Normal Logic Research Articles

Abstract B12: PAX3 translocations co-opt super enhancers and intrinsically disordered fusion partners in rhabdomyosarcoma

Abstract Chromosomal translocations drive many types of childhood cancer. Fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) tumors are found most frequently with a fusion between PAX3 and FOXO1, but less frequent translocation partners have been discovered, including INO80D and NCOA1. We hypothesized that all FP-RMS translocations are selecting simultaneously for (1) enhancers active in a myoblast-like epigenome and (2) protein partners with high-levels of intrinsic disorder to give PAX3 enhanced transcriptional strength. Analysis of primary tumors revealed these diverse PAX3 fusions recapitulate a near-identical transcriptome, suggesting uniform underlying molecular mechanisms. ChIP-seq evidence from cell lines and primary tumors suggested that in all FP-RMS tumors, large super-enhancer (SE) elements were present near each chosen translocation partner (distal to FOXO1, INO80D, or NCOA1). Using tools to determine the 3-D folding of chromatin (3C, 4C-seq, and HiChIP), we discovered an extensive network of hijacked FOXO1 enhancers and a SE that physically interact together and with the PAX3 promoter, only in PAX3-FOXO1 positive cells. Furthermore, pooled CRISPR tiling of cis-regulatory elements revealed special dependence on the FOXO1 SE, or certain CTCF boundary elements that facilitate enhancer interactions. ChIP-seq paired to short-term CRISPR experiments shows PAX3-FOXO1 transcription depends on an extended network of related enhancers distal to FOXO1. We find these enhancers are unique to early myoblast stages of differentiation and are bound by myogenic TFs in RMS, suggesting miswiring of normal myogenic enhancer logic. While many SE-driven genes exist in FP-RMS, most are never selected for translocation partners. We found that FOXO1, INO80D, and NCOA1 are all highly disordered proteins, a theme they hold in common despite having no amino acid sequence homology. Initial evidence suggests that PAX3-FOXO1 enables the formation of phase condensates in the nucleus that recruit high-levels of transcriptional machinery such as BRD4. Ongoing work is exploring the mechanistic chemical determinants of these interactions, and how phase condensates are manipulated by drugs that block PAX3-FOXO1’s transcriptional output. Together our studies are illuminating new paradigms for understanding how fusion transcription factors drive cancer. Citation Format: Berkley E. Gryder, Marco Wachtel, Winston Ewert, Kenneth Chang, Osama El Demerdash, Young Song, Beat W Schäfer, Christopher R. Vakoc, Javed Khan. PAX3 translocations co-opt super enhancers and intrinsically disordered fusion partners in rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B12.

Can Armed Non-state Actors Exercise Jurisdiction and Thus Become Human Rights Duty-bearers?

Abstract Recent literature and United Nations documents advocate that most armed non-state actors (ANSAs) should be bound by human rights law. This article takes a more critical stance on this issue. It argues that only a limited number of ANSAs should potentially become human rights duty-bearers: those that exercise de facto (human rights) jurisdiction and thus have considerable institutional and military capacities, as well as particular normative characteristics. It specifies these capacities and characteristics with an analysis of ANSAs’ practice that tentatively indicates that some of these entities may indeed exercise de facto jurisdiction. The argument is justified by highlighting the broader consequences that recognising ANSAs as human rights duty-bearers will entail. It will also endow them with privileges that will legitimise their authority over time. This is grounded in the normative logic of human rights law that emphasises the interrelationship between human rights, equality and democracy that also permeates the notion of jurisdiction and is further supported by a political understanding of the right to self-determination. The article closes with a brief sketch of two complementary ways to develop international law binding ANSAs to be further explored in future research: the so-called ‘responsibilities for human rights’ and an adapted law of occupation.

Raining on the parties’ parade: how media storms disrupt the electoral communicational environment

ABSTRACT Literature on agenda-building dynamics has neglected to assess the impact of contextual factors on the interplays between the issue attention of political actors and of the media. I fill the void by highlighting how media storms cause significant changes to the electoral communicational environment. Using a custom dataset compiled through an automated content analysis, I empirically examine patterns of issue salience during the 2015 Canadian federal election. The results support three main points. First, media storms do emerge during election campaigns. Second, media storms cause two main types of changes in the informational environment that characterize non-storm periods: (1) a reduction in the variety of issues included in the daily campaign coverage, and (2) a higher concentration of media attention on the storm-generating issues. Third, coverage of media storms compels political parties to engage with them, especially if they can exploit these storms with minimal risks. These findings suggest that some electoral contexts may be less conducive to political actors’ influence. They also offer evidence in support of the mediatization theory, according to which media market logic can take precedence over political normative logic in guiding the decisions of political actors.

Relating Multi-Adjoint Normal Logic Programs to Core Fuzzy Answer Set Programs from a Semantical Approach

This paper relates two interesting paradigms in fuzzy logic programming from a semantical approach: core fuzzy answer set programming and multi-adjoint normal logic programming. Specifically, it is shown how core fuzzy answer set programs can be translated into multi-adjoint normal logic programs and vice versa, preserving the semantics of the starting program. This translation allows us to combine the expressiveness of multi-adjoint normal logic programming with the compactness and simplicity of the core fuzzy answer set programming language. As a consequence, theoretical properties and results which relate the answer sets to the stable models of the respective logic programming frameworks are obtained. Among others, this study enables the application of the existence theorem of stable models developed for multi-adjoint normal logic programs to ensure the existence of answer sets in core fuzzy answer set programs.

Beyond Logical Pluralism and Logical Monism

Logical pluralism as a thesis that more than one logic is correct seems very plausible for two basic reasons. First, there are so many logical systems on the market today. And it is unclear how we should decide which of them gets the logical rules right. On the other hand, logical monism as the opposite thesis still seems plausible, as well, because of normativity of logic. An approach which would manage to bring a synthesis of both logical pluralism and logical monism is called for. I review the possible forms of logical pluralism and render them more plausible. I thus arrive at logical dynamism, a synthesis of various pluralisms and monism focused on how logic develops.

Allegorizing Neoliberalism:

What is neoliberalism? This essay tries to answer this question by drawing upontwo sources: theoretical discussions and literary representations. Michel Foucaultand Wendy Brown argue that neoliberalism is best understood as a new logic ofgovernmentality which has brought into being a new economic subject, homoœconomicus. This article, positioning itself against the main tenets of Foucauldiantheories of neoliberalism, argues that a normative logic of governmentality is aninadequate frame for understanding neoliberal capitalism. In order to understandthe contemporary moment better, we need to historicize neoliberalism and lookcarefully into its relationship with capitalism and class. What we also need tofactor in is how a monetized consumerist worldview has normalized itself inneoliberal culture. When we read contemporary South Asian fictions allegorically,these normalized worldviews and masked relationships begin to come into view.Allegorical presentations of neoliberalism in fictions, this essay hypothesizes,have often taken two different paths: representation of it as a structure of feeling,and parody and critique. A number of contemporary fictions including SamratUpadhyay’s “The Good Shopkeeper” and Amitav Ghosh’s the Ibis trilogy can beread as neoliberal allegories thematizing not only the material alterations thatneoliberalism has ushered in but also the cultural transformations that havebecome parts of our everyday life.

On Correspondence of Standard Modalities and Negative Ones on the Basis of Regular and Quasi-regular Logics

In the context of modal logics one standardly considers two modal operators: possibility ( $$\Diamond $$ ) and necessity ( $$\Box $$ ) [see for example Chellas (Modal logic. An introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980)]. If the classical negation is present these operators can be treated as inter-definable. However, negative modalities ( $$\Diamond \lnot $$ ) and ( $$\Box \lnot $$ ) are also considered in the literature [see for example Beziau (Log Log Philos 15:99–111, 2006. https://doi.org/10.12775/LLP.2006.006 ); Dosen (Publ L’Inst Math, Nouv Ser 35(49):3–14, 1984); Godel, in: Feferman (ed.), Collected works, vol 1, Publications 1929–1936, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986, p. 300; Lewis and Langford (Symbolic logic, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1959, p. 497)]. Both of them can be treated as negations. In Beziau (Log Log Philos 15:99–111, 2006. https://doi.org/10.12775/LLP.2006.006 ) a logic $$\mathbf{Z}$$ has been defined on the basis of the modal logic $$\mathbf{S5}$$ . $$\mathbf{Z}$$ is proposed as a solution of so-called Jaśkowski’s problem [see also Jaśkowski (Stud Soc Sci Torun 5:57–77, 1948)]. The only negation considered in the language of $$\mathbf{Z}$$ is ‘it is not necessary’. It appears that logic $$\mathbf{Z}$$ and $$\mathbf{S5}$$ inter-definable. This initial correspondence result between $$\mathbf{S5}$$ and $$\mathbf{Z}$$ has been generalised for the case of normal logics, in particular soundness-completeness results were obtained [see Marcos (Log Anal 48(189–192):279–300, 2005); Mruczek-Nasieniewska and Nasieniewski (Bull Sect Log 34(4):229–248, 2005)]. In Mruczek-Nasieniewska and Nasieniewski (Log Univ 12:207–219, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11787-018-0184-9 ) it has been proved that there is a correspondence between $$\mathbf{Z}$$ -like logics and regular extensions of the smallest deontic logic. To obtain this result both negative modalities were used. This result has been strengthened in Mruczek-Nasieniewska and Nasieniewski (Bull Sect Log 46(3–4):261–280, 2017) since on the basis of classical positive logic it is enough to solely use $$\Box \lnot $$ to equivalently express both positive modalities and negation. Here we strengthen results given in Mruczek-Nasieniewska and Nasieniewski (Log Univ 12:207–219, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11787-018-0184-9 ) by showing correspondence for the smallest regular logic. In particular we give a syntactic formulation of a logic that corresponds to the smallest regular logic. As a result we characterise all logics that arise from regular logics. From this follows via respective translations a characterisation of a class of logics corresponding to some quasi-regular logics where $$\mathbf{S2}^{\mathbf{0}}$$ is the smallest element. Moreover, if a given quasi-regular logic is characterised by some class of models, the same class can be used to semantically characterise the logic obtained by our translation.

The Collapse Argument Reconsidered

According to Beall and Restall’s logical pluralism, classical logic, relevant logic, and intuitionistic logic are all correct. On this version of logical pluralism, logic is considered to be normative, in the sense that someone who accepts the truth of the premises of a valid argument, is bound to accept the conclusion. So-called collapse arguments are designed to show the incompatibility of the simultaneous acceptance of logical pluralism and the normativity of logic. Caret, however, by proposing logical contextualism, and Blake-Turner and Russell by proposing telic pluralism, have sought to nullify the collapse problem. In the present article, after setting out these two approaches to the collapse problem, we argue that by using the concept of the ‘rationality of beliefs’ in order to frame the canonical purpose of logic, it can be demonstrated that if logical contextualism and telic pluralism are considered as philosophically significant logical pluralisms, a refined version of the collapse argument is still a threat for both of these kinds of logical pluralism.

Interracial Solidarity and Epistolary Form in Precarious Times: Karen Tei Yamashita's Letters to Memory

Karen Tei Yamashita's Letters to Memory (2017) is a familial memoir about Japanese internment told indirectly, repetitively, and recursively through letters directed to modern-day versions of Homer, Ishi, Vyasa, Ananda, and Qohelet. The memoirdemonstrates cyclical patterns of nation- or state-based injustice throughout ancient and modern history, demonstrating what Judith Butler describes as the "precarity" produced by governmentality. At the level of form and theme, the epistolary memoir models ways of resisting the hegemonic and normative logics of state power. The memoir identifies serial moments of possibility where inter-racial identification did lead or might have led to meaningful coalition-building. Simultaneously, the text's recursive structure and nonlinear approach to temporality shares key features with queer theories of utopia and failure. In this way, Yamashita's memoir imagines interracial solidarity as a means to resist racialized precarity. In the process, she opens up new ways of thinking about Japanese internment and life writing.

Constructive Classifications of Modal Logics and Extensions of Minimal Logic

Classifications of logics over Johansson’s minimal logic J and modal logics are considered. The paper contains a partial review of the results obtained after 2010. It is known that there is a duality between the lattice of normal logics and the lattice of varieties of modal algebras, as well as between the lattice of varieties of J-algebras and the lattice of J-logics. For a logic L, by V (L) we denote its corresponding variety of algebras.

What’s in a Wage? A New Approach to the Justification of Pay

ABSTRACT:In this address, I distinguish and explore three conceptions of wages. A wage is a reward, given in recognition of the performance of a valued task. It is also an incentive: a way to entice workers to take and keep jobs, and to motivate them to work hard. Finally, a wage is a price of labor, and like all prices, conveys valuable information about relative scarcity. I show that each conception of wages has its own normative logic, or appropriate justification, and these logics can come apart. This explains some of the debate about wages and makes the project of justifying a wagesimpliciterdifficult. I identify which logic we should choose, since we must choose, and say what this means for how we should think about the justification of pay.

An essay on individual self-determination

There are several understandings about the role of human gender identity in the scientific field, this discussion correlates definitions of both social and biological basis. The current confusion in the conceptualization of “sex” and “gender” demonstrates the need for a comparative analysis of the scientific dynamic vocabulary, as well as the insertion of an interdisciplinary historical, social and cultural point of view together with the biological view outside the normative binary logic. The word “gender” can be defined as the social construction of sex, differing from the variable “sex” because it refers to a biological dimension of the anatomo-physiological characterization of humans, recognized as essential and innate in determining the distinctions between male and female. Therefore, the JHGD presents a thematic diversity that focuses on issues related to public health, demonstrating the need to develop knowledge to generate impact on public policy strategies, aiming at universality, equity and comprehensiveness in scientific research involving sexand gender and their impacts on health sciences.

How individual cognitions overshadow regulations and group norms: a study of government venture capital decisions

This paper explores how government venture capitalists approve or reject financing applications. Based on longitudinal observations, complemented by interviews, documentation, and secondary data, the findings show the limited influence of the regulative and normative logics (e.g., formal guidelines and accepted behavior) on government venture capitalists’ decisions. Instead, individual decisions are observed to be largely overshadowed by cognitions and heuristics, which dominate formal regulations and socially constructed group-level norms. Although official decision communications state that regulations have been followed, the evidence suggests that the cognitive logic dominates the funding decision-making process through a set of overshadowing forces that restrict the influence of the normative and regulative logics on funding decisions. This research has implications for venture financing and highlights the importance of cognitions in shaping venture capital decisions.

‘I’m looking for people who want to do disruption work’: Trans* academics and power discourses in academic conferences

ABSTRACTIn the United States, the academic discipline of higher education has emerged as a site in which transgender scholars have begun to engage. Transgender scholars have begun to disrupt the normative logics of epistemological trans oppression, forcing those in higher education to contend with us, our work, and the possibilities therein. And yet, the ways some of us have been accepted into the field and scholarly sites (e.g., academic conferences), and have had our work published, has caused us to wonder: are we disruptors or docile subjects? In our paper, we explore the machinations of institutional power as they relate to our developing community within the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE). Situating our manuscript in a public dialogue that occurred at the 2017 ASHE Annual Meeting in the United States, we discuss the limitations and possibilities of leveraging academic conferences as potent(ial) sites of disruption.

Managerial perspectives on drivers for and barriers to sustainable supply chain management implementation: Evidence from New Zealand

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that drive or prevent companies' implementation of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices. To this end, we interviewed 29 senior managers from 23 New Zealand‐based companies. The key reported drivers were customer expectation, top management commitment, moral and ethical values of managers, reputation management, and economic and operational benefits. Conversely, cost concerns, strategic and structural restraints, supplier and customer issues, and a lack of effective regulations were cited as critical obstacles to SSCM implementation. Thus, the evidence from our findings provides support for both instrumental and normative logics for SSCM implementation. The findings further indicate that, in general, instrumental and normative logics are congruent; however, varied tensions arise when managers seek to simultaneously address competing yet desirable SSCM aspects. Accordingly, we argue that it is imperative to understand, work through, and manage such tensions as balancing divergent sustainability aspects holds considerable potential for successful SSCM implementation.

Inconsistency Proofs for ASP: The ASP - DRUPE Format

AbstractAnswer Set Programming (ASP) solvers are highly-tuned and complex procedures that implicitly solve the consistency problem, i.e., deciding whether a logic program admits an answer set. Verifying whether a claimed answer set is formally a correct answer set of the program can be decided in polynomial time for (normal) programs. However, it is far from immediate to verify whether a program that is claimed to be inconsistent, indeed does not admit any answer sets. In this paper, we address this problem and develop the new proof format ASP-DRUPE for propositional, disjunctive logic programs, including weight and choice rules. ASP-DRUPE is based on the Reverse Unit Propagation (RUP) format designed for Boolean satisfiability. We establish correctness of ASP-DRUPE and discuss how to integrate it into modern ASP solvers. Later, we provide an implementation of ASP-DRUPE into the wasp solver for normal logic programs.

On the Equivalence Between Abstract Dialectical Frameworks and Logic Programs

AbstractAbstract Dialectical Frameworks (ADFs) are argumentation frameworks where each node is associated with an acceptance condition. This allows us to model different types of dependencies as supports and attacks. Previous studies provided a translation from Normal Logic Programs (NLPs) toADFs and proved the stable models semantics for a normal logic program has an equivalent semantics to that of the correspondingADF. However, these studies failed in identifying a semantics forADFs equivalent to a three-valued semantics (as partial stable models and well-founded models) forNLPs. In this work, we focus on a fragment ofADFs, called Attacking Dialectical Frameworks (ADF+s), and provide a translation fromNLPs toADF+s robust enough to guarantee the equivalence between partial stable models, well-founded models, regular models, stable models semantics forNLPs and respectively complete models, grounded models, preferred models, stable models forADFs. In addition, we define a new semantics forADF+s, calledL-stable, and show it is equivalent to theL-stable semantics forNLPs.

Ideology in Management Studies

AbstractIdeology is a core and contested concept in the social sciences, but also long deployed in management research to highlight the political, embedded and/or obscuring nature of ideas. Indeed, many would argue that management itself is inherently ideological in legitimating or privileging managerial interests and concealing other groups and ways of organizing. In the first systematic review of how ideology has been conceptualized in management studies, this paper explores its diverse and changing meanings in order to develop and sustain the concept. It is based on a heuristic review of 175 articles and 41 books published between 1956 and 2018. Further developing categories used in the social sciences around its role, we found views of ideology as: (1) domination; (2) legitimation; (3) interpretation; (4) integration; and (5) normative logic. In addition, emerging perspectives were identified where ideology was (6) an object of critique or (7) fantasy structuring social reality. We describe, illustrate and evaluate these often internally diverse and interrelated perspectives, as well as comparing them with sometimes competing notions within the management field, such as discourse, culture and legitimation. We also bring together the different approaches and argue for a pluralist, but not infinitely flexible, approach to the concept. In doing so, we identify research agendas for ideology within management and organization studies.

Modal Resolution

Resolution-based provers for multimodal normal logics require pruning of the search space for a proof to ameliorate the inherent intractability of the satisfiability problem for such logics. We present a clausal modal-layered hyper-resolution calculus for the basic multimodal logic, which divides the clause set according to the modal level at which clauses occur to reduce the number of possible inferences. We show that the calculus is complete for the logics being considered. We also show that the calculus can be combined with other strategies. In particular, we discuss the completeness of combining modal layering with negative and ordered resolution and provide experimental results comparing the different refinements.

Constructing female sexual and reproductive agency in mental capacity law

Respect for the sexual, reproductive, and relational choices of women with learning disabilities remains unrealised to date, despite the autonomy-based focus of mental capacity law in England and Wales as well as the UN Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Instead, such women appear trapped within a triple-bind – where they not only act in ways that might reinforce oppressive norms around gender and disability, but they are mentally incapable of even making such self-subjugating choices. The triple-bind emerges for two reasons: first, learning disability is understood as an essentialist property that determines action; second, the normative logic of feminism and the social model of disability is bound to the binary between emancipation – subjugation, which excludes the nuanced and ambiguous agency of women with learning disabilities as a result. What is needed instead is an alternative framework of female agency that can accommodate a mode of ambivalence, indifference, inhabitation, and at times, complicity – in other words, instances where women make choices that appear contrary to their emancipation from disabling, patriarchal norms or relationships. Women with learning disabilities navigate a complex nexus of norms, power relations, and relational connections, some of which are coercive and oppressive, yet simultaneously subjectively affirming and enabling. I argue for an alternative analytical framework of female agency in order to accommodate how women with learning disabilities undertake the complex negotiation of power and social norms, as well as render visible their agency in their sexual, relational, and reproductive choices.