Normal Total Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Липидные параметры крови в российской, польской и чешской популяциях: The Hapiee Study

to analyze population values of blood lipid parameters in general populations of Russia, Poland and Czech Republic. In the frame of international project HAPIEE representative samples of general population were examined in Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland) and six centers in the Czech Republic. The analysis included data of 25,469 men and women aged 45-69 years old. The average levels of total cholesterol (TC), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were found relatively high in all centers, though average levels of blood triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were within "normal" range. In Novosibirsk mean levels of blood TC and LDL-C in persons of both sexes were obtained the highest among the study participants: 6.3 mmol/ and 4.1 mmol/l, respectively (p < 0.001). But the level of blood triglycerides (1.5 mmol/l) in Novosibirsk was the lowest, and HDL-C (1.5 mmol/l) was the highest among three centres. There were clear trend of increasing concentration of blood TC, non-HDL-C,LDL-C and blood atherogenic indexes with increasing age in both sexes of all participating countries. In Czech Republic levels of blood TC, LDL-C, HDL-C in both sexes were relatively low: 5.7 mmol/l, 3.5 mmol/l, 1.4 mmol/l, respectively, but the level of blood TG were higher, than in other centers (1.9 mmol/l). Women of all centers had more demonstrative age changes of the blood lipid profile, than men. The average levels of blood TC, non-HDL-C and LDL-C in men and women aged 45-69 years old in Russia (Novosibirsk) were higher and level of blood TG was lower than in Poland and the Czech Republic.

Elevated blood lipids are uncommon in patients with post-polio syndrome – a cross sectional study

BackgroundThe post-polio syndrome occurs in people who previously have had poliomyelitis. After the initial recovery, new or increasing neurologic symptoms occur. Inflammation and dyslipidaemia may play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic complications, for example myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. Previous studies on cardiovascular risk factors in the post-polio syndrome have found a higher prevalence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, and stroke in these patients. The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate whether post-polio patients have elevated lipid values, and if blood lipid abnormalities could be correlated to signs of inflammation.MethodsCross-sectional study of 89 consecutive post-polio patients, (53 women, mean age 65 years) from the Post-Polio Outpatient Clinic, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The lipid profiles of post-polio patients were compared to age and sex matched reference values from two earlier studies. Statistical analyses were performed by the Student’s t-test, and linear regression analyses were assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient.ResultsMean total cholesterol levels (5.7 mmol/L) were low or normal in post-polio patients, whereas low density lipoprotein levels (3.6 mmol/L) were normal, and high density lipoprotein (1.5 mmol/L) and triglycerides (1.4 mmol/L) lower than reference values. The prevalence of diabetes (7%), hypertension (38%), concomitant cardiovascular disease, (including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and stroke) (7%), and calculated 10 year risk of coronary heart disease according to Framingham risk score algorithm (8%) was not increased in post-polio patients.ConclusionsCompared to reference populations, post-polio patients in Sweden appear to have low or normal total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels, whereas high density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels are low. Hence, a possible persisting inflammatory process in post-polio syndrome does not seem to be associated with increased lipids and an increased risk for coronary heart disease events.

Hypercholesterolaemia in pregnancy as a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome

Prevention of viable spontaneous preterm birth and low birth weight through screening is one of the key aims of antenatal care as these have implications for the child, mother and society. If women can be identified to be at high risk of these adverse birth outcomes in early pregnancy, they can be targeted for more intensive antenatal surveillance and prophylactic interventions. This study is therefore aimed to determine the association between elevated maternal serum cholesterol level in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome. It was a prospective observational cohort study in which eligible participants were enrolled at gestational age of 14 to 20 weeks. Blood samples were obtained to measure total serum cholesterol concentrations and the sera were then analyzed enzymatically by the cholesterol oxidase: p-aminophenazone (CHOD PAP) method. Pregnancy outcomes were obtained by extraction from medical records and the labour ward register. The incidences of the two adverse pregnancy outcomes examined in the study (preterm births and low birth weight (LBW) in term neonates) were 8.0% and 14.4% respectively. Preterm birth was 6.89-times more common in mothers with high cholesterol than in control mothers with normal total cholesterol level (38.5% versus 5.4%, P=0.029) while LBW was 7.99-times more common in mothers with high total maternal cholesterol than in mothers with normal cholesterol (87.5% versus 10.5%, P=0.019). We can infer that the high maternal serum cholesterol (hypercholesterolaemia) is associated with preterm delivery/ low birth weight (LBW) in term infants. However, further validation of these findings with more robust prospective and longitudinal characterization of maternal serum cholesterol profiles is required in subsequent investigations.

Serum lipid profiles: novel biomarkers predicting advanced prostate cancer in patients receiving radical prostatectomy.

This study aimed to evaluate the role of serum lipid profiles as novel biomarkers in predicting pathological characteristics of prostate cancer (PCa). We retrospectively analyzed 322 consecutive patients with clinically localized PCa receiving radical prostatectomy (RP) and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the prostatectomy Gleason score (pGS), pathological stage and lymph node involvement (LNI) in RP specimens. Preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, biopsy GS (bGS), and preoperative tumor, node, metastasis staging were used as basic variables to predict postoperative pathological characteristics. Preoperative serum lipid profiles were introduced as potential predictors. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine predictive efficacy. Significant differences in pathological characteristics were observed among patients with normal and abnormal total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, with the exception of pGS in the TG group. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio for high levels of TC for LNI compared with normal TC levels was 6.386 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.510–27.010), 3.270 (95% CI: 1.470–7.278) for high levels of TG for pT3–4 disease, and 2.670 (95% CI: 1.134–6.287) for high levels of LDL for pGS. The area under the ROC curve of the models with dyslipidemia was larger than that in models without dyslipidemia, in predicting pathological characteristics. Abnormal TC, TG, and LDL levels are significantly associated with postoperative pathological status in PCa patients. Together with preoperative PSA levels, bGS, and clinical stage, dyslipidemia is more accurate in predicting pathological characteristics.

Effect of Ramadan fasting on diabetes mellitus

Over one billion Muslims fast worldwide during the month of Ramadan. Fasting during Ramadan is a radical change in lifestyle for the period of a lunar month, and it might affect the biochemical parameters among diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting on the blood levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile among diabetic patients observing fast during the Ramadan. An observational study recruiting 1301 Muslim diabetic patients above 18 years age was conducted in diabetic outpatient clinic of Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, and Primary Health Care Center, Qatar, from July 2012 to September 2013. Data on sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, nationality, marital status, education level, and occupation) and lifestyle habits (smoking and physical activity), blood pressures, and anthropometric measurements were obtained by a face-to-face interview and measurement using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for testing glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid profile, urea, and creatinine (by the licensed research assistants). Slightly less than half of the participants were overweight (BMI: 25-29.9). Significantly higher proportion of female participants were obese as compared with male participants (P<0.001). Among both male participants and female participants, the average level of blood glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, bilirubin, uric acid, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower during the Ramadan as compared with before Ramadan (P<0.001 each). Results revealed that fasting during Ramadan is significantly associated with decrease in blood lipid profile, blood pressures, glucose, and HbA1C level among diabetic patients. Muslim diabetic patients after the consultation of their primary physician can fast during the month of Ramadan and it might be beneficial for their health.

CETP gene polymorphism in the caucasian population of West Siberia and in groups contrast by total serum cholesterol levels.

TaqIB polymorphism of the gene encoding cholesterol ester transporting protein (CETP) was analyzed in the Caucasian population of West Siberia and in groups contrast by total serum cholesterol content. The patients were selected for the study from the main sample of HAPIEE project (9600 examined subjects aged 45-69 years, 50% men). Analysis was carried out in 293 patients with high levels of total cholesterol (>300 mg/dl), 293 patients with normal and low levels of total cholesterol (<200 mg/dl), and 265 patients represented the population sample (mean level of total cholesterol 235.8±43.9 mg/dl). The frequencies of B1B1, B1B2, and B2B2 genotypes in the population were 27.5, 54.8, and 17.7%, respectively. The incidence of allele B2 was 45.1, 45.2, and 50.2% in the population and in groups with normal and high total cholesterol levels, respectively (p>0.05). Associations of CETP gene TaqIB (rs708272) polymorphism with HDL cholesterol levels was detected in groups with high and low total cholesterol levels (p=0.014 and p=0.008). CETP gene TaqIB polymorphism B2B2 genotype was associated with high level of HDL cholesterol and a more favorable lipid profile.

Trends in prevalence of dyslipidaemias and the risk of mortality in Lithuanian urban population aged 45-64 in relation to the presence of the dyslipidaemias and the other cardiovascular risk factors.

The aim of this study was to provide reliable information on dyslipidaemias, to estimate the trend of the prevalence of dyslipidaemias and other selected cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at population level, and to evaluate the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in relation to presence of mixed dyslipidaemias and other CVD risk factors.MethodsData from the five surveys (1983–2008) are presented. A random sample of 9,209 subjects aged 45–64 was selected for statistical analysis. During follow-up there were 1653 death cases from any cause, 864 deaths from CVD. Estimates of hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were based on the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality.ResultsDuring 25 year period the prevalence of normal total cholesterol level (<5.2 mmol/L) significantly increased only in women; triglycerides and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol did not change in men and women. Findings in our longitudinal study showed that in men and women mixed dyslipidaemias (HDL cholesterol <1.03 mmol/L plus triglycerides ≥1.70 mmol/L) significantly increased the risk for all-cause and CVD mortality (respectively in men HR = 1.30; HR = 1.15, in women HR = 1.83; HR = 2.13). These mixed dyslipidaemia combinations combination with the other risk factors such as arterial hypertension, high fasting glucose level increased all-cause and CVD mortality risk in men and women; while, these mixed dyslipidaemias plus smoking increased all-cause and CVD mortality risk only in men compared to never smokers without these dyslipidaemias (respectively HR = 1.89; HR = 1.92); and these dyslipidaemias plus obesity increased all-cause and CVD mortality risk in women (respectively HR = 2.25; HR = 2.39) and CVD mortality risk in men (HR = 1.72), as compared to responders without obesity and these dyslipidaemias.ConclusionMixed dyslipidaemias (reduced HDL cholesterol plus elevated triglycerides) significantly increased the risk for all-cause and CVD mortality in this Lithuanian population aged 45–64 years.

Serum Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio as cardiovascular risk indicators in patients of Chronic Renal Failure

To study the levels of serum lipid profile, serum Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B in patients of Chronic Renal failure and to find out the Apo B/Apo A-I ratio as cardiovascular risk indicator in patients of Chronic Renal Failure. Material and Methods: 45 patients of Chronic Renal failure & 45 healthy controls were studied. Blood samples were analyzed for serum Apolipoprotein A-I and B by Turbidimetric Immunoassay method on automated chemistry analyzer. Unpaired t-test was used to assess the significant difference in the means of the studied variables in the different groups. Results: The mean level of serum apolipoprotein A-I was found to be lower (101.5 ± 13.6 and 130.7 ± 14.2, p <0.0001) and serum apolipoprotein B was higher (126.7 ± 16.6 and 102.9 ± 16.4, p <0.0001) in patients of Chronic Renal Failure when compared with the control group. The mean Apo B/Apo A-I ratio was higher in 82% patients of Chronic Renal Failure compared with the control group (1.27 ± 0.26 and 0.80 ± 0.17, p <0.0001), with normal total cholesterol level in 67% patients and normal LDL level in 64% patients with CRF a nd moderately correlates with S. creatinine levels. Conclusion: Apo B/ Apo A-I ratio is high in patients of Chronic Renal failure and could be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and could contribute towards increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients of Chronic Renal failure.

Comparison of the Frequency and Level of Serum Total Cholesterol >300 Mg/Dl in Patients at the Same Texas Hospital in a Single Month in 1993 and in 2013

The clinical pathology laboratory database of a large tertiary hospital in Dallas, Texas, was searched for patients having a serum total cholesterol >300 mg in a single month in 1993 and in 2013. In September 1993, 63 patients had a serum total cholesterol >300 mg/dL (range 302–1515 [mean 431, median 349]), and in September 2013, 12 patients had serum total cholesterol levels >300 mg/dL (range 303–442 [mean 334, median 316.5]), an 81% decline in the numbers of patients and a 23% decline in the average total cholesterol levels during the 20-year period.

Are Dyslipidemia Following Obesity and Hyperglycemia as an Indicator of Diabetes Involved in Dental Caries Development in Zucker Rats?

Several studies indicated that both obesity and diabetes are related to dental caries development, but their involvement remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of obesity and diabetes on dental caries development using obese Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, obese Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, and Zucker lean (Lean) rats as controls. Eight ZF, 6 ZDF, and 7 Lean male rats were studied. We macroscopically examined the mandibular and maxillary molars and evaluated soft X-ray photographs for caries development. From each group, 5 mandibles and maxillae were examined histologically. The ZF rats’ average body weight was more than twice that of the other 2 groups, but the ZDF and Lean rats had comparable body weights. The average triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were elevated in the ZF and ZDF rats, but the ZF rats’ average triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were three times and twice, respectively, those of the ZDF rats. The ZDF rats became diabetic after 13 weeks of age and demonstrated a high blood glucose level (>500 mg/dL) after 23 weeks of age. The ZF rats had a significantly higher blood glucose level than that of Lean rats after 23 weeks of age but had about one-half that of the ZDF rats. The ZDF rats had significantly more molar caries and greater alveolar bone resorption than the other two groups; the ZF rats’ caries and bone resorption were moderately higher than those of the Lean rats. Histopathologically, crown caries progressed to apical periodontitis in 20% and 50% of the ZF and ZDF rats’ molars, respectively, corresponding to the alveolar bone resorption on the soft X-ray film. Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia may involve dental caries development and obesity or diabetes could enable lesion progression to apical periodontitis in Zucker rats; diabetes enhances dental caries to a greater extent than obesity.

Abstract P6-09-03: Improved clinical outcomes associated with statin use during adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with HER2+ non-metastatic breast cancer

Abstract Background Statins are established as first line therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia and are thought to have pleiotropic effects including inhibition of signaling pathways known to drive cell proliferation and survival responses. Numerous preclinical and observational studies have demonstrated activity and improved outcomes in breast cancer patients who received statins, particularly lipophilic statins, as part of their adjuvant therapy. In the Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) Study, 1,945 early-stage breast cancer survivors were shown to have a 33% decreased risk of breast cancer recurrence with post-diagnosis statin use, an effect that was magnified with increasing duration of statin use. We hypothesized that statin use concurrent with trastuzumab based chemotherapy in patients treated for non-metastatic HER2 positive breast cancer would be associated with improved outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients (n = 300) with HER2+ breast cancer who received trastuzumab from 2006-2012 at UM/SCCC. We identified two groups of patients for comparison - those who received statins (ST) during adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 45) or no statins during chemotherapy (NST) during adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 200). Patients with unclear documentation of concurrent statin use, men, patients with de-novo-metastatic breast cancer or prior primary cancer, bilateral breast cancers, and patients without follow-up were excluded. 5-year disease free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. A univariate analysis was performed. Multivariate analysis for time-to-event data, using the Cox and extended Cox regression model will be performed and reported. Results The median age at diagnosis was 58 and 48, in the ST and NST groups, respectively. The most commonly used statin was lipophilic simvastatin (34.1%). The average baseline and post chemotherapy total cholesterol level in the ST group was 200.8 and 218.1mg/dL, respectively. Descriptive characteristics of the ST and NST groups respectively are as follows: postmenopausal (77.8% vs. 43.5%) tumor size &amp;lt;2cm (48.9% vs. 41.0%), node-negative disease (40.0% vs. 40.0%), HR+ status (64.4% vs. 60.5%), diabetes mellitus (26.7% vs. 9.0%), baseline BMI &amp;gt;30 (40.0% vs. 27.0%), and concomitant metformin (28.9% vs. 11.5%). The NST group was more likely to have a reduction of greater than 10% in their EF (9.0% vs. 6.7%). At a median follow-up of 32 and 26 months, the estimated 5-year DFS was significantly improved in the ST group (81.8% vs. 51.5%, p = 0.046). Meanwhile, the estimated 5-year OS was not significantly different between both groups (93.4% vs. 91.6%, p = 0.121). Metformin was not associated with a significant improvement in DFS or OS. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that statin use concurrent with trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for non-metastatic HER2 breast cancer was associated with improved estimated 5-year DFS, but not OS. The retrospective nature of our study does not allow for a definitive answer but further research needs to be done to define the role of statins in HER2+ breast cancer treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-09-03.

MicroRNA associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia in South Asian men

MicroRNA (miR) are structural components of an epigenetic mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. There is mounting evidence to support a role for miR in regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by influencing lipoprotein synthesis, reverse cholesterol transport, and insulin signaling. [1] The majority of studies to date have been performed in vitro or in animal models [1], and less is known about the impact of miR on lipoprotein metabolism in humans. South Asians are disproportionately afflicted with early, severe atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [2] Dyslipidemia is prevalent in 25% - 65% of the South Asian population, appears to be a primary contributor to disease [3], and is often characterized by normal levels of total cholesterol and LDL, but low HDL and elevated triglycerides [4]. The purposes of this study were to measure miR species known to be prevalent in human blood, to determine their expression in South Asian men with and without atherogenic dyslipidemia using array-based methods, and to validate expression of miR with plausible biologic function in atherogenic dyslipidemia via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Changes of plasma lipids in relation to the regular consumption of bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)

In this work we studied the impact of regular consumption of bilberries on the lipid profile and triglycerides in the blood plasma. The research involved 18 women (average age 49.7) and 7 men (average age 52.8), who consumed 150 g of bilberries three times a week for 6 weeks. Based on these results, we can conclude that the average total cholesterol levels of women decreased from 5.65 mmol.l-1 at the beginning of research to 5.11 mmol.l-1. At end of the study, the average total cholesterol was 5.47 mmol.l-1. Similar results were found in the LDL cholesterol - the level of cholesterol of the second blood collection dropped from 4.06 mmol.l-1 to 3.70 mmol.l-1 and at the end of the study it increased again to 4.00 mmol.l-1. We observed a slight increase in HDL choleserol (by 0.07 mmol.l-1) and reduction of triglycerides (by 0.16 mmol.l-1). The total cholesterol monitored men due to the regular consumption of bilberries decreased by 0.36 mmol.l-1, LDL cholesterol by 0.31 mmol.l-1, HDL cholesterol by 0.49 mmol.l-1 and triglycerides by 0,49 mmol.l-1. The improvement of triglycerides and lipid profile in blood plasma of monitored subjects can by evaluated positively. The observed data confirm the biological activity of bilberries and the effectiveness of their use in prevention and comprehensive treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of Physical Activity and Other Factors on Serum Levels of Total Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Horses in Colima, Mexico.

A study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the effect of physical activity, breed, age, sex and body condition on serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides of horses in Colima, Mexico. Blood samples were collected from 40 clinically healthy stallions and geldings, a half of them physically active and the rest sedentary. Additional information on frequency and intensity of physical activity was recorded and total cholesterol and triglycerides serum levels were determined. Average total cholesterol and triglycerides serum level were 2.37±0.65 and 0.30±0.11mmol/L respectively. Total cholesterol serum level was not significantly affected (P 0.05) of frequency and intensity of physical activity on the study variables were observed.

Trends in Cardiovascular Health Metrics among Korean Adults

BackgroundAmerican Heart Association (AHA) defined 7 cardiovascular health metrics for the general population to improve cardiovascular health in 2010: not smoking; having normal blood pressure; being physically active; normal body mass index, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels; and eating a healthy diet. To investigate trends in cardiovascular health metrics in Korea, we used data from the third and fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.MethodsWe defined seven cardiovascular health metrics similar to the one defined by AHA but physical activity, body mass index, and healthy diet were properly redefined to be suited for the Korean population. We compared each cardiovascular health metric and calculated the sum of cardiovascular health metrics after dichotomizing each health metric to ideal (scored 1) and poor (scored 0).ResultsHealth metric scores of smoking in males (P value for trend < 0.001), physical activity both in males and females (P-value for trend < 0.001 both), body mass index in females (P-value for trend = 0.030), and blood pressure both in males and females (P-value for trend < 0.001, both) were improved. On the other hand, health metric scores of healthy diet in males (P-value for trend = 0.002), and fasting blood glucose both in males and females (P-value for trend < 0.001 both) got worse. The total scores of seven health metrics were stationary.ConclusionTotal scores were not changed but each metric showed various trends. A long-term study is necessary for analyzing exact trends.

Abstract 18593: Impact of National Screening Intervention on AHA's ‰Life's Simple Seven Cardiovascular Metrics

Background: Recent AHA recommendations promote 7 CV health metrics: not smoking; being physically active; having normal blood pressure, blood glucose and total cholesterol levels, and weight; and eating a healthy diet to reduce CV morbidity and mortality. As few studies have explored interventions to promote these "Simple 7", we examined the impact of a national screening program on CV health metrics in women. Methods: In 2009, Sister to Sister provided free CV screenings in 12 cities nationwide to 9,443 women, all of which were offered enrollment into a 6-month follow-up survey study. Using data collected from baseline and 6-month surveys on CVD risk, we measured changes in “Simple 7” health metrics (excluding diet) following screening intervention. Results: A total of 1,869 women enrolled into the study, 400 of which completed baseline and 6-month surveys. Among those completing both surveys, we observed significant overall improvement in risk scores between screening intervention and 6-month follow-up (3.8 vs. 4.2, p&lt;0.001). We observed improvements 4 of the 6 health metrics measured (Table 1), although only blood pressure improvements were statistically significant. Conclusion: Screening intervention was effective in improving overall health of women at 6-months, based on optimal CV health metrics. Screenings were particularly effective in improving blood pressure control. Although larger studies are needed to further assess the impact of CV screenings on health metrics, our study suggests that screenings may serve as an effective model to promote CV health metrics, especially among women.

1434 Clinical-Laboratory Peculiarities in Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

AimTo determine clinical-laboratory peculiarities in children with obesity (O) and metabolic syndrome (MS).Methods119 children with O and MS were examined in the endocrinological department of University hospital (Minsk) over 2011...

THE EFFECT OF STATINS IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE: BEYOND ITS CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING EFFECT

ObjectivesHMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to reduce mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with hyperlipidaemia and those with coronary artery disease. However, evidence for statin treatment in Chinese...

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Diabetes and hypertension have become leading causes of CKD in Chinese elderly patients: a comparison between 1990–1991 and 2009–2010

It is unclear whether any significant changes in the epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD), possibly resulting from the exceedingly rapid economic development and the aggressive prevention and treatment of kidney diseases in the Chinese population, have occurred over the past two decades. The medical records of 173 CKD patients from 1990-1991 and 956 patients from 2009-2010 were retrospectively analyzed. In patients from 1990-1991, CKD occurred at an earlier age, with severely decreased kidney function. On average, these patients progressed to end-stage renal disease 4.5 years faster. Diabetes and hypertension have become the most common causes of CKD in elderly patients in 2009-2010 period, representing 39.5 % and 24.2 % of all CKD causes, respectively. In the 1990-1991 period, CKD was characterized by a high frequency of severe anemia in stage 4 and 5 patients. The mean arterial pressure in patients with CKD stage 4 and stage 5 decreased significantly in. Although the number of dyslipidemia patients in stage 4 and 5 was significantly higher in the 2009-2010 period, there were no substantial differences in the average levels of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in the two cohorts. Hypoproteinemia also became less common than before. The occurrence of cardiovascular events was significantly reduced in stage 4 and stage 5 patients in 2009-2010. Diabetes and hypertension have increased and become the leading causes of CKD in elderly Chinese patients. Improvement in the control of CKD complications has been significant, mainly regarding anemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hypoproteinemia.