Pressure Research Articles

Research on the life stress and hypertension among young couples of childbearing age

Objective: To investigate the current status of life stress and hypertension among couples of childbearing age across diverse economic regions in China, and to explore relevant influencing factors. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, with subjects from the "Research on the standardized system of comprehensive prevention and control of birth defects based on preconception-prenatal-postnatal whole chain". From February to May 2021, urban and rural couples of childbearing age (18-49 years old) from Beijing, Henan, and Gansu provinces were enrolled, representing the eastern, central, and western regions of China, respectively. The detection rate, cognition and control of hypertension in the general population, as well as the detection rate of hypertension in different genders and regions were analyzed. Subjects were divided into hypertensive group and non-hypertensive group based on whether their blood pressure was≥140/90 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and the general clinical data of the two groups were compared. Subjects were also divided into prehypertension and hypertension group and normal blood pressure group based on whether their blood pressure was≥130/80 mmHg, and the general clinical data of the two groups were compared, with subgroup analyses conducted by gender. Multifactorial logistic regression model was applied to identify factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension in both males and females. Results: A total of 1 942 couples of childbearing age, comprising 3 884 individuals, aged (29.8±5.2) years were enrolled, with 1 942 males (50.0%). The overall hypertension detection rate was 6.3% (246/3 884), with a detection rate of 10.5% (203/1 942) in males and 2.2% (43/1 942) in females. The hypertension detection rates in Beijing, Henan, and Gansu were 6.2% (92/1 482), 11.6% (139/1 200), and 1.2% (15/1 202), respectively. The overall detection rate of prehypertension and hypertension was 40.5% (1 574/3 884). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that life pressure factors had no effect on female blood pressure levels (P>0.05), while a significant or high level of life/work pressure was a risk factor for prehypertension and hypertension in males (OR=2.30, 95%CI 1.06-4.99, P<0.05). Conclusion: The detection rate of prehypertension and hypertension among young couples of childbearing age in China is high, with poor awareness and control of hypertension. There are sex differences in the relationship between life pressure and blood pressure levels. Comprehensive consideration of individual living environments and mental health factors is crucial in blood pressure management. Measures to reduce life stress and enhance mental resilience should be implemented to address this public health issue.

Long-term pulse pressure trajectories and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: the Tromsø Study.

Sex-based differences in the association of long-term trends in pulse pressure with future risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) have been explored using data from the population-based Tromsø Study 1986-2016. Women (n = 8331) and men (n = 7638) aged ≥20 years who attended at least two of the three Tromsø Study surveys conducted between 1986 and 2001 (the exposure period) were followed up for incident AF throughout 2016 (the follow-up period). Pulse pressure ≥60 mmHg was considered elevated. Group-based trajectory modelling and Cox regression were used for statistical analyses. Three long-term trajectory groups for pulse pressure were identified: Group 1 had normal pulse pressure throughout the exposure period, Group 2 had normal pulse pressure at the beginning and elevated pulse pressure at the end of the exposure period, and Group 3 had elevated pulse pressure throughout. Over the follow-up period, 568 (6.8%) women and 798 (10.5%) men developed AF. After adjustment for potential confounders at baseline, the long-term trajectory groups for elevated pulse pressure were associated with increased risk of AF in women, but not in men. In women, the adjusted hazard ratios of AF were 1.60 (95% confidence interval: 1.23, 2.09) for trajectory Group 2 and 2.78 (1.93, 4.02) for trajectory Group 3, compared with Group 1. Long-term elevated pulse pressure trajectories were independently associated with increased risk of AF in women, but not in men. Our findings call for further investigations to understand the mechanisms behind these sex-based differences.

Efficacy of the Direct Anterior Chamber Air Replacement Method During Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty.

This study aimed to describe a novel technique of direct anterior chamber (AC) air replacement (DACAR) for the management of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in postvitrectomized eyes and eyes with previous glaucoma surgery. DACAR was performed after a corneal donor graft was transplanted through a wound using the pull-through technique. DACAR involves stabilizing the graft with forceps while introducing air into the AC via an infusion cannula to ensure complete air exchange. The air was maintained in the AC at all times using a vitrectomy machine. The air pressure was maintained at 30 mm Hg for 15 minutes. The DACAR technique was performed in 34 patients, and conventional pull-through technique DSAEK was performed in 32 high-risk patients. The DACAR group had shorter DSAEK surgical procedures (P = 0.009) and a lower incidence of corneal graft detachment in the early postoperative period (P < 0.001) than the conventional DSAEK group. DACAR is performed in patients having previously undergone vitrectomy or glaucoma surgery to prevent corneal graft detachment during the early postoperative period and to reduce the length of surgery.

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide and respiratory symptoms in central sterile supply department workers exposed to different ventilation systems

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between different types of ambient ventilation in Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) values, and respiratory symptoms of workers . Methods: CSSD workers from five hospitals were evaluated in three different ventilation systems: negative air pressure, air conditioning, and natural ventilation. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was evaluated by The European Community Respiratory Health Survey. The respiratory inflammatory response was evaluated utilizing FeNO level measurements. Results: There was a general prevalence of respiratory symptoms in 5% of the workers investigated; there was no association between respiratory symptoms and ventilation systems (p = 0.170). Of the total workers investigated, 22% had FeNO levels ≥ 25 parts per billion (ppb), considered above the normal range, and there was a statistically significant difference between ventilation systems (p = 0.009) favoring natural ventilation. Conclusion: Exposure to the natural ventilation system reduced the chance of developing FeNO levels ≥ 25 by 94.3%.

Insights into the Role of the Glymphatic System in the Pathogenesis of Post-hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus.

Recently, it has been well-established that the glymphatic or glial-lymphatic system plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of various neurological compromise, especially hydrocephalus (HCP). Till now, the complete pathway is not yet fully understood, and little evidence is available from the literature that links hydrocephalus to disorders of the glymphatic system. Most published molecular studies and animal research have shown that, in models with hydrocephalus, the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the glymphatic system is disrupted. This is strongly observed in normal pressure and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus cases. A thorough search of the literature to date yields scarce evidence on studies conducted on humans. Despite major similarities between non-human and human glymphatic pathways, the need for studies conducted on humans is becoming more urgent as the glymphatic pathway has been shown to be a good candidate for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we collect and report the most updated evidence addressing the glymphatic drainage pathways and their associations with the development of various types of hydrocephalus. In addition, we reveal the current scientific gap in human studies and our recommendations for the conduction of future clinical studies.

Collaboration, accountability pressure, and local air pollution governance: evidence from China

Although a stringent top-down performance-based accountability system remains a key characteristic of China’s environmental governance, collaborative action across jurisdictions has quickly become another highly important feature of local environmental governance that offers capacity pooling and flexible governing structures to address cross-jurisdictional environmental issues such as air pollution. How does control-oriented performance accountability pressure interact with local cross-jurisdictional collaborations to influence environmental outcomes? Drawing from the latest collaborative governance literature and employing panel data from major cities from 2013 to 2020, we establish that collaboration has a significant and persistent influence on local governments’ air pollution abatement, and—importantly—we discover that accountability pressure moderates this relationship in certain institutional circumstances. The accountability pressure—created through performance rankings and environmental inspections undertaken by the central government—can motivate poor-performing local governments to take advantage of collaboration to improve their environmental outcomes. Accountability pressure, however, has no visible impact on high-performing governments’ environmental outcomes. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.

Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization in Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Post Shunted Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Shunted hydrocephalus patients are at an inherent risk of developing chronic subdural hematomas (cSDHs) from overdrainage. The preliminary results of three much-anticipated clinical trials (STEM, EMBOLISE, MAGIC-MT) have recently been presented, showing efficacy of middle meningeal artery embolization (MMA-E) in reducing observational failure and the need for reoperation in non-shunted patients, but the effect of this procedure in shunted patients remains to be further investigated. In this series, we present our institution's experience with MMA-E in shunted normal pressure hydrocephalus patients in comparison to standard of care (=SOC). We compared nine patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and shunt-induced cSDHs receiving SOC, shunt adjustment with or without burr hole drainage, to seven patients receiving SOC with MMA-E. Hematoma size and age of patients were matched. Patients were followed with serial head computed tomography scans. Symptoms, hematoma size, time to resolution, resolution status, and embolization details were monitored. Six of seven SDH patients receiving MMA-E resolved. One patient showed residual but stable3 mm cSDH after reinitiation of hydrocephalus treatment. The median time to resolution was 139.5 and 89 days for SOC without and with surgery, and 309 or 88 days for SOC without and with surgery plus MMA-E. One MMA-E patient was lost to follow-up and presented more than one year later with decreasing SDH that resolved by post-MMA-E day504. MMA-E in shunt-induced cSDHs has not shown increased resolution speed compared to SOC and liberal use of MMA-E on this cohort may need to be further investigated.

Short-term impact of low air pressure on plants' functional traits.

Lower atmospheric pressure affects biologically relevant physical parameters such as gas partial pressure and concentration, leading to increased water vapor diffusivity and greater soil water content loss through evapotranspiration. This might impact plant photosynthetic activity, resource allocation, water relations, and growth. However, the direct impact of low air pressure on plant physiology is largely unknown. This study examined the effects of low air pressure, alone and combined with two water inputs, on different functional traits of three plant species transplanted from montane grasslands at 1,500 m a.s.l. during the first four weeks of their early phenological stage: Trifolium pratense, Hieracium pilosella, and Brachypodium rupestre. Using the terraXcube Ecotron facility which can simulate different climatic conditions, we isolated the effect of air pressure from those of other, related environmental factors (temperature, humidity, and solar radiation) by simulating three different elevations with corresponding air pressures: 1,500 m a.s.l. (85 kPa, control scenario), 2,500 m a.s.l. (75 kPa), and 4,000 m a.s.l. (62 kPa) and we used two different water regimes to observe the combined effect of low air pressure and the impact of varying water inputs on plants. In T. pratense and H. pilosella, we observed an increase in stomatal conductance but a reduction in aboveground biomass at the lowest pressure compared to the control scenario after four weeks of incubation. Contrastingly, B. rupestre showed an interactive effect of air pressure and water treatment on chlorophyll and biomass nitrogen content, which were reduced under higher soil water conditions at 85kPa. This study serves as an initial step in isolating the specific impact of air pressure on plant physiology, demonstrating the potential of the facility for future research. The mixed response patterns across species highlight that atmospheric pressure could be a driving factor to consider when assessing plant responses along elevational gradient.

Identifying, Tracking, and Evaluating Mechanisms of North American Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) Using a Feature Tracking Approach

Abstract North American Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) are large-scale temperature extremes that typically originate in the high latitudes and impact the midlatitudes in winter. As they transit southward, they can have significant socioeconomic consequences. CAOs from winter (DJF) 1979 to 2020 were identified in the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis dataset (ERA5) using an automated feature tracking approach (TempestExtremesV2.1). This allowed for the systematic identification of a large number of cases without using pre-determined, Eulerian regions. Another important advantage of this approach was the ability to compute a feature tracked thermodynamic energy budget in a non-fixed domain for every identified CAO event. As an example, the thermodynamic energy budget analysis was used to quantify important processes for the 18th–23rd January, 1985 CAO. The dominant mechanisms of cooling and warming as well as lysis locations (i.e. eastern or western) were then used to generalize detected CAO events into subcategories. The associated statistics, spatial footprints, and composites of 500-hPa height, sea level pressure, and temperature and winds at 850-hPa were analyzed for three subcategories that contained the majority of events. This analysis revealed that CAO events that form and dissipate through different mechanisms occur in different regions, have different intensities, and are associated with different large-scale circulation patterns. Finally, analysis of associated North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific-North American Pattern (PNA) teleconnections revealed that the PNA is typically in a positive phase for eastern CAO events and negative phase for western events resulting primarily from horizontal advection, whereas the NAO did not have any significant relationship.

The Effects of Endurance Training and High-Intensity Resistance Training on Pulse Wave Velocity and QT Dispersion

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of endurance and high-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness and ventricular repolarization in elite athletes. Methods: A total of 50 male athletes from different sports disciplines (volleyball, football, judo, and wrestling) and a sedentary group of 30 males participated in this study. Data collected from all participants included age, height, body weight, cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters, arterial stiffness parameters, and ECG measurements. Results: There was no significant age difference between the athlete group (20.42 ± 1.903 years) and the control group (20.97 ± 1.771 years) (p &gt; 0.05). However, body mass index (BMI) values in the control group (24.83 ± 2.22 kg/m2) were significantly different from those in the athlete group (22.39 ± 2.663 kg/m2) (p &lt; 0.05). Significant differences were found between the athlete and control groups in QT dispersion, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and central pulse pressure values (p &lt; 0.05), while similar results were obtained for arterial stiffness parameters (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The lack of a difference in pulse wave velocity and augmentation index (AIx) values between the athletes and the control group suggests that athletes do not bear additional risks regarding arterial stiffness. However, increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and central pulse pressure, among the hemodynamic parameters, indicate potential variations in vascular wall compliance and hemodynamic responses in the cardiovascular system. The increase in QT dispersion suggests that athletes may exhibit a heterogeneous repolarization process and an elevated risk of ventricular arrhythmias compared to the general population.

Screening of Aβ and phosphorylated tau status in the cerebrospinal fluid through machine learning analysis of portable electroencephalography data

Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through pathological markers is typically costly and invasive. This study aims to find a noninvasive, cost-effective method using portable electroencephalography (EEG) to detect changes in AD-related biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A total of 102 patients, both with and without AD-related biomarker changes (amyloid beta and phosphorylated tau), were recorded using a 2-minute resting-state portable EEG. A machine-learning algorithm then analyzed the EEG data to identify these biomarker changes. The results showed that the machine learning model could distinguish patients with AD-related biomarker changes, achieving 68.1% accuracy (AUROC 0.75) for amyloid beta and 71.2% accuracy (AUROC 0.77) for phosphorylated tau, with gamma activities being key features. When excluding cases with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, accuracy improved to 74.1% (AUROC 0.80) for amyloid beta and 73.1% (AUROC 0.80) for phosphorylated tau. This study suggests that portable EEG combined with machine learning is a promising noninvasive and cost-effective tool for early AD-related pathological marker screening, which could enhance neurophysiological understanding and diagnostic accessibility.

Development of an "Internet of things" device for measuring climate variables and calculating bioclimatic índices

The aim of this research was to create an embedded device based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology that could measure air temperature, humidity, pressure and altitude using a single sensor. Using this data, the device is able to calculate indices such as Black Globe Temperature (BGT), Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and Temperature, Globe and Humidity Index (TGUI). This equipment is compact, measuring just 6 centimeters, and has Wi-Fi connectivity, which makes it an IoT device. This allows the data to be sent to a web server, where the farmer or any user with access can view the animals' thermal comfort conditions in real time. This visualization can be done conveniently on desktops, notebooks or smartphones, from anywhere in the world. In this way, the IoT equipment helps the producer make decisions, avoiding productivity losses, health problems and guaranteeing product quality by preventing possible thermal stress caused to the animals.

Modifikasi Alat Pemindah dan Penyortir Material Logam dan Non Logam sebagai Media Pembelajaran Mahasiswa di Laboratorium Sistem Kontrol

Politeknik Maritim Negeri Indonesia has a model of a tool for moving materials which is controlled using a PLC, but this model is no longer operational and some of its components are broken. The tool is used as a learning media for students majoring in engineering in the field of control systems and PLCs. Tool repairs and modifications are made by adding metal and non-metal material sorters. The problems that arise are how to form a series of ladder diagrams to work in one cycle and the vacuum pressure of air to lift metal and non-metal materials. The method in this study uses research and development (Research and Development). The equipment and materials in this study used the PLC Omron CP1E 20 I/0 and the sample materials were aluminium and nylon with a diameter of 30 and a thickness of 8 mm. The conclusion is that this tool can work using the ladder diagram that has been made in one cycle and the best pressure is 4 bar.

Venous compression causes chronic cerebral ischaemia in normal pressure hydrocephalus patients

BackgroundCerebral autoregulation is a robust regulatory mechanism that stabilizes cerebral blood flow in response to reduced blood pressure, thereby preventing cerebral ischaemia. Scientists have long believed that cerebral autoregulation also stabilizes cerebral blood flow against increases in intracranial pressure, which is another component that determines cerebral perfusion pressure. However, this idea was inconsistent with the complex pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus, which includes components of chronic cerebral ischaemia due to mild increases in intracranial pressure.MethodsTwenty-one patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery for normal pressure hydrocephalus were included in this study. To determine the pressure setting of the Codman-Hakim programmable valve, intracranial pressure was measured after shunt surgery by puncturing the Ommaya reservoir, which formed a closed circuit with the needle and the syringe. Then, intracranial pressure was continuously measured with intermittent infusion of cerebrospinal fluid from the same closed circuit. We also continuously measured oximetry data, such as regional cerebral oxygen saturation derived from near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring. These data were digitized, recorded, and used for calculating intracranial compliance and the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid volume loading and intracranial pressure.ResultsThis study demonstrates that in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, cerebral venous vascular bed compression induces mild cerebral ischaemia when intracranial pressure is slightly higher than physiological venous pressure. Cerebral venous compression impairs cerebral blood flow by quadratically increasing circulatory resistance according to Poiseuille’s law. Furthermore, chronic cerebral ischaemia occurred even at low or normal intracranial pressures when deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensities (DSWMHs) were severe.ConclusionThe fact that cerebral blood flow impairment begins at very low intracranial pressures indicates that cerebral autoregulation to compensate for reduced venous blood flow is not functioning adequately in NPH. These processes provide a link between impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation, cerebral autoregulation, and neurological dysfunction, which has been missing in patients with NPH involving small vessel arteriosclerosis. These findings may provide insight into similar conditions, such as normal-tension glaucoma and chronic kidney disease, in which a mild increase in local compartment pressure leads to chronic ischemia in organs protected by autoregulatory mechanisms.

An Analysis of Meteorological Anomalies in Kamchatka in Connection with the Seismic Process

This study investigates the hypothesis that meteorological anomalies may precede earthquake events. Long-term time series of observations for air temperature, atmospheric pressure and precipitation at a meteorological station in Kamchatka are considered. Time series are subjected to Huang decomposition into sequences of levels of empirical oscillation modes (intrinsic mode functions—IMFs), forming a set of orthogonal components with decreasing average frequency. For each IMF level, the instantaneous amplitudes of envelopes are calculated using the Hilbert transform. A comparison with the earthquake sequence is made using a parametric model of the intensity of two interacting point processes, which allows one to quantitatively estimate the “measure of the lead” of the time instants of the compared sequences. For each IMF level, the number of time moments of the largest local maxima of instantaneous amplitudes which is equal to the number of earthquakes is selected. As a result of the analysis, it turned out that for the sixth IMF level (periods of 8–16 days), the “lead measure” of the instantaneous amplitude maxima of meteorological parameters in comparison with earthquake time moments significantly exceeds the inverse lead, which confirms the existence of prognostic changes in meteorological parameters in the problem of “atmosphere–lithosphere” interaction. This study reveals that certain meteorological anomalies can be a precursor for seismic activity.

Does ongoing inflammation in recovered COVID-19 pneumonia cases aggravate underlying hypertension or unmasks new onset hypertension? A single center experience of 800 cases

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; New onset hypertension and aggravation of hypertension during the post-COVID-19 period are issues of concern having very limited data published on them. Hence, the current study was conducted with the aim of studying the blood pressure profiles as new onset hypertension, pre-existent hypertension and an aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in post-COVID-19 patients.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Retrospective cohort study conducted between October 2021 to March 2022, included 800 post-COVID-19 patients above 18 years of age treated at the dedicated COVID-19 care center irrespective of their disease severity and comorbidity after a valid written consent. All the study cases were followed after six months of discharge from hospital. Protocolled recording of covariates such as blood pressure, anthropometric indices, ECG, blood sugar, lipid profile and uric acid were done at entry point. Retrospective data collection of indoor records was done such CT severity assessment as mild (score &amp;lt; 8), moderate (score 9-15) and severe (score &amp;gt; 15); inflammatory markers IL-6, Ferritin, CRP, LDH and D-dimer, interventions used during hospitalization such as oxygen supplementation and oxygen plus BIPAP/NIV. Statistical analysis was done by using a Chi-square test.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In study of 800 post-COVID-19 cases, pre-existent hypertension in 10% (80/800), new onset hypertension in 8.5% (68/800), aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in 47.5% (38/80) cases. Significant association was observed between interventions used as hypertension profile such as cases with oxygen requirement new onset HTN 32/68 (47.05%), pre-existent hypertension in 10/42 (23.80%), aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in 16/38 (42.10%) and oxygen plus BIPAP/NIV requirement in new onset HTN 27/68 (39.70%), pre-existent hypertension in 10/42 (23.80%), aggravation of pre-existent hypertension in 16/38 (42.10%) cases (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Significant association was observed in blood pressure switch during pre-COVID-19 to post-COVID-19 state during follow up from normotensive to hypertensive range (p &amp;lt; 0.00001). Comorbidities such as DM, hyperlipidemia and IHD showed significant association with blood pressure profile in study cases in post-COVID-19 setting (p &amp;lt; 0.00001). Inflammatory markers during hospitalization (IL-6, CRP, LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer) and uric acid analysis during follow-up documented significant association with new onset HTN, pre-existent hypertension, aggravation of pre-existent hypertension and no hypertension or normal blood pressure cases during post-COVID-19 follow-up (p &amp;lt; 0.00001).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; COVID-19 infection is probably a risk factor for new onset hypertension and increased prevalence of hypertension was observed in the post-COVID-19 period and considered as unmasking effect on hypertension. Additionally, disease related inflammatory burden, stress and anxiety are associated with aggravation of hypertension in pre-existent cases.

Decoding Monogenic Hypertension: A Review of Rare Hypertension Disorders.

Hypertension is a growing concern worldwide, with increasing prevalence rates in both children and adults. Most cases of hypertension are multifactorial, with various genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle influences. However, monogenic hypertension, a blanket term for a group of rare of hypertensive disorders, is caused by single-gene mutations that are typically inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and ultimately disrupt normal blood pressure regulation in the kidney or adrenal gland. Being able to recognize and understand the pathophysiology of these rare disorders is critical for properly diagnosing hypertension, particularly in children and young adults, as treating each form of monogenic hypertension requires specific and targeted treatment approaches. A scoping literature review was conducted on the available knowledge regarding each of the disorders currently categorized as forms of monogenic hypertension. This narrative review serves to highlight the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, recent case reports, and most current methods of evaluation and treatment for familial hyperaldosteronism types I-IV, Gordon Syndrome. Liddle Syndrome, syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Geller syndrome, and brachydactyly type E. Recent and future advances in genetic analysis techniques will further enhance the diagnosis and early management of these disorders, preventing the consequences of uncontrolled hypertension.

The Performance of a High-Resolution WRF Modelling System in the Simulation of Severe Tropical Cyclones over the Bay of Bengal Using the IMDAA Regional Reanalysis Dataset

Extremely severe cyclonic storms over the North Indian Ocean increased by approximately 10% during the past 30 years. The climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones for 38 years were assessed over the Bay of Bengal (BoB). A total of 24 ESCSs formed over the BoB, having their genesis in the southeast BoB, and the intensity and duration of these storms have increased in recent times. The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model is utilized to simulate the five extremely severe cyclonic storms (ESCSs) over the BoB during the past two decades using the Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA) data. The initial and lateral boundary conditions are derived from the IMDAA datasets with a horizontal resolution of 0.12° × 0.12°. Five ESCSs from the past two decades were considered: Sidr 2007, Phailin 2013, Hudhud 2014, Fani 2019, and Amphan 2020. The model was integrated up to 96 h using double-nested domains of 12 km and 4 km. Model performance was evaluated using the 4 km results, compared with the available observational datasets, including the best-fit data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, and the Doppler Weather Radar (DWR). The results indicated that IMDAA provided accurate forecasts for Fani, Hudhud, and Phailin regarding the track, intensity, and mean sea level pressure, aligning well with the IMD observational datasets. Statistical evaluation was performed to estimate the model skills using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Probability of Detection (POD), the Brier Score, and the Critical Successive Index (CSI). The calculated mean absolute maximum sustained wind speed errors ranged from 8.4 m/s to 10.6 m/s from day 1 to day 4, while mean track errors ranged from 100 km to 496 km for a day. The results highlighted the prediction of rainfall, maximum reflectivity, and the associated structure of the storms. The predicted 24 h accumulated rainfall is well captured by the model with a high POD (96% for the range of 35.6–64.4 mm/day) and a good correlation (65–97%) for the majority of storms. Similarly, the Brier Score showed a value of 0.01, indicating the high performance of the model forecast for maximum surface winds. The Critical Successive Index was 0.6, indicating the moderate model performance in the prediction of tracks. It is evident from the statistical analysis that the performance of the model is good in forecasting storm structure, intensity and rainfall. However, the IMDAA data have certain limitations in predicting the tracks due to inadequate representation of the large-scale circulations, necessitating improvement.

IMU Sensor-Based Worker Behavior Recognition and Construction of a Cyber–Physical System Environment

According to South Korea’s Ministry of Employment and Labor, approximately 25,000 construction workers suffered from various injuries between 2015 and 2019. Additionally, about 500 fatalities occur annually, and multiple studies are being conducted to prevent these accidents and quickly identify their occurrence to secure the golden time for the injured. Recently, AI-based video analysis systems for detecting safety accidents have been introduced. However, these systems are limited to areas where CCTV is installed, and in locations like construction sites, numerous blind spots exist due to the limitations of CCTV coverage. To address this issue, there is active research on the use of MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) sensors to detect abnormal conditions in workers. In particular, methods such as using accelerometers and gyroscopes within MEMS sensors to acquire data based on workers’ angles, utilizing three-axis accelerometers and barometric pressure sensors to improve the accuracy of fall detection systems, and measuring the wearer’s gait using the x-, y-, and z-axis data from accelerometers and gyroscopes are being studied. However, most methods involve use of MEMS sensors embedded in smartphones, typically attaching the sensors to one or two specific body parts. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel miniaturized IMU (inertial measurement unit) sensor that can be simultaneously attached to multiple body parts of construction workers (head, body, hands, and legs). The sensor integrates accelerometers, gyroscopes, and barometric pressure sensors to measure various worker movements in real time (e.g., walking, jumping, standing, and working at heights). Additionally, incorporating PPG (photoplethysmography), body temperature, and acoustic sensors, enables the comprehensive observation of both physiological signals and environmental changes. The collected sensor data are preprocessed using Kalman and extended Kalman filters, among others, and an algorithm was proposed to evaluate workers’ safety status and update health-related data in real time. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed IMU sensor can classify work activities with over 90% accuracy even at a low sampling rate of 15 Hz. Furthermore, by integrating internal filtering, communication modules, and server connectivity within an application, we established a cyber–physical system (CPS), enabling real-time monitoring and immediate alert transmission to safety managers. Through this approach, we verified improved performance in terms of miniaturization, measurement accuracy, and server integration compared to existing commercial sensors.

Computational simulation of the Aerodynamic performance of NACA2412 and NACA25112 in low Reynolds numbers

The present study introduces the basic definition of aerofoil and NACA series aerofoil. Then numerically investigates the two-dimensional aerodynamic characteristics of NACA 2412 and NACA 25112 aerofoils at a Reynolds number of 2. 0106. This study utilises the fluid dynamics simulation tool ANSYS Fluent, which is based on the finite volume method, to acquire the necessary data. The geometric model and grid of aerofoil were built with ANSYS Meshing and simulated with the pressure-based solver. In addition, the experimental environment of this study is the inlet speed of 30m/s and the air pressure of 1ATM. The study based on the Nabier-Strokes control equation completes simulation processing with SSTK-Omega. The aerodynamic characteristics of NACA2412 and NACA25112 were compared, including the pressure, velocity distribution map and the lift resistance coefficient change with the angle of attack. These experimental results are presented in the form of graphs. This experiment can be used for subsequent wind tunnel experiments or for developing a new aerofoil.