurvedic herbs with conventional medicine for the management of wound healing. Interventional studies should be conducted to better understand the effectiveness of this integrative approach for the treatment of chronic wounds.

Fetus in Fetus in the Sacral Sac: Report of Surgical Management Case

Background: Fetus-In-Fetu (FIF) is a rare congenital malformation, which consists of a fetus mixed with a distinct tissue that is from the other fetus of twin. FIF is defined as a mass containing a vertebral axis often associated with other organs or limbs around this central axis.Case report: The patient was a two day old girl infant who due to a mass in a sacrum area measuring 8.5 x 12.5 cm with soft consistency containing a normal skin color fluid with blood streaks and hemorrhagic and bruise colored patches since birt, was admitted at the Taleghani children's Pediatric Center of Gorgan. The results of the mother's ultrasound in the fourth month of pregnancy had identified the cyst for the fetus. In the primary results of imaging, the first the diagnosis was type 2 sacrocoxigeal teratoma. However, results of post-birth graphy confirmed the presence of fetal bone structure in the infants's sacrum, so FIF was diagnosed for the infant.Conclusion: In the present study, FIF has been seen in sacrum, which is a very rare case in FIF.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CREAM CONTAINING VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE, IN THE THERAPY OF RUBTS IN EXPERIMENT

The data in respect to efficacy of verapamil-containing scar cream for treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars are presented in the article. Skin scars were simulated in rats by excision of a full-thickness skin flap size 5x4 cm2 in the center of the back. Upon wound healing and scar formation a daily twofold fomentation of verapamil-containing cream was carried out. Treatment efficacy was checked after 10, 30 and 60 days. The following indices were studied: an area of the scar, its type, consistence, color, sensitivity, and scar microcirculation according to biomicroscopy. The proposed novel method for treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars with verapamil-containing cream allowed to obtain a sustained clinical result demonstrating a reducing area of the scar by 25%, a physiological scar formation, improving the consistence and scar colour changing to the normal skin colour, its softening and flattening, and pain disappearance. Due to the dermal application, the method was painless, safety and did not affect on the surrounding tissues. According to biomicroscopy a scar remodeling approximated the indices to the level of healthy skin in 93% of rats. The most significant clinical effect the cream with verapamil was observed in experimental animals in 60 days after treatment.

Hamartome conjonctif étendu de l’enfant

Connective tissue nevus (CTN) is a rare condition of the extracellular matrix components that generally presents as papulae of normal skin colour. This condition may be syndromic or sporadic. We report herein two isolated cases of extensive and infiltrative CTN in children at risk for subsequent joint stiffening. The pathology samples displayed respectively mixed hamartoma and a collagenoma. The onset of these lesions is often difficult to establish, since they are usually unnoticeable at first. When confronted with extensive CTN, the main differential diagnoses are eosinophilic fasciitis and morphea, and these must be ruled out by skin biopsy. CTN is associated with osteopoikilosis in Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome. Skeletal lesions are asymptomatic and are detected by means of iterative X-ray. Their management comprises symptomatic care.

Newborn traits associated with pre-weaning growth and survival in piglets.

ObjectivePiglet pre-weaning mortality is an important variable indicating the efficacy of farrowing management and animal well-being during lactation. The present study determined the association of newborn traits measured soon after birth with piglet pre-weaning mortality and growth.MethodsIn total, 805 piglets born from 57 multiparous sows were investigated. Their blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose and rectal temperature at 24 h after birth (RT24h) were monitored. Birth order, sex, skin color, integrity of the umbilical cord, attempts to stand and birth intervention were monitored. Piglets were weighed at day 0, 7, and 21 to evaluate average daily gain (ADG).ResultsPiglet pre-weaning mortality for lactation period was 12.6% and cumulative mortality during the first 7 days of age was 8.6%. A higher proportion of piglets with pale skin color died compared to piglets with normal skin color (26.7% vs 7.7%, p<0.001). A higher (p<0.001) proportion of piglets that attempted to stand after 5 min (38.5%) died compared to piglets that attempted to stand within 1 min (6.3%) after birth. Piglet body weight at birth (BWB), blood glucose and the number of piglets born alive (BA) were correlated with ADG (p<0.05). Piglets with BWB <1.30 kg had higher (p<0.001) mortality rate than piglets with BWB≥1.80 kg (19.0% vs 3.3%) and piglets with BWB 1.30 to 1.79 kg (4.0%). Piglet with RT24h <37.0°C had higher (p<0.001) mortality rate (86.2%) than piglets with RT24h >38.5°C (3.9%).ConclusionLow BWB and low RT24h compromise piglet survival during the lactation period in the tropical conditions. Piglets in the litters with a high BA, low BWB and low blood glucose have reduced ADG.