Average Sea Surface Temperature Research Articles

Variasi Musiman Hubungan Antara Parameter Oceanografi Dengan Hasil Tangkapan Ikan Tongkol Berdasarkan Data Harian Di Selat Bali

Mackerel fish that classified pelagic fish and an export commodity in Indonesia. Distribution of mackerel fish are foundn all Indonesian waters, one of them in the Bali Strait. Distribution of mackerel fish influenced by oceanographic condition such as sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration. SST and chlorophyll-a concentrations are environmental parameters that can provide information on fishing ground. The purpose of this research is explained the temporal fluctuation and relationship between SST and chlorophyll-a concentration with mackerel fish had been catch in Bali Strait waters during 2011-2016. Data were analyzed using simple correlation analysis with 95% confidence interval. Temporally, the highest average SST occurred during the transition season I (March-May) and the lowest in the east season (June-August). The highest average chlorophyll-a concentration occurs in the east season and the lowest in the west season (December-February). The highest catch of mackerel fish occurred during transitional season II (September-November) and lowest in west season. The association between SST and chlorophyll-a concentration on mackerel fish catch showed low correlation with significant relationship, whereas concentration between SST and chlorophyll-a concentration strong with significant correlation

Changing relationship between La Niña and tropical cyclone landfalling activity in South China (La Niña and TC landfalling activity in South China)

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Indo‐Pacific warm pool sea‐surface temperature (SST) on tropical cyclone (TC) landfalling activity along the South China coast and develops a scheme for predicting this activity. In general, landfalling activity tends to be suppressed in El Niño years but a large uncertainty is found for La Niña years. Landfalling activity is generally enhanced in La Niña years before 1997 but suppressed in those after 1997, which may be related to the changes in TC frequency and track pattern over the western North Pacific (WNP) as well as the northward shift in genesis locations. The Indo‐Pacific warm pool SST is found to be related to the TC activity over the WNP and an SST index, defined as the average SST anomalies over the North Indian Ocean and the sea near the Philippines, is used to represent this anomaly. A significant warming of the Indo‐Pacific warm pool is found in the recent decade. The temperature change of this warm pool appears to modulate the TC activity over the WNP and TC landfalling activity in South China in a La Niña year, with an enhancement (a suppression) of TC activity if a cooling (warming) is found. This difference is related to the changes in the strength of monsoon trough, vertical wind shear and steering flow pattern. Based on these results, a schematic prediction scheme of landfalling activity in South China is proposed. Landfalling activity is likely to be normal or below normal if an El Niño event is expected to develop during the TC season. If a La Niña event is expected, and the predicted state of the Indo‐Pacific warm pool (obtained using the persistence forecast) shows a warming (cooling), landfalling activity is likely to be normal or below normal (above normal).

Effects of typhoon events on chlorophyll and carbon fixation in different regions of the East China Sea

Typhoons play an important role in the regulation of phytoplankton biomass and carbon fixation in the ocean. Data from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on 35 typhoon events during 2002–2011 are analyzed to examine the effects of typhoon events on variations in sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and depth-integrated primary productivity (IPP) in the East China Sea (ECS). For all 35 typhoon cases, the average SST drops by 0.1 °C in the typhoon influenced regions, and the maximal decrease is 2.2 °C. During the same period, average Chl-a increases by 0.1 mg m−3, with the maximal increase reaching up to 1 mg m−3, and average IPP increases by 32.9 mg C m−2·d−1, with the largest increase being 221 mg C m−2·d−1. The IPP are significantly correlated with SST and Chl-a data, and the correlations become stronger after typhoon passage. On average, nearly one-third of the ECS is affected by typhoons during the 10 year period, and the resident time of the typhoons in the area reach to 38.2 h. Effects of the typhoon events on SST, Chl-a, and IPP manifest differently in the three key sea areas, namely, the coastal water (depths <50 m), continental shelf (depths 50–200 m), and open sea (depths >200 m) regions in the ECS. Specifically, stronger responses are observed in shallow water than in deeper depths. The comparisons between the pre- and post-typhoon periods show that IPP in the post-typhoon period increases by 19.7% and 12.2% in the coastal and continental shelf regions, respectively, but it decreases by 9.4% in the open sea region. Overall, our results reveal that there is a close coupling between Chl-a, SST, and IPP in shallow areas and that typhoon events can have strong effects on carbon fixation in coastal regions.

Preliminary recovery of coastal sharks in the south‐east United States

AbstractRelative abundance of many shark species in the Atlantic is assessed by compiling data from several independently conducted, but somewhat spatially limited surveys. Although these localized surveys annually sample the same populations, resulting trends in yearly indices often conflict with one another, thereby hindering interpretation of abundance patterns at broad spatial scales. We used delta‐lognormal generalized linear models (GLMs) to generate indices of abundance for seven Atlantic coastal shark species from six fishery‐independent surveys along the US east coast and Gulf of Mexico from 1975 to 2014. These indices were further analysed using dynamic factor analysis (DFA) to produce simplified, broad‐scale common trends in relative abundance over the entire sampled distribution. Effects of drivers including the North Atlantic Oscillation index, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index, annually averaged sea surface temperature and species landings were evaluated within theDFAmodel. The two decadal oscillations and species landings were shown to affect shark distribution along south‐east US coast. Estimated common trends of relative abundance for all large coastal shark species showed similar decreasing patterns into the early 1990s, periods of sustained low index values thereafter and recent indications of recovery. Small coastal shark species exhibited more regional variability in their estimated common trends, such that two common trends were required to adequately describe patterns in relative abundance throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic. Overall, all species’ (except the Gulf of Mexico blacknose shark) time series concluded with an increasing trend, suggestive of initial recovery from past exploitation.

PEMETAAN ZONA TANGKAPAN IKAN (FISHING GROUND) MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT TERRA MODIS DAN PARAMETER OSEANOGRAFI DI PERAIRAN DELTA MAHAKAM

As a maritime country, Indonesia has a comparative advantage in the potential of marine and fishery resources. The parameters of the distribution of sea surface temperature and the distribution of chlorophyll-a can be used for the determination of the fish catch zone in the Mahakam Delta waters area. By knowing the fishing ground, fishermen can maximize the potentiallity of the fish capture. The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of ground and chlorophyll-a temperatures and to map potential fishing ground zones. The analysis in this study was determined from the distribution of chlorophyll-a obtained with ATBD 19 MODIS band 10 and 12 algorithms and sea surface temperature distribution on ATBD 25 MODIS bands 20, 31 and 32 using images in March, April, July, September and October 2016. Image processing results obtained, sea surface temperature in March, April, July, September and October averaged 27 ° C to 30 ° C. Only in March the average sea surface temperature has a low temperature. Distribution of chlorophyll-a in 2016 was little identified in September, April and March, whereas in October and July chlorophyll-a was many identified. Determination of high potential catchment zone was having a sea surface temperature of about 27 ° C -30 ° C with high chlorophyll-a value, so that if sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a conditions were not suitable, it was called a low catchment zone. The low zone of fish catch is scattered to the north and center of the Mahakam delta, as well as in the middle of the makasar strait. The high zone of fish catch is scattered to the south of the Mahakam delta, as well as in the middle of the makasar strait.

The satellite-measured sea surface temperature change in the Gulf of Finland

ABSTRACTClimate change in Baltic region and in the Gulf of Finland is an accomplished fact in human brains and in science. The purpose of this research is to retrieve quantitative level of changes for sea surface temperature (SST) of the Gulf of Finland. Two space systems National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA/AVHRR) and Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provided satellite data about temperature of the sea surface. SST data covers period 1981–2014 and includes 444 monthly data scenes with spatial resolution about 10 km. Data quality analysis displays high reliability of NOAA/AVHRR and Aqua/MODIS satellite information. The Gulf of Finland’s average annual SST has changed from 6.8°C in 1982 up to 8.2°C in 2014. Its mean speed of warming is about 0.04°C year–1. The growth of the temperature was irregular, in the middle of 80th year, the temperature dropped down to 5.0°C, and then sharply increased up to 7.3°C in 1989. SST growth in the Gulf of Finland coincides with air temperature and sea temperature growth. The climate change in the Gulf of Finland has special significance due to the fragility of the northern ecosystems and high anthropogenic load.

As El Niño builds, Pacific Warm Pool expands, ocean gains more heat

AbstractEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects substantial redistributions of ocean temperature, both horizontal and vertical, on interannual time scales, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Analyses of monthly Argo‐based ocean temperature maps illustrate large‐scale ocean heat content redistributions with ENSO. They quantify a globally averaged sea surface temperature warming of ~0.1°C with a 1°C increase of the Niño3.4 index (a moderate El Niño), a substantial perturbation to the 0.13°C decade−1 trend in sea surface temperature. Monthly satellite‐based estimates of Earth's energy imbalance suggest that a 1°C increase of the Niño3.4 index corresponds to an increase of ~3.4 ZJ in Earth's energy storage, more gently modulating the longer‐term ~114 ZJ decade−1 trend. Yearly global ocean heat content estimates based on ocean temperature data, with their reduced uncertainties compared to monthly maps, reveal interannual variations in Earth's energy storage that correspond well with satellite‐based estimates.

The interannual trend and preliminary quantitative estimation of the oceans condition in the Bohai Sea area

After different frequency observed temperature data of Bohai sea marine observation stations was analyzed, results showed that daily average sea surface temperature value obtained from 3-hour-observations (08h, 14h, 20h) which was slightly lower than that from 24-hour-observations. The general gap was within 0.10°, while the value was 0.05° for the monthly mean temperature. Daily average sea surface temperature values of 3-hour-observations have a little effect both in statistical properties and the accuracy of statistical data, which does not affect the representativeness of the data. It can be used in studying long time series problems. Analyzing the trend of the SST data changes in 1960-2012 and the SAT data changes in 1965-2012 by using the linear tendency estimate and cumulative distance square method, it can prove that SST annual variation rate was 0.010°/a, with a total increase of 0.53° in last 53 years; and SAT annual variation rate was 0.043°/a, with a total increase of 2.06° in last 48 years. Although the long-term trend of these two factors is significantly increased, but there was a significant mutation around 1987. From 1960 to 1987, it had a downward trend, after 1987 it began to grow, the upward trend has not diminished until 2009.

Predictability and Decadal Variability of the North Atlantic Ocean State Evaluated from a Realistic Ocean Model

This study investigates the excitation of decadal variability and predictability of the ocean climate state in the North Atlantic. Specifically, initial linear optimal perturbations (LOPs) in temperature and salinity that vary with depth, longitude, and latitude are computed, and the maximum impact on the ocean of these perturbations is evaluated in a realistic ocean general circulation model. The computations of the LOPs involve a maximization procedure based on Lagrange multipliers in a nonautonomous context. To assess the impact of these perturbations four different measures of the North Atlantic Ocean state are used: meridional volume and heat transports (MVT and MHT) and spatially averaged sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean heat content (OHC). It is shown that these metrics are dramatically different with regard to predictability. Whereas OHC and SST can be efficiently modified only by basin-scale anomalies, MVT and MHT are also strongly affected by smaller-scale perturbations. This suggests that instantaneous or even annual-mean values of MVT and MHT are less predictable than SST and OHC. Only when averaged over several decades do the former two metrics have predictability comparable to the latter two, which highlights the need for long-term observations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in order to accumulate climatically relevant data. This study also suggests that initial errors in ocean temperature of a few millikelvins, encompassing both the upper and deep ocean, can lead to ~0.1-K errors in the predictions of North Atlantic sea surface temperature on interannual time scales. This transient error growth peaks for SST and OHC after about 6 and 10 years, respectively, implying a potential predictability barrier.

Mapping and Monitoring the Sea Surface Temperature in Weda Bay Using Terra and Aqua- Modis Satellites

Temperature is one of the principal controls on all physical, chemical and biological processes in the environment. Therefore, temperature data play an important role in earth resources management activities, including managing the effects of climate change. In this study, the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of Weda Bay, Halmahera Island, Indonesia were mapped and monitored, from January to November 2007, using thermal infrared (TIR) band 30 and 31 of Terra- and Aqua MODIS satellites. The empirical prediction SST model developed, using TIR band and in-situ measurement SST, showed that the model was sufficient to predict and to map the SST within the bias ranges of ± 0.5°C. Daily SST, averaged 10 days SST, and monthly SST maps were made using 109 available Terra- and Aqua- MODIS images. The ranges of daily and 10-day average SSTs in Weda Bay were narrow, about 2°C (28-30°C) throughout the year, while the range for monthly SSTs was only 1°C (28.75-29.75°C). Accordingly, no indication of upwelling phenomena occurred in this bay during the observation (2007), but it is possible that upwelling could have happened in the past or may in the future. Long-term monitoring from space should continue in order to get a clearer understanding of the water characteristics in Weda Bay, not only using TIR, but also using ocean color bands of MODIS.

Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Thunnus albacares in Isla del Coco National Park through Predictive Habitat Suitability Models.

Information on the distribution and habitat preferences of ecologically and commercially important species is essential for their management and protection. This is especially important as climate change, pollution, and overfishing change the structure and functioning of pelagic ecosystems. In this study, we used Bayesian hierarchical spatial-temporal models to map the Essential Fish Habitats of the Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the waters around Isla del Coco National Park, Pacific Costa Rica, based on independent underwater observations from 1993 to 2013. We assessed if observed changes in the distribution and abundance of this species are related with habitat characteristics, fishing intensity or more extreme climatic events, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation, and changes on the average sea surface temperature. Yellowfin tuna showed a decreasing abundance trend in the sampled period, whereas higher abundances were found in shallow and warmer waters, with high concentration of chlorophyll-a, and in surrounding seamounts. In addition, El Niño Southern Oscillation events did not seem to affect Yellowfin tuna distribution and abundance. Understanding the habitat preferences of this species, using approaches as the one developed here, may help design integrated programs for more efficient management of vulnerable species.

Hydrographic responses to regional covariates across the Kara Sea

The Kara Sea is a shelf sea in the Arctic Ocean which has a strong spatiotemporal hydrographic variation driven by river discharge, air pressure, and sea ice. There is a lack of information about the effects of environmental variables on surface hydrography in different regions of the Kara Sea. We use a hierarchical spatially varying coefficient model to study the variation of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) in the Kara Sea between years 1980 and 2000. The model allows us to study the effects of climatic (Arctic oscillation index (AO)) and seasonal (river discharge and ice concentration) environmental covariates on hydrography. The hydrographic responses to covariates vary considerably between different regions of the Kara Sea. River discharge decreases SSS in the shallow shelf area and has a neutral effect in the northern Kara Sea. The responses of SST and SSS to AO show the effects of different wind and air pressure conditions on water circulation and hence on hydrography. Ice concentration has a constant effect across the Kara Sea. We estimated the average SST and SSS in the Kara Sea in 1980–2000. The average August SST over the Kara Sea in 1995–2000 was higher than the respective average in 1980–1984 with 99.9% probability and August SSS decreased with 77% probability between these time periods. We found a support that the winter season AO has an impact on the summer season hydrography, and temporal trends may be related to the varying level of winter season AO index.

High-Resolution Ocean Model Captures Large-Scale Heat Transport

A lower-resolution model is sufficient to capture air-sea interactions, but a high-resolution model better simulates average sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic.

A GIS Study of the Influences of Warm Ocean Eddies on the Intensity Variations of Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea

This study presented the spatial distribution patterns of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the South China Sea (SCS) and discussed the possible influences of average sea surface temperature (SST) and the size of warm ocean eddies on changes in the intensity of TCs passing over them. Between 1993 and 2013, the SCS has experienced 233 TCs, of which 134 have interacted with warm ocean eddies. The results of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering showed that these TCs are mainly located in the northern portion of the SCS. After interacting with warm ocean eddies, TCs may intensify, remain at the same intensity, or weaken. For intensifying TCs, the enhancements range from 0 to 3 m/s only; however, this level of TC intensity enhancement is statistically significant at p&lt;0.05. Further statistical analyses show that warm ocean eddies with a higher-than-average SST and a larger ratio between the size of the warm ocean eddies and the radius of the TC maximum wind may help intensify passing TCs.

Space-based observation of chlorophyll, sea surface temperature, nitrate, and sea surface height anomaly over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea

Monthly chlorophyll and sea surface temperature (SST) images were generated using MODIS-Aqua data sets during 2014 and 2015 in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. The in situ data-based nitrate algorithm was used to generate nitrate images by using the satellite-derived chlorophyll and SST images. To link ocean productivity with the sea surface features and sea level anomaly, the Indo-French altimeter mission SARAL-ALTIKA-derived sea surface height anomaly (SSHa) data sets were processed and maps were generated. The monthly average chlorophyll concentration ranged from 0.001 to 3.0mgm−3, SST ranged from 24 to 32°C, nitrate concentration ranged from 0.01 to 6.0μM, and overall SSH anomaly ranged from −52 to +40cm. Nitrate concentration was observed to be high (3–5μM) during December–January, possibly due to convective eddies and winter cooling as well as atmospheric aerosols and dust inducing ocean productivity. The nitrate concentration was observed to be associated more with chlorophyll than SST, as nitrate inherently enhances the ocean chlorophyll and productivity, acting as proxy. The SSH anomaly showed irregular features and depicting few eddies, upwelling, and ocean circulation features. The low SSHa was mostly due to high chlorophyll concentration. It was observed that the low SST (∼24–26°C) is attributed to high chlorophyll concentration (1.5–3.0mgm−3) over the study area. The lag phase and enhancement in chlorophyll mean during September was due to the decrease in average SST during August. The SSHa showed seasonal trend over the study area during the monsoon period with observation of negative anomaly. Arabian Sea was found to have more negative SSH anomaly monthly mean values than Bay of Bengal. The impact and interrelationship of SSHa indicated better relationship with chlorophyll than with nitrate and SST, as observed from multiple regression analysis. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results between the 2-year monthly data showed that the interannual variability is lowest for SST, followed by chlorophyll (p=0.002), SSHa (p=0.053), and nitrate (p=0.068).

Heterotrophy mitigates the response of the temperate coral Oculina arbuscula to temperature stress.

Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration have caused global average sea surface temperature (SST) to increase by approximately 0.11°C per decade between 1971 and 2010 – a trend that is projected to continue through the 21st century. A multitude of research studies have demonstrated that increased SSTs compromise the coral holobiont (cnidarian host and its symbiotic algae) by reducing both host calcification and symbiont density, among other variables. However, we still do not fully understand the role of heterotrophy in the response of the coral holobiont to elevated temperature, particularly for temperate corals. Here, we conducted a pair of independent experiments to investigate the influence of heterotrophy on the response of the temperate scleractinian coral Oculina arbuscula to thermal stress. Colonies of O. arbuscula from Radio Island, North Carolina, were exposed to four feeding treatments (zero, low, moderate, and high concentrations of newly hatched Artemia sp. nauplii) across two independent temperature experiments (average annual SST (20°C) and average summer temperature (28°C) for the interval 2005–2012) to quantify the effects of heterotrophy on coral skeletal growth and symbiont density. Results suggest that heterotrophy mitigated both reduced skeletal growth and decreased symbiont density observed for unfed corals reared at 28°C. This study highlights the importance of heterotrophy in maintaining coral holobiont fitness under thermal stress and has important implications for the interpretation of coral response to climate change.

Rising Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures Amplify Extreme Summer Precipitation in Central Europe.

The beginning of the 21st century was marked by a number of severe summer floods in Central Europe associated with extreme precipitation (e.g., Elbe 2002, Oder 2010 and Danube 2013). Extratropical storms, known as Vb-cyclones, cause summer extreme precipitation events over Central Europe and can thus lead to such floodings. Vb-cyclones develop over the Mediterranean Sea, which itself strongly warmed during recent decades. Here we investigate the influence of increased Mediterranean Sea surface temperature (SST) on extreme precipitation events in Central Europe. To this end, we carry out atmosphere model simulations forced by average Mediterranean SSTs during 1970–1999 and 2000–2012. Extreme precipitation events occurring on average every 20 summers in the warmer-SST-simulation (2000–2012) amplify along the Vb-cyclone track compared to those in the colder-SST-simulation (1970–1999), on average by 17% in Central Europe. The largest increase is located southeast of maximum precipitation for both simulated heavy events and historical Vb-events. The responsible physical mechanism is increased evaporation from and enhanced atmospheric moisture content over the Mediterranean Sea. The excess in precipitable water is transported from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Europe causing stronger precipitation extremes over that region. Our findings suggest that Mediterranean Sea surface warming amplifies Central European precipitation extremes.

Extremely heat tolerant photo-symbiosis in a shallow marine benthic foraminifera.

Bleaching, the loss of algal symbionts, occurs in marine photosymbiotic organisms at water temperatures minimally exceeding average summer SST (sea surface temperatures). Pre-adaptation allows organisms to persist under warmer conditions, providing the tolerance can be carried to new habitats. Here we provide evidence for the existence of such adaptation in the benthic foraminifera Pararotalia calcariformata. This species occurs at a thermally polluted site in the Mediterranean, where water temperatures reach a maxima daily average of 36 °C during the summer. To test whether this occurrence represents a widespread adaptation, we conducted manipulative experiments exposing this species from an unpolluted site to elevated temperatures (20–42 °C). It was kept in co-culture with the more thermally sensitive foraminifera Amphistegina lobifera in two experiments (20–36 °C). Reduced photosynthetic activity in A. lobifera occurred at 32 °C whereas photochemical stress in P. calcariformata was first observed during exposure to 36 °C. Pararotalia calcariformata survived all treatment conditions and grew under 36 °C. The photosymbiosis in P. calcariformata is unusually thermally tolerant. These observations imply that marine eukaryote-eukaryote photosymbiosis can respond to elevated temperatures by drawing on a pool of naturally occurring pre-adaptations. It also provides a perspective on the massive occurrence of symbiont-bearing foraminifera in the early Cenozoic hothouse climate.

Adaptive thermostability of light-harvesting complexes in marine picocyanobacteria.

Marine Synechococcus play a key role in global oceanic primary productivity. Their wide latitudinal distribution has been attributed to the occurrence of lineages adapted to distinct thermal niches, but the physiological and molecular bases of this ecotypic differentiation remain largely unknown. By comparing six strains isolated from different latitudes, we showed that the thermostability of their light-harvesting complexes, called phycobilisomes (PBS), varied according to the average sea surface temperature at strain isolation site. Comparative analyses of thermal unfolding curves of the three phycobiliproteins (PBP) constituting PBS rods suggested that the differences in thermostability observed on whole PBSs relied on the distinct molecular flexibility and stability of their individual components. Phycocyanin was the least thermostable of all rod PBP, constituting a fragility point of the PBS under heat stress. Amino-acid composition analyses and structural homology modeling notably revealed the occurrence of two amino-acid substitutions, which might have a role in the observed differential thermotolerance of this phycobiliprotein among temperature ecotypes. We hypothesize that marine Synechococcus ancestors occurred first in warm niches and that during the colonization of cold, high latitude thermal niches, their descendants have increased the molecular flexibility of PBP to maintain optimal light absorption capacities, this phenomenon likely resulting in a decreased stability of these proteins. This apparent thermoadaptability of marine Synechococcus has most probably contributed to the remarkable ubiquity of these picocyanobacteria in the ocean.

Navigating the currents of seascape genomics: how spatial analyses can augment population genomic studies.

Population genomic approaches are making rapid inroads in the study of non-model organisms, including marine taxa. To date, these marine studies have predominantly focused on rudimentary metrics describing the spatial and environmental context of their study region (e.g., geographical distance, average sea surface temperature, average salinity). We contend that a more nuanced and considered approach to quantifying seascape dynamics and patterns can strengthen population genomic investigations and help identify spatial, temporal, and environmental factors associated with differing selective regimes or demographic histories. Nevertheless, approaches for quantifying marine landscapes are complicated. Characteristic features of the marine environment, including pelagic living in flowing water (experienced by most marine taxa at some point in their life cycle), require a well-designed spatial-temporal sampling strategy and analysis. Many genetic summary statistics used to describe populations may be inappropriate for marine species with large population sizes, large species ranges, stochastic recruitment, and asymmetrical gene flow. Finally, statistical approaches for testing associations between seascapes and population genomic patterns are still maturing with no single approach able to capture all relevant considerations. None of these issues are completely unique to marine systems and therefore similar issues and solutions will be shared for many organisms regardless of habitat. Here, we outline goals and spatial approaches for landscape genomics with an emphasis on marine systems and review the growing empirical literature on seascape genomics. We review established tools and approaches and highlight promising new strategies to overcome select issues including a strategy to spatially optimize sampling. Despite the many challenges, we argue that marine systems may be especially well suited for identifying candidate genomic regions under environmentally mediated selection and that seascape genomic approaches are especially useful for identifying robust locus-by-environment associations.