Normal Intra-abdominal Pressure Research Articles

Impact of low-pressure pneumoperitoneum and deep neuromuscular blockade on surgeon satisfaction and patient outcomes in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients: A prospective randomised controlled study.

The impact of laparoscopic surgery on homeostatic systems necessitates careful consideration of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) management. This study investigated the effects of low-pressure pneumoperitoneum with deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) on surgeon satisfaction, haemodynamics and post-operative outcomes in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. The study design involves prospective randomised control. Ninety patients were assigned to low (7-10 mmHg, n = 45) or normal (12-16 mmHg, n = 45) IAP groups. Deep NMB, guided by train-of-four monitoring, was administered. This study evaluated surgical rating scale scores, haemodynamics and post-operative outcomes through a literature review. A computer programme (IBM, SPSS) was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyse patients' IAP levels, additional NMB requirements, surgical rating scale scores and numerical rating scales. Patient demographics and other intraoperative and post-operative variables were analysed with Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Values of P < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. No significant demographic differences were observed. The low-pressure group exhibited lower post-operative pain (P < 0.01) and reduced analgesia requirements (P = 0.00). On analysis of the surgeon rating scale, no disparities were evident between the groups. NMB usage correlated with height and weight (P < 0.01). Heart rate showed no intergroup differences. The MAP measured after 15 min was lower in Group L, and the difference was significant (P = 0.023). The SAP measured after 30 min was lower in Group L, and the difference was significant (P = 0.017). Blood gas values and surgical field visibility were unaffected by the IAP. The positive correlations between NMB, height and weight aligned with previous research. This study highlights successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy under low IAP, deep NMB and favourable post-operative outcomes. Despite these limitations, the findings contribute to optimising laparoscopic surgical approaches.

Optimizing Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Based on Intra-Abdominal Pressure in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure.

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a crucial component of mechanical ventilation to improve oxygenation in critically ill patients with respiratory failure. The interaction between abdominal and thoracic compartment pressures is known well. Especially in intra-abdominal hypertension, lower PEEP may cause atelectotrauma by repetitive opening and closing of alveoli. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of PEEP adjustment according to the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on oxygenation and clarify possible harms. Patients older than 18 were mechanically ventilated due to hypoxemic respiratory failure and had normal IAP (<15 mmHg) included in the study. Patients with severe cardiovascular dysfunction were excluded. The following PEEP levels were applied: PEEPzero of 0 cmH2O, PEEPIAP/2 = 50% of IAP, and PEEPIAP = 100% of IAP. After a 30-minute equilibration period, arterial blood gases and mean arterial pressures were measured. One hundred thirty-eight patients (mean age 66.5 ± 15.9, 56.5% male) enrolled on the study. The mean IAP was 9.8 ± 3.4. Seventy-nine percent of the patients' PaO2/FiO2 ratio was under 300 mmHg. Figure 1 shows the change in PaO2/FiO2 ratio, PaCO2, PPlato, and MAP of the patients according to the PEEP levels. Overall increases were detected in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P < 0.001) and Pplato (P < 0.001), while PaCO2 and MAP did not change after increasing PEEP gradually. Pairwise analyses revealed differences in PaO2/FiO2 between PEEPzero (186.4 [85.7-265.8]) and PEEPIAP/2 (207.7 [101.7-292.9]) (t = -0.77, P < 0.001), between baseline and PEEPIAP (236.1 [121.4-351.0]) (t = -1.7, P < 0.001), and between PEEPIAP/2 and PEEPIAP (t = -1.0, P < 0.001). Plato pressures were in the safe range (<30 cmH2O) at all three PEEP levels (PEEPzero = 12 [10-15], PEEPIAP/2 = 15 [13-18], PEEPIAP = 17 [14-22]). In patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and mechanically ventilated, PEEP adjustment according to the IAB improves oxygenation, especially in the settings of the limited source where other PEEP titration methods are absent.

INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE MONITORING DURING LÁZARO DA SILVA'S PROCEDURE FOR VENTRAL HERNIA REPAIR: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Maintaining normal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) levels must be one major outcome of any ventral hernia repair, avoiding hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome. To evaluate IAP during ventral hernia repair using Lázaro da Silva's procedure. IAP measurements using intravesical pressure were performed during four crucial intraoperative moments. Twenty-eight patients submitted to incisional herniorrhaphy were analyzed. The IAP increased by 0.5 mmHg during the procedure, regardless of the type of prior laparotomy, sex, age, obesity, or hernia width. Despite the IAP increase observed, Lázaro da Silva's procedure did not result in intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome.

Utility of plasma CA125 as a proxy of intra-abdominal pressure in patients with acute heart failure.

Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is now considered a potential contributor to organ damage and disease progression in acute heart failure (AHF). In this work, we aimed to determine if antigen carbohydrate 125 (CA125) is associated with IAP and to identify a cutpoint of CA125 useful for ruling out intra-abdominal hypertension (defined as IAP ≥ 12 mmHg). We prospectively evaluated a cohort of 53 patients admitted with AHF in which IAP was measured within the first 24-h of admission. The mean age was 80 ± 8 years, 31 (58.5%) were female, and 31 (58.5%) had left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%. The median plasma levels of NT-proBNP and CA125 were 3830 pg/mL (2417-8929) and 45.8 U/mL (29.8-114.0), respectively. The median of IAP was 15 mmHg (11-17), and 39 (73%) patients had an IAP ≥ 12 mmHg. The diagnostic performance of CA125 for identifying an IAP ≥ 12 mmHg was tested using the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The cut-off for CA125 of 17.1 U/mL showed a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 50%, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.71. After multivariate adjustment, CA125 remained non-linearly and positively associated with higher IAP (P-value = 0.003), explaining almost 28% of the model's variability (R2: 27.6%). Patients with AHF and intra-abdominal hypertension had higher CA125 plasma levels. A baseline concentration of CA125 below 17.1 U/mL will increase the odds of identifying a subset of patients with normal IAP.

213 Utility of Botox Injection in Early Laparostomy Closure for Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Acute Severe Pancreatitis – a Case Report

Abstract Acute pancreatitis can cause significant visceral oedema due to fluid resuscitation, paralytic ileus and ascites with raised intra-abdominal pressure(IAP) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS &amp;gt;20mmHg). Failure of conservative management is an indication for decompressive laparostomy. Early fascial closure is the priority following laparostomy to reduce morbidity, mortality, and the risk of enteric fistulation. Chemical component separation with Botulinum toxin injection is proven to be of benefit prior to elective complex ventral hernia repairs and has been reported in laparostomy closure. We report our use of Botox to assist with vacuum and mesh-assisted early closure of laparostomy in a patient with acute severe pancreatitis. A 29-year-old male was admitted with severe alcohol induced pancreatitis. He developed acute respiratory distress and was intubated and ventilated. On day 14 of admission, he developed raised IAP of &amp;gt;40mmHg with multiorgan dysfunction and underwent laparostomy and application of Abthera© vacuum assisted negative pressure dressing. 3 days later, the dressing was replaced and a prolene mesh was sutured to the fascial margins to allow approximation of the wound to prevent retraction of the rectus sheath. He underwent further dressing change with trimming of mesh on day 6 and received 300U of Botulinum toxin injection into the abdominal musculature bilaterally. On day 7 following botox injection, the mesh was excised, and the midline wound was closed without tension. He remained stable with normal IAP and no wound related complications. Chemical component separation with Botulinum toxin may be a valuable adjunct in early closure of laparostomy.

Intra-abdominal Pressure Has a Good Predictive Power for 28-Day Mortality: A Prospective Observational Study Conducted in Critically Ill Children.

Objective: Elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is associated with organ dysfunction in critically ill children. Thus far, the predictive value of IAP for mortality remains unknown. Moreover, only few studies determined normal IAP values in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) children. This study aimed to determine the predictive value of IAP for mortality and calculate normal IAP values in PICU patients.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in two PICUs of two tertiary care university teaching hospitals. Patients admitted to the PICU between December 2013 and November 2015 were included. IAP was determined by bladder pressure measurements performed every 8 h until 48 h or until PICU discharge. All patients (except neonatal patients) aged ≤ 14 years who were admitted to the PICUs and had no history of chemical neuromuscular blockade use, neurogenic bladder, or bladder surgery were enrolled. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the predictive value of IAP for 28-day mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to evaluate the prediction effect of IAP.Results: Overall, 229 patients were enrolled. IAP (hazard ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.029–1.161, P = 0.004) and lactic acid (hazard ratio 3.04, 95% CI 1.769–5.21, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of 28-day mortality. Additionally, IAP had good predictive power for 28-day mortality, with an area under the curve of 0.74. The optimal cutoff point was 12.13 mmHg (sensitivity 0.58, specificity 0.80). The Youden index was 0.38.Furthermore, 111 (48.47%) patients without high-risk factors or clinical manifestations of IAH were analyzed to determine normal IAP values, which were 7.57 ± 2.85 mmHg (range, 1.98–13.16 mmHg). There were no significant differences in normal IAP values according to different diseases, sex, age, weight, or body mass index (BMI).Conclusions: IAP has good predictive power for 28-day mortality. The optimal IAP cutoff point is 12.13 mmHg. The IAP reference range is 2.0–13.2 mmHg, which was not associated with factors such as sex, age, weight, and BMI in PICU children. We recommend that IAP be included in critical illness scoring systems in the future. IAP >12.13 mmHg may be more suitable for IAH definition in PICU patients.

Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in patients admitted to the ICU

BackgroundIntra-abdominal hypertension is frequently present in critically ill patients and is an independent predictor for mortality. Risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome have been widely investigated. However, data are lacking on prevalence and outcome in high-risk patients. Our objectives in this study were to investigate prevalence and outcome of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome in high-risk patients in a prospective, observational, single-center cohort study.ResultsBetween March 2014 and March 2016, we included 503 patients, 307 males (61%) and 196 females (39%). Patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of pancreatitis, elective or emergency open abdominal aorta surgery, orthotopic liver transplantation, other elective or emergency major abdominal surgery and trauma were enrolled. One hundred and sixty four (33%) patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension and 18 (3.6%) patients developed abdominal compartment syndrome. Highest prevalence of abdominal compartment syndrome occurred in pancreatitis (57%) followed by orthotopic liver transplantation (7%) and abdominal aorta surgery (5%). Length of intensive care stay increased by a factor 4 in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension and a factor 9 in abdominal compartment syndrome, compared to patients with normal intra-abdominal pressure. Rate of renal replacement therapy was higher in abdominal compartment syndrome (38.9%) and intra-abdominal hypertension (8.2%) compared to patients with normal intra-abdominal pressure (1.2%). Both intensive care mortality and 90-day mortality were significantly higher in intra-abdominal hypertension (4.8% and 15.2%) and abdominal compartment syndrome (16.7% and 38.9%) compared to normal intra-abdominal pressure (1.2% and 7.1%). Body mass index (odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.13), mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.08–5.96) and Apache IV score (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.04) were independent risk factors for the development of intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome.ConclusionsThe prevalence of abdominal compartment syndrome was 3.6% and the prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension was 33% in this cohort of high-risk patients. Morbidity and mortality increased when intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome was present. The patient most at risk of IAH or ACS in this high-risk cohort has a BMI > 30 kg/m2 and was admitted to the ICU after emergency abdominal surgery or with a diagnosis of pancreatitis.

The Correlation of Intraabdominal Pressure With Renal Resistive Index

BackgroundTo evaluate the correlation between intraabdominal pressure (IAP) measured via the bladder and renal resistive index (RRI) measured by Doppler ultrasonography (USG). MethodsEighty consecutive surgical patients were included into this study. Before Doppler USG evaluation, IAP was measured by a Foley catheter via the bladder. The left and right RRI, the diameters of the inferior vena cava and portal vein were measured by colored Doppler USG. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between different measurements. Intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) was defined as of IAP ≥ 12 mmHg. Significantly different variables from the univariate analysis between patients with and without IAH were entered into backward stepwise binary logistic regression analysis of IAH as the dependent variable. P values < 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant. ResultsIn total, 80 patients were included into study. In 27 patients (34%) IAP was normal and in 53 patients (66%) IAH was diagnosed. The Spearman correlation analysis of IAP and the ultrasonographic measurements revealed a strong correlation between RRI and IAP (P < 0.001). Patients with IAH were more likely to be diabetic and had abdominal incisional hernia compared with patients with normal IAP (P < 0.05). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed right RRI as the only independent predictor of IAH (B: 57.04, S. E.: 13.7, P < 0.001). ConclusionsThere is a strong correlation between IAP and RRI. RRI can be an alternative, noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of IAH after further evaluations in different patient groups.

Mortality predictors of patients suffering of acute pancreatitis and development of intraabdominal hypertension

Background/aim Intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) occurs frequently in patients with acute pancreatitis and adds to their morbidity and mortality. The main aim of the study was to identify the determination of the predictive factors connected to IAH that influence the evolution of acute pancreatitis. Materials and methods The prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 patients who had acute pancreatitis. According to obtained intraabdominal pressure (IAP) values, the patients were divided into two groups: one group (n = 40) with normal IAP values and the other (IAH group, n = 60) with increased IAP values. Deceased patients were specially analyzed within the IAH group in order to determine mortality predictors. Results Statistical significance of IAP (P = 0.048), lactates (P = 0.048), peak pressure (P = 0.043), abdominal perfusion pressure (P = 0.05), and mean arterial pressure (P = 0.041) was greater for deceased than for surviving patients in the IAH group. High mortality appears for patients younger than 65 years old, with lactate level higher than 3.22 mmol/L and filtration gradient (GF) lower than 67 mmHg. Conclusion Age, lactates, GF, and APACHE II score are determined as mortality predictors for patients suffering from acute pancreatitis who developed IAH. The mortality rate is higher when the level of GF is decreasing and the level of lactate increasing.

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients.

BACKGROUND:Abdominal compartment syndrome patients suffer severe obstacles such as kidney failure and shock. To evade further complications, identifying the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), in critically ill individuals and hospitalised in the intensive care unit (ICU) is obligated.AIM:The current study intended to study the abdominal compartment syndrome and the concomitant risk factors among hospitalised patients in ICU, by using the Intra-abdominal pressure test.MATERIAL AND METHODS:One hundred and twenty-five hospitalised patients at ICU entered the current survey. Abdominal pressure was measured by standard intravesical technique. The SPSS 21 analysed the preoperative and intraoperative factors such as demographic records and comorbidities.RESULTS:Seventy-three (58.4%) participants were males and 52 (41.6%) were women in the mean age of 55.1 ± 18.3 years. Eighty-nine patients (71.2%) showed normal intra-abdominal pressure since 31 patients (24.8%), and 5 patients (4%) developed IAH and ACS. The intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) applied to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Acute Physiology, shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), central venous oxygen saturation and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score (P < 0.05). Patients with high IAP have shown a higher mortality frequency, compared to others (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Current findings showed a correlation between IAP hospitalised patients in ICU and shock, SIRS, APACHE II, central venous oxygen saturation and GCS. Intra-abdominal pressure test, as a valuable prognosis test for the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), may offer better results when added to the routine medical checkup of ICU patients.

Abdominal compartment syndrome and intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients: diagnostic value of computed tomography.

The aims of the present work were to reevaluate, prospectively, the diagnostic value of already-described computed tomography (CT) landmarks of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and to study the diagnostic value of some undescribed CT signs for the diagnosis of IAH and ACS. Consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in shock for whom an abdominal CT was clinically indicated were included. CT examinations were reviewed and scored by two reviewers for the 12 proposed CT features of IAH and ACS. Intravesical pressure (IVP) was measured for each patient. Imaging features and clinical data of patients with IAH (IVP ≥ 12mmHg) were compared to those of patients with normal intra-abdominal pressure (IVP < 12mmHg). Forty-one patients were included. Twenty-one patients (51%) presented IAH with an IVP value ≥ 12mmHg. Four patients (10%) were considered to have ACS (10%). Only an increased peritoneal-to-abdominal height ratio (PAR) was associated with the presence of IAH (PAR = 0.45 [0.40-0.49] in patients with IVP < 12mmHg and PAR = 0.52 [0.48-0.53] in patients with IVP ≥ 12mmHg; p < 0.001). Increased PAR ≥ 0.52 had a specificity of 85% for IAH diagnosis. The present study suggests that a PAR ≥ 0.52 could help radiologists to identify IAH on abdominal CT scan and could lead to adequate identification and/or treatment, even at early stages of IAH. • CT is an efficient first-intention procedure to evaluate and follow up underlying conditions in critically ill patients at risk of IAH and ACS overcome. • Raising the possibility of an IAH on a CT examination is relevant information for the clinician. • The only factors associated with intra-abdominal hypertension were the peritoneal-to-abdominal height ratio (PAR) and the ratio of maximal anteroposterior to transverse abdominal diameter (which define the round belly sign when > 0.8).

Deterioration of mechanically ventilated patients in the presence of intra-abdominal hypertension

Background and objective: Elevated pressure within the cavity of the abdomen is a serious complication that can threat the life of critically ill patients. Thus, there is an intense need to highlight the outcomes of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) that can face critical care nurses. This work aimed to explore the deterioration of mechanical ventilated patients in the presence of IAH.Methods: Design: A non-randomized prospective study. Procedures: This trial was implemented in trauma and general intensive care in the period between December 2015 and August 2016. The pressure within the abdomen was measured for each patient, three times with 8-hr interval, at the third day of mechanical ventilator (MV). Sepsis-related organ failure assessment score was measured for all patients at first day of admission. All patients who had normal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) or developed IAH were observed, monitored and evaluated for the clinical outcomes until discharged. Results: Of the 60 MV patients, 83.3% developed IAH. Higher mean of MV and stay period among patients with increased pressure within the abdomen (14.04 ± 10.30 and 16.30 ± 9.36) than normotensive patients (6.90 ± 2.80 and 11.000 ± 3.77) with significant difference (p = .001). Non-survivor had a significantly higher mean IAP than survivor (23.266 ± 2.37 vs. 7.91 ± 3.17) (p value &lt; .001).Conclusions: The occurrence of IAH complicated 83.3% of mechanical ventilated clients in the study period: like longer stay and use of ventilator, and high mortality rate.

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Marker for Renal Dysfunction Detection in Critically Ill Patients with Increased Intraabdominal Pressure.

IntroductionElevated intraabdominal pressure (IAP) it is known to have an impact on renal function trough the pressure transmitted from the abdominal cavity to the vasculature responsible for the renal blood flow. Intraabdominal pressure is found to be frequent in intensive care patients and also to be a predictor of mortality. Intra-abdominal high pressure is an entity that can have serious impact on intensive care admitted patients, studies concluding that if this condition progresses to abdominal compartment syndrome mortality is as high as 80%.AimThe aim of this study was to observe if a link between increased intraabdominal pressure and modification in renal function exists (NGAL, creatinine clearance).Material and MethodThe study enrolled 30 critically ill patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of SCJU TîrguMures between November 2015 and August 2016. The study enrolled adult, hemodynamically stable patients admitted in intensive critical care - defined by a normal blood pressure maintained without any vasopressor or inotropic support, invasive monitoring using PICCO device and abdominal pressure monitoring.ResultsThe patients were divided into two groups based on the intraabdominal pressure values: normal intraabdominal pressure group= 52 values and increased intraabdominal group= 35 values. We compared the groups in the light of NGAL values, 24 hours diuresis, GFR and creatinine clearance. The groups are significantly different when compared in the light of NGAL values and GFR values. We obtained a statistically significant correlation between NGAL value and 24 hour diuresis. No other significant correlations were encountered between the studied items.ConclusionsNGAL values are increased in patients with high intraabdominal pressure which may suggest its utility as a cut off marker for patients with increased intraabdominal pressure. There is a significant decreased GFR in patient with elevated intraabdominal pressure, observation which can help in early detection of renal injury in patients due to high intraabdominal pressure. No correlation was found between creatinine clearance and increased intraabdominal pressure.

The influence of intraabdominal pressure on the mortality rate of patients with acute pancreatitis.

Intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) is a common clinical finding in patients with acute pancreatitis and is associated with poor prognosis. This study aimed to determine the impact of intraabdominal pressure (IAP) on the mortality rate in patients with acute pancreatitis in an intensive care unit. A total of 50 patients with acute pancreatitis were included in this prospective cohort study. Based on the obtained values of IAP, the patients were divided into two groups: those with normal IAP (n = 14) and increased IAP (n = 36). Mean values of IAP were compared with examined variables. The mortality rate of the study group was 40%. Comparing the IAP and treatment outcomes, it was proved that there were statistically highly significant differences (P = 0.012). Increasing the value of IAP increased the mortality rate. Deceased patients in the IAH group had greater statistical significance of APACHE II score (P = 0.016), abdominal perfusion pressure (P = 0.048), lactate (P = 0.049), hematocrit (P = 0.039), Ranson's criteria on admission (P = 0.017), Ranson's criteria after 48 h (P = 0.010), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (P = 0.014), and body mass index (P = 0.012) compared to the surviving patients. IAP has an impact on the increase of mortality rates in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Postoperative Kidney Dysfunction in Cardiac Surgery Patients.

To determine the incidence of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in adult cardiac surgery patients and its association with postoperative kidney dysfunction. Prospective cohort study. Single tertiary-care university hospital. Forty-two adult patients having cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at the following time points after surgery: 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were measured as a marker of kidney dysfunction at the following time points: prior to surgery, immediately after surgery, 4 to 6 hours after surgery, and 16-to-18 hours after surgery. Two hundred fifty-two IAPs were measured, and 90 (35.7%) showed IAH. Thirty-five of 42 patients (83.3%) had IAH at 1 time point or more. Peak urine NGAL levels were lower in patients with normal IAP (mean difference = -130.6 ng/mL [95% CI = -211.2 to -50.1], p = 0.002). There was no difference in postoperative kidney dysfunction by risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, and end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria in patients with normal IAP (mean difference = -31.4% [95% CI = -48.0 to 6.3], p = 0.09). IAH was 100% sensitive for predicting postoperative kidney dysfunction by RIFLE criteria, but had poor specificity (54.8%). IAH occurs frequently during the perioperative period in cardiac surgery patients and may be associated with postoperative kidney dysfunction.

Certification: A C edential of Competence.

Certification: A C edential of Competence.

Intra-abdominal pressure and possible ways of its drug correction after emergency laparotomy

Intra-abdominal pressure and possible ways of its drug correction after emergency laparotomy

The prevalance of and factors associated with intra-abdominal hypertension on admission Day in critically Ill pediatric patients: A multicenter study

PurposeTo investigate admission prevalence of intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) and to determine clinical and laboratory characteristics on admission day associated with IAH in critically ill pediatric patients. Materials and MethodsOne hundred thirty newly admitted critically ill pediatric patients were included. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured 4 times (every 6 hours) with the bladder pressure method. Data included the demographics, diagnostic category, pediatric logistic organ dysfunction score and pediatric risk of mortality score II, clinical concomitant factors, and conditions potentially associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure. ResultsSeventy patients (56.1%) had a normal IAP (≤10 mmHg, mean IAP [mmHg] 7.18 ± 1.85), while 60 patients (43.9%) had IAP >10 mmHg (mean IAP [mmHg] 15.46 ± 5.21). Hypothermia frequency, lactate levels, number of patients with oligo-anuria, and mechanical ventilation requirement were higher among patients with IAH compared to patients without IAH (both, P< .05). Hypothermia (OR, 3.899; 95% CI, 1.305-11.655; P< .03) and lactate levels (OR, 1.283 for each mmol/L increase; 95% CI, 1.138-1.447; P< .001) were only significantly associated with IAH. ConclusionsIntra-abdominal hypertension seems to affect nearly half of newly admitted critically ill pediatric patients. Lactate level and the presence of hypothermia seem to be the independent predictors of the presence of IAH.

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Introduction: The respiratory system can be viewed as three interdependent components comprised by the left hemithorax, right hemithorax, and the infra-diaphragmatic chamber. Alterations in one or more compartments with relative sparing of others can lead to monitoring challenges distinct from those encountered with symmetric pathology. Our intent was to explore the impact of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) on isolated lung mechanics, functional residual capacity, and gas exchange in a porcine model of unilateral atelectasis and unilateral lung injury, comparing the results with those obtained in normal and symmetrically diseased lung. Methods: This protocol was approved by our institution’s Animal Care and Use Committee. 10 Yorkshire pigs (mean weight, 46.2 ± 6.2 kg) were anesthetized and instrumented according to our protocol. High intra-abdominal pressure was created by a laparostomy tube connected to a continuous positive airway pressure circuit at 20 cm H2O. Pigs were ventilated in volume control 10 mL/kg, frequency15 breaths per minute. Unilateral atelectasis was created experimentally by using an Arndt endobronchial blocker (Cook) to occlude the left main bronchus. Unilateral lung injury was created experimentally by occluding the left main bronchus as above, and using saline to lavage the right lung. Diffuse lung injury was created experimentally by bi-lateral saline lavage. Results: Transpulmonary Pressure In unilateral lavage, IAH increased the end inspiratory transpulmonary pressure significantly relative to values for unilateral lavage at normal intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). This relationship in bilateral lavage approached significance. Functional Residual Capacity FRC values in unilateral and bilateral lavage were significantly decreased compared to normal lungs, but were similar to each other. These relationships held in the setting of IAH. Oxygenation With and without IAH, atelectasis produced a higher p:f ratio than unilateral lavage. IAH decreased paO2:FiO2 ratio in unilateral lung injury compared to normal IAP values, but had no effect in the atelectasis model. Conclusions: 1) IAH significantly reduced FRC in both asymmetric pathologies. 2) In lungs injured by saline lavage, calculated lung elastance was increased by IAH; this was statistically significant for unilateral lavage and approached significance for bilateral lavage. 3) Atelectasis and unilateral lavage, though not differentiated by FRC, did experience different paO2:FiO2 ratios with and without IAH.

Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure in cirrhotic patients with septic shock.

BackgroundThe importance of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) in cirrhotic patients with septic shock is not well studied. We evaluated the relationship between IAP and APP and outcomes of cirrhotic septic patients, and assessed the ability of these measures compared to other common resuscitative endpoints to differentiate survivors from nonsurvivors.MethodsThis study was a post hoc analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and IAP were measured every 6 h in 61 cirrhotic septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit. APP was calculated as MAP - IAP. Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) was defined as mean IAP ≥ 12 mmHg, and abdominal hypoperfusion as mean APP < 60 mmHg. Measured outcomes included ICU and hospital mortality, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and ventilator- and vasopressor-free days.ResultsIAH prevalence on the first ICU day was 82%, and incidence in the first 7 days was 97%. Compared to patients with normal IAP, IAH patients had significantly higher ICU mortality (74.0% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.005), required more RRT (78.0% vs. 45.5%, p = 0.06) and had lower ventilator- and vasopressor-free days. On a multivariate logistic regression analysis, IAH was an independent predictor of both ICU mortality (odds ratio (OR), 12.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.92 to 77.31, p = 0.008) and need for RRT (OR, 6.78; 95% CI, 1.29 to 35.70, p = 0.02). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, IAP (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.74, p = 0.004), APP (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.01), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.02), but not MAP, differentiated survivors from nonsurvivors.ConclusionsIAH is highly prevalent in cirrhotic patients with septic shock and is associated with increased ICU morbidity and mortality.