Normal Resting Heart Rate Research Articles

Resting heart rate - The forgotten risk factor? Comparison of resting heart rate and hypertension as predictors of all-cause mortality in 692,217 adults in Asia and Europe.

Resting Heart Rate (RHR) is commonly viewed as a reflection of underlying co-morbidities and not an independent risk factor. Here we compared whether high RHR (80-99 beats/min) and hypertension (blood pressure, BP ≥140/90 mmHg) independently predict all-cause mortality in 692,217 adults from Asia and Europe. Taiwan MJ cohort constituted of 636,064 adults (1994-2017) and the HUNT cohort of 56,153 Norwegian adults (1995-1997). Both cohorts were followed for about 25 years. We report adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality, and life expectancy were calculated. The prevalence of high RHR changed little between those aged 20-29 years (21.2 %) and ≥ 70 years (25.2 %, ns.), whereas hypertension prevalence increased from 4.5 % to 57.3 %, respectively. We observed similar all-cause mortality among those with a high RHR and a normal BP and those with hypertension and normal RHR of 60-69 beats/min. We observed higher all-cause mortality among those with normal BP (≤120/80 mmHg) but high RHR than among those with hypertension and normal RHR. All-cause mortality risk associated with hypertension was not significant for those <40 years of age, whereas risk associated with high RHR remained significant across all age groups. Reductions in life expectancy was larger among individuals with normal BP, but high RHR (10.29 years, 95 % CI 8.09-12.49) compared with those with hypertension but normal RHR (5.53 years, 95 % CI 3.57-7.59). Our data clearly demonstrate that elevated RHR should be considered as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality. The observation that elevated RHR in young adulthood to middle age (20-50 years of age) served as better predictor of all-cause mortality than hypertension calls for a paradigm shift particularly among these age groups, and we suggest it is time that RHR should be regarded as a vital clinical sign measured and evaluated at all clinical visits.

The effect of a life skill-based learning model on improving students' basic ability to survive in water for 60 minutes through swimming

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a life-skills-based learning model on improving students' basic swimming skills to survive 60 minutes in water. This study used a pre-experimental method with a single-group pre-test-post-test study design. A total of 80 male and female students, aged 19-21 years, body mass index 19-24 kg/m2, normal blood pressure (110/70 – 120/80 mmHg), normal resting heart rate (60-80 bpm), did not have a history of chronic disease and then were divided into two groups. The intervention was carried out by providing a life skill-based swimming learning program with a training time of 60 minutes/for each meeting, and a frequency of 1x/week for 16 weeks. Data collection to measure the essential ability to swim to survive in water for 60 minutes was carried out before and after giving a life skill-based swimming learning program for 16 weeks using a test of surviving in water for 60 minutes with a score range between 3 to 60. The data analysis technique used an Independent Samples t-Test with a significant level of 5%. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the average score of the essential swimming ability to survive in water for 60 minutes between G1 with G2 at the observation point after the intervention (51.70±15.68 vs. 16.93±7.22 score, (p ≤ 0.001)), and delta (22.05±5.23 vs. 3.55±1.75 score, (p ≤ 0.001)). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the provision of a life skill-based swimming learning program can improve the basic ability to swim to survive in water for 60 minutes students compared to conventional swimming programs.

Interplay of heart rate variability and resting heart rate on mortality in type 2 diabetes

AimsHeart rate variability (HRV) and resting heart rate (RHR) are usually analyzed and interpreted separately. We aimed to assess the interplay of HRV and RHR on mortality in type 2 diabetes. MethodsThe study included 7,529 participants from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. HRV metrics included standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive differences between normal-to-normal intervals (rMSSD). Abnormal values were defined based on <25th percentile for HRV and >75th percentile for RHR. Interactions of HRV status and RHR status were tested on multiplicative and additive scales. Results were validated in a subset of patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 745) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. ResultsLow SDNN was associated with increased all-cause mortality in the high RHR group (HR 1.60; 95% CI 1.29–1.97), but not in the normal RHR group. Compared with those who had neither low SDNN nor high RHR, the presence of either low SDNN or high RHR was not significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. In contrast, the combination of low SDNN and high RHR was associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.68; 95% CI 1.43–1.97). Significant multiplicative and additive interactions were found between HRV status and RHR status on risk of all-cause mortality (all Pinteraction < 0.05). Similar findings were observed for cardiovascular mortality, in analyses using rMSSD, and in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. ConclusionsThe association between HRV and mortality risk is modified by RHR levels. Furthermore, low HRV and high RHR have interdependent and synergistic associations with mortality risk.

Надпочечниковая и тиреоидная дисфункции при нетравматическом субарахноидальном кровоизлиянии, потребовавшем применения терапевтической нормотермии. Клиническое наблюдение

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening variant of hemorrhagic stroke. Therapeutic normothermia to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. At the same time, the initially existing decompensation of body systems, followed by induced normothermia, gives impetus to the development of a number of pathophysiological processes in the human body. Objective. Timely detection and adequate correction of endocrinopathy of critical illness in patients in the most acute period of SAH against the background of therapeutic normothermia with a target temperature regime of 36 °C. Materials and methods. A 57-year-old patient with a diagnosis of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, saccular aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and anterior cerebral artery, Hunt Hess III. Results. The development of critically ill adrenal dysfunction considered based on the need for vasopressors. Thyroid dysfunction caused by a critical illness considered with a decrease in the level of TSH and free T3 in blood plasma against the background of therapeutic normothermia, the development of intestinal dysfunction and sinus bradycardia. Conclusions. Against the background of the introduction of hydrocortisone at an initial dose of 300 mg, the administration of norepinephrine discontinued on the third day. When levothyroxine sodium 300 mcg/day added to therapy, intestinal dysfunction resolved, normal resting heart rate achieved. Keywords: critical illness, hypothyroidism, thyrotropin, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, targeted temperature management, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Investigating the Causative Factor of Musculoskeletal Injury for Indonesian Traditional Martial Arts

Background. The interest in Pencak Silat is growing significantly, however, followed by the elevation of injury cases with 7.7% for females and 17.8% for males. Study purpose. The study explores the injuries profile of musculoskeletal, including type, form, location, mechanism, and risk factors, across genders. Materials and methods. Two hundred and twenty-nine athletes including 148 males and 81 females in 4 different Sports Schools and Clubs (age 21.3±3.7 years old, BMI 21.12±1.56 kg/m², normal resting heart rate), who had ever attended the national competition, voluntarily participated. The personal data was collected by a research assistant, the training load was recorded by coaches, while the injuries profile was legitimated with the OSTRC-Questionnaire by medical rehabilitation specialists, and Postural Investigation was confirmed by certified clinical staff with FMS-Score-test. Results. The Incidence Rate (IR) for males was higher with 48.5 (95% CI: 45.8–51.3) and was 35.2 injuries/1000 hours for females, males had 3.1 times higher severity level than females (2.3±1.2) and had longer injuries duration (4.8±2.6 weeks) than females. The contusion brought the most frequent incidence at 32.9/1000 hours (36.7%), hematoma at 19.9 injuries/1000 hours (95%CI:17.9-23.1), and muscle soreness (12.1/1000 hours). The lower limbs were the most damaged areas with 33/1000 hours and the upper limbs (26,5%) with 5-14 injuries/1000 hours. The previous injury has a risk effect with 3.0 times higher contributed to the on-set current injury, followed by Excessive training. A kick by the opponent (25%) and offensive kick (19%) were a frequent mechanism of injuries. Conclusions. The Injury Rate (IR) was significantly different between the genders. The findings strengthen the study of injuries, which are specially characteristic of Pencak Silat, that may contribute to delivering injuries profile.

EFEITOS DOS EXERCÍCIOS DE AQUECIMENTO COM TREINAMENTO INTERVALADO NA APTIDÃO FÍSICA DE GINASTAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Competitive gymnastics training is extremely debated in the Chinese scientific community. It is only when coaches choose proper physical training methods, they can fundamentally improve gymnasts’ physical fitness. Objective: Analyze the effect of warm-up exercises on gymnasts’ physical fitness. At the same time, this paper analyzes the factors that influence the indicators of gymnasts’ physical fitness. Methods: This paper selects several gymnasts as research objects. The gymnasts perform physical training with interval training warm-up for two months. Data of gymnasts’ physical constitution and the indicators related to their function are tracked and tested. Morphological indicators include height, circumference and body composition; functional indicators include multiple physiological and biochemical indicators (blood and urine analysis). Results: Gymnasts increased urea and creatine kinase concentrations after warm-up physical training. However, there was no statistical difference (P&gt;0.05). The primary functional status of the athletes was stable. The results showed a normal resting heart rate and a reduction of blood pressure in the elite athletes. Conclusion: Gymnasts using interval training can maintain high intensity levels for prolonged periods. The indicators of physical fitness were above average. However, players’ fitness to complete the movement set needs to be improved. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Lipid Peroxidation Level on Moderate-Intensity Interval Exercise on Non-Athlete Adolescent

Exercise is commonly perceived as a pleasurable and healthy activity. However, it is classified as a complex activity that potentially enhances the formation of free radicals and oxidative stress. This study aims to analyze lipid peroxidation, as the biomarker of free radicals, in interval exercise. A total of 16 trained non-athlete male adolescents, aged 20-21 years old, with normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, and gave good level of physical fitness voluntarily participated in this study. The participants were randomly separated into two groups, namely the K1 (n=8, interval exercise with active resting medium intensity pedaling ergometer bike) and K2 (n=8, interval exercise with resting without pedaling the ergometer bike). The interval exercise was carried out at 60-70% HRmax intensity for 35 minutes. The blood sample for Malondialdehyde (MDA) level analysis, as the lipid peroxidation biomarker, was taken using Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The blood samples were collected before and after the interval exercise. The obtained data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test with a 5% significance level. Our results suggest no significant different level of MDA, a lipid peroxidation biomarker, between the interval exercise with resting through medium intensity pedaling ergometer bike and the interval exercise with resting with no pedaling ergometer bike. However, the interval exercise resting through pedaling an ergometer bike presented relatively higher lipid peroxidation than the interval exercise resting without pedaling an ergometer bike. Therefore, following the free radical concept, interval exercise with resting through pedaling an ergometer bike is more beneficial than the exercise without pedaling an ergometer bike resting.

A Six-Week Plyometric Training Program Improves Explosive Power and Agility in Professional Athletes of East Java

The study purpose was to prove the effectiveness of a plyometric training program in increasing explosive power and agility in professional athletes of East Java.&#x0D; Materials and methods. This study is a pre-experiment with a research design of One Group Pretest-Posttest. A total of 15 male athletes from athletics and swimming at the Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPLP) East Java, Indonesia, aged 15–17 years, body mass index (BMI) 18.5–24.0 kg/m², normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, voluntarily participated in the study. The plyometric training program (hurdle-box jumps) was carried out for 30 minutes/training session with an intensity of 80-90% HRmax with a frequency of 3x/week for six weeks. Measuring the explosive power of the horizontal leg muscles used the Standing Broad Jump Test, while measurement of the explosive power of the vertical leg muscles used the Digital Jump Meter Test. Measurement of agility used Shuttle Run Test, and explosive power and agility were measured during pre-training and six weeks post-training. Data analysis used the Paired Sample T-Test with a significance level of 5% using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 software.&#x0D; Results. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the average increase in explosive power horizontally, vertically, and agility between pre-training vs. post-training (p ≤ 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions. In general, it can be concluded that the plyometric training program (hurdle-box jumps) carried out 3x/week for six weeks effectively increases the explosive power of the horizontal leg muscles, the explosive power of the vertical leg muscles, and increases agility.

The Effect of Low-Impact Aerobic Dance Exercise Video on Cardiovascular Endurance, Flexibility, and Concentration in Females With Sedentary Lifestyle

The study purpose was to prove the effectiveness of a low-impact aerobic dance exercise video on cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and concentration in women with a sedentary lifestyle.&#x0D; Materials and methods. This study used the Pre-Experimental method with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design research design. Total of 18 females aged 18–20 y.o., body mass index (BMI) 19 kg/m2 – 24 kg/m2, normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 96% – 100% participated in the research. Low-impact aerobic dance exercise was done using video for 30 minutes/exercise session with an intensity of 75% – 85% HRmax with a frequency of 3 times/week for 6 weeks. Measurement of cardiovascular endurance was done using the Multi-Stage 20-m Shuttle Run Fitness Test, flexibility was measured with the Sit and Reach Test, and concentration was meassured with the Grid Concentration Test. The statistical analysis technique used the Paired Sample T-Test with a significance level of 5%.&#x0D; Results. The results showed the average cardiovascular endurance of the pretest vs. posttest (28.13 ± 4.80 vs. 30.52 ± 0.88 mL/kg/min (p ≤ 0.001)), mean flexibility of pretest vs. posttest (17.79 ± 4.72 vs. 18.75 ± 5.02 cm (p ≤ 0.001)), mean concentration of pretest vs. posttest (7.39 ± 2.38 vs. 9.11 ± 2.45 score (p ≤ 0.001)).&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that a low-impact aerobic exercise dance video performed with a frequency of 3 times/week for 6 weeks increased cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and concentration in adolescent girls with a sedentary lifestyle.

Eight-Week Functional Training with Ascending AMRAP Model and FOR TIME Constant Load Model to Increase Abdominal Muscle Strength and Maximal Oxygen Consumption Levels in Adolescent Males

The study purpose was to investigate the effect of functional training with the ascending AMRAP model and with the FOR TIME constant load model on increasing abdominal muscle strength and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in adolescent males.&#x0D; Materials and methods. This study used the True-Experimental method with the research design of the Randomized Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design. A total of 21 adolescent males aged 18–21, body mass index (BMI) 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, normal oxygen saturation (SpO2) participated in this study and were divided into three groups, namely CTRLG (n = 7; control group), FSTAG (n = 7; ascending AMRAP functional training group), and FSTFG (n = 7; FOR TIME constant load functional training group). Both the ascending AMRAPfunctional training and the FOR TIME constant load functional training interventions were carried out with a frequency of 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Statistical analysis used the one-way ANOVA test with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 21.&#x0D; Results. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean delta (Δ) increase in abdominal muscle strength (p ≤ 0.05). The mean delta (Δ) increase in VO2max also showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the administration of functional training intervention with the ascending AMRAP model and functional training intervention with the FOR TIME constant load model which was carried out 3 times/week for 8 weeks increased abdominal muscle strength and maximal oxygen consumption levels.

Effect of Continuous-Exercise and Modification Interval-Exercise on Decreasing Malondialdehyde and Blood Lactate Levels in Non-Professional Shorinji Kempo Athletes

The study purpose was to analyze the effect of continuous exercise and modification interval exercise on decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood lactate levels in non-professional Shorinji Kempo athletes.&#x0D; Materials and methods. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a randomized pretest posttest-only group design. Subjects were 16 male adolescents aged 18-20, body mass index (BMI) 20-24 kg/m2, who had normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, and no history of chronic disease. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: CEG (n = 8, continuous exercise group) and MIEG (n = 8, modification interval exercise group). Continuous and modification interval exercises were carried out in 30 minutes/exercise sessions, with an intensity of 75% HRmax and 75% RM, as often as 3 times/week, for one week. Measurements of resting heart rate, blood lactate and MDA levels were performed 30 minutes pre-exercise and 10 minutes post-exercise. The data analysis technique used the Paired Sample T-Test and the independent T-test with SPSS software version 21.&#x0D; Results. The results showed significant differences in resting heart rate, blood lactate and MDA levels pre-exercise vs. post-exercise on CEG and MIEG (p ≤ 0.05). A difference was also observed in Delta (Δ) heart rate pre-exercise vs. post-exercise on CEG (–3.88 ± 3.36 bpm) and MIEG (–15.25 ± 3.45 bpm) (p ≤ 0.001), but no differences were observed in the Delta (Δ) blood lactate and MDA levels in both groups.&#x0D; Conclusion. Based on the study results, it was shown that continuous exercise and modification interval exercise increase blood lactate and MDA levels shortly after intervention but both exercises could reduce acute stress, which was indicated by a decrease in resting heart rate.

Negative Correlation between Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Obesity Predictor Markers and Inflammation Levels in Females with Obesity

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been widely associated with structural and functional changes in the brain, whereas inflammation is one of the potential mechanisms involved in these changes.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE: This study aims to prove the relationship between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and obesity predictor markers (body mass index and waist to hip ratio) and inflammation (interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) levels in females with obesity.&#x0D; METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional study method using 33 females with obesity aged 19-23 years, body mass index (BMI) &gt; 27.5 kg/m2, normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate (RHR), normal hemoglobin (Hb), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≤ 100 mg/dL. The examination of serum BDNF, IL-6, and TNF-α levels using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment test with a significant levels p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results indicated that there is a negative correlation between serum BDNF levels and BMI (r = –0.759; p&lt;0.001), WHR (r = –0.675; p&lt;0.001), IL-6 levels (r = –0.530; p&lt;0.001) and TNF-α levels (r = –0.561; p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, there is a negative correlation between serum BDNF levels and BMI, waist to hip ratio, and inflammation (interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) levels in females with obesity. Further studies are needed to confirm the present findings.

The exercise-instrumental music program and irisin levels in younger non-professional athletes

A passive lifestyle and lack of exercise are triggering factors in increasing metabolic syndrome, whereas metabolic syndrome is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyse an exercise-based non-pharmacological approach combined with instrumental music to the plasma levels of irisin. The study employed a randomised pretest-posttest-only group design recruiting 30 male participants. The individuals aged between 19-21 years, body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate (RHR), VO2max 40-50 ml/kg bodyweight/min, normal haemoglobin (Hb). The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, MIE (n=10, moderate-intensity exercise), MIEM (n=10, moderate-intensity exercise + instrumental music), and HIE (n=10, high-intensity exercise). Blood sampling was collected from pre- and 5 min post-exercise treatment. ELISA method was used to measure the circulating irisin levels. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann Whitney test and Spearman correlation were chosen to analyse the data. The results showed that there is no significant difference in pre-exercise irisin levels (ng/ml) in MIE (1.58±0.89), MIEM (1.77±3.12), and HIE (1.65±0.88) with a P-value of 0.098. Importantly, the alteration of irisin levels post-exercise program revealed that the level of this peptide (ng/ml) is higher in HIE (7.28±5.11) compared to MIE (1.95±1.85) and MIEM (4.16±3.40) with a P-value of 0.019. The plasma levels of irisin significantly correlate to energy expenditure (r=0.353, P≤0.01), plasma peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (r=0.597, P≤0.001), and high-density lipoprotein (r=0.513, P≤0.01). In summary, increased irisin secretion may directly contribute to the gradual alteration of energy expenditure and correlate to physical exercise intensity-related musical treatment.

The correlation between sleep quality and performance in football athlete

Athletes are at risk of overtraining. Therefore, athletes need to build a strategy to get a better condition after training. If optimum recovery is achieved by good sleep, athletes can be engaged in other physical activities or increase the load of exercise in the upcoming days. Thus, we assumed that sleep quality is related to the performance of football athlete. To investigate if there is correlation between sleep quality and performance in football athletes, we undertook a cross-sectional analysis of 100 male football athletes. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, and athlete’s performance was quantified by oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) measurement by bleep test, while resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured with digital sphygmomanometer. There was significant correlation between sleep quality and all performance indicators including resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and VO2max (p < 0.001). In Pearson correlation, we found that sleep quality affects 14% of resting heart rate (r = 0.384) (p < 0.001), 17% of systolic pressure (r = 0.421) (p < 0.001), 21% of diastolic pressure (r = 4.69) (p < 0.001), and 16% of VO2max score (r = − 0.412) (p < 0.001). By Gamma correlation, we found that almost all of the participants with good sleep quality have normal resting heart rate, normal blood pressure, and either superior or excellent VO2max score (rheart rate = 0.768) (p = 0.002), (rsystolic = 0.773) (p < 0.001), (rdiastolic = 1.00) (p < 0.001), (rVO2max = 0.68) (p < 0.001). There was correlation between sleep quality and performance of football athlete.

Acute Moderate Intensity Exercise Decreases Oxygen Saturation In Obese Women

This study aims to analyze acute moderate intensity exercise decreases oxygen saturation in obese women. True experiment with a randomized control group design posttest-only design using 14 obese women aged 19-24 years, body mass index 27-33 kg/m2, percentage body fat (PBF) above 30 % and fasting blood glucose (FBG) below 100 mg/dL, normal hemoglobin, normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, normal resting heart rate and randomly divided into two groups, namely CON (n=7, control without intervention) and MIE (n=7, moderate intensity exercise). Moderate intensity exercise interventions carried out for 40 minutes using a treadmill. Blood sampling is done 10 minutes after the intervention. Measurement of oxygen saturation using a Pulse Oximeter. The results obtained mean oxygen saturation at CON (98.428±0.534) % and MIE (96.571±0.975) % (p=0.001). Based on the results of the study concluded that moderate moderate intensity acute exercise reduces oxygen saturation in obese women.

Effect Of Interval Exercise Versus Continuous Exercise On Increases Energy Expenditure On A Treadmill

This study is a pre-experiment with a posttest-only design research design using 16 obese women aged 19-23 years old, body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg/m2, percentage body fat (PBF) above 30% and fasting blood glucose (FBG) below 100 mg/dL, normal hemoglobin (Hb), normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure, normal resting heart rate, VO2max25-30 mL/kg/min and randomly divided into two groups, namely IE (n=8, interval exercise) and CE (n=8, continuous exercise). Interval exercise and continuous exercise interventions were carried out at 08.00 a.m. for 40-45 minutes using a treadmill. The measurement of energy expenditure was using OMRON Caloriscan HJA-306-EW. Data analysis techniques used the Independent-Samples T Test with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results obtained mean energy expenditure on IE (251.750±19.775) kcal and CE (278.750±23.334) kcal (p=0.026). Based on the results of the study concluded that continuous exercise increases energy expenditure compared to interval exercise in obese women.

The Relationship Of Insulin‑Like Growth Factor 1 With Bone Mass In Obese Female

This study aimed to analyze the relationship of insulin-like growth factor 1 with bone mass in obese female. This study used a cross sectional study method using 30 obese women aged 19-23 years, body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg / m2, normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate (RHR), normal hemoglobin (Hb). and fasting blood glucose (FBG) &lt;100 mg / dL. Measurement of IGF-1 levels used the Enzym Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Measurement of bone mass using TANITA (Body Composition Analyzer DC3607601 (2) -1604 FA, TANITA Corporation of America, Inc., USA). The data analysis technique used the Pearson product-moment test with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results showed that mean levels of IGF-1 (1.17 ± 0.10) ng / mL and bone mass (2.49 ± 0.06) kg (r = 0.712, P ≤ 0.001). Our findings suggest that there was a positive correlation between IGF-1 levels and bone mass

Abstract P119: Comparison Of Mortality Risk Of Resting Heart Rate (high Normal) With Different Levels Of Hypertension

Background and objectives: Mortality risk of resting heart rate (RHR) has been shown to be an independent risk factor for mortality but attracted limited attention, particularly compared to hypertension. We focused on high normal RHR (80-99 beats/min), and sought equivalent risks at levels of blood pressure in hypertension. Methods: The cohort, 515,303 subjects free of heart disease, recruited successively from a health surveillance program between 1994 and 2008. Resting HR was determined from ECG. Deaths, 16,849, were identified from national death file as of 2011. A CVD-free sub-cohort was created by excluding those with hypertension, diabetes, smoking or high cholesterol. Life table method for life expectancy and Cox models for Hazard Ratios were calculated using RHR at 60-69/min and BP at ≦120/80 mmHg, as a common reference. Results: One quarter of the cohort had high normal RHR, but only 1/3 of high normal RHR had hypertension, implying a limited contribution of risks from hypertension to RHR. High normal RHR (80-99/min) as a whole had similar all-cause mortality risks (1.73), and similar number of life years shortened (6.7 years) as hypertension (≧140/90 mm Hg), but larger than JACC hypertension (≧130/80). RHR at 90-99/min had similar mortality risks (2.17) and years shortened (9.5 years) as Grade 2 hypertension (≧160/100 mmHg). In these comparisons, HR for CVD mortality, however, were slightly smaller for high normal RHR than hypertension. Other than increased CVD mortality, high normal RHR had more increases in diabetes, cancer, cirrhosis, kidney and COPD, Mortality risk of hypertension amplified by 20% when combined with high normal RHR. Conclusion: High normal RHR had larger risk than hypertension with BP at≧130/80, but similar as BP at ≧140/90 mmHg. RHR is as important as hypertension, in terms of all-cause mortality or in number of life years shortened. The CVD mortality risks of RHR, however, were slightly less, implying a more important role of hypertension in CVD.

Deviations from normal bedtimes are associated with short-term increases in resting heart rate

Despite proper sleep hygiene being critical to our health, guidelines for improving sleep habits often focus on only a single component, namely, sleep duration. Recent works, however, have brought to light the importance of another aspect of sleep: bedtime regularity, given its ties to cognitive and metabolic health outcomes. To further our understanding of this often-neglected component of sleep, the objective of this work was to investigate the association between bedtime regularity and resting heart rate (RHR): an important biomarker for cardiovascular health. Utilizing Fitbit Charge HRs to measure bedtimes, sleep and RHR, 255,736 nights of data were collected from a cohort of 557 college students. We observed that going to bed even 30 minutes later than one’s normal bedtime was associated with a significantly higher RHR throughout sleep (Coeff +0.18; 95% CI: +0.11, +0.26 bpm), persisting into the following day and converging with one’s normal RHR in the early evening. Bedtimes of at least 1 hour earlier were also associated with significantly higher RHRs throughout sleep; however, they converged with one’s normal rate by the end of the sleep session, not extending into the following day. These observations stress the importance of maintaining proper sleep habits, beyond sleep duration, as high variability in bedtimes may be detrimental to one’s cardiovascular health.

Resting heart rate and its dynamic change and the risk of hypertension: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

The sex- and age-specific relation in the association of resting heart rate (RHR) and its change and risk of hypertension remains unclear. We prospectively estimated the incidence of hypertension among 9969 nonhypertensive adults participating in The Rural Chinese Cohort Study. Self-reported questionnaires and anthropometric and laboratory measurements were collected at baseline (2007-2008) and follow-up (2013-2014). The modified Poisson regression model was used to calculate relative risk (RR) values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident hypertension associated with RHR and its dynamic change. During follow-up (median, 6.01 years), 797 (20.28%) men, and 1178 (19.51%) women developed hypertension. Risk of hypertension was increased for women with the highest versus lowest RHR tertile after adjusting for confounding factors (RR: 1.19 [95%CI: 1.04-1.36]) and was associated with increased RHR for women with young age (RR per 10-beat/min RHR increase, 1.25 [95%CI: 1.09-1.43]), middle age (1.06 [0.99-1.14]), and older age (1.11 [1.01-1.23]). Risk of developing hypertension was significantly higher (RR: 1.22 [95%CI: 1.04-1.42]) in women with high RHR (≥80-beat/min) throughout the study period than those with normal RHR (<80-beat/min). No significant association of RHR and hypertension was found in men. RHR is an independent predictor of hypertension in rural Chinese women. Persistently high RHR is associated with increased hypertension risk in women. The dose-response association between RHR and hypertension could be affected by sex and age status.