Average Internet User Research Articles

The Relation between Chronotype, Depression, Anxiety, Internet Addiction and Academic Achievement in University Students

The purpose of this study; to determine the relation between chronotype, depression, stress, anxiety, internet addiction and academic achievement levels of university students with a descriptive and cross-sectional research design. The study was conducted with 645 university students. Data was collected using Information Form, Depression, Anxiety, Stress-21 Scale (DASS21), The Short Form of Young’s Internet Addiction Test (YIAT-SF) and Morning-Evening Questionnaire (MEQ). Data were analyzed by means, numbers, percentages, independent t-test and correlation. It was determined that the students' depression levels were moderate, their stress levels were mild, and their anxiety levels were mild. It was determined that the students were average internet users according to their total Young Internet Addiction Scale score averages. It was determined that the participants' chronotypes could be evaluated as intermediate types. It was determined that female students' stress and anxiety scores were statistically significantly higher than male students. (p

Automated informed consent

Online privacy policies or terms and conditions ideally provide users with information about how their personal data are being used. The reality is that very few users read them: they are long, often hard to understand, and ubiquitous. The average internet user cannot realistically read and understand all aspects that apply to them and thus give informed consent to the companies who use their personal data. In this article, we provide a basic overview of a solution to the problem. We suggest that software could allow users to delegate the consent process and consent could thus be automated. The article investigates the practical feasibility of this idea. After suggesting that it is feasible, we develop some normative issues that we believe should be addressed before automated consent is implemented.

Prevalence of internet addiction and its association with quality of sleep among secondary and higher secondary school students of Jamnagar Gujarat during COVID-19.

The internet is a vital part of present-day society. Internet use for education has increased in recent years. During the COVID pandemic, schools were closed and education was delivered through online methods, which led to a further increase in internet use, especially in adolescents, leading to internet addiction in some. To estimate the prevalence of internet addiction and poor quality of sleep in adolescent students of Jamnagar. This cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2022 to March 2022 and included 1778 adolescent students of Jamnagar, Gujarat. The internet addiction test was used to measure the level of internet addiction, and the short Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to measure the quality of sleep. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple logistic regression techniques. In our study, 17.8% of participants had mild internet addiction, 3.2% of participants had moderate-to-severe internet addiction, and 79% of participants were average internet users. Associated variables with internet addiction were male gender, residence at home, duration of internet usage in years, daily hours spent online, and monthly expenditure on internet recharge. Furthermore, 27.2% of participants had poor quality of sleep. Female gender, secondary school education, residence at the hostel, and internet addiction were predictors of poor quality of sleep. Students were found to have a high prevalence of internet addiction. The internet usage increased amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Internet addiction was significantly associated with poor quality of sleep in adolescents.

Is There a Correlation Between Internet Use and Sleep and Cognitive Function Among Medical Students?

Background: Currently, the Internet is widely used by students for academic purposes; however, excessive Internet use might have negative consequences on students’ academic performance, sleep quality, and cognitive abilities. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Internet usage, sleep quality, and cognitive function among medical students. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 525 pre-internship medical students, including 304 first- and second-year students, 113 third-year students, and 108 externs, within 2019 and 2021 at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The participants were selected using a stratified sampling method. All participants completed the Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (CAQ), Internet Addiction Questionnaire (IAQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Results: According to the IAQ, 430 participants (81.9%) were categorized as average Internet users, 94 participants (17.9%) had occasional or frequent problems, and 1 participant had significant problems with Internet use. Mean PSQI and CAQ scores were significantly higher among participants with occasional or frequent problems/significant problems than the average Internet users (P < 0.001 each). The total IAQ score showed a positive correlation with total CAQ (r = 0.439, P < 0.001) and total PSQI (r = 0.264, P < 0.001) scores. Among the PSQI subscales, sleep latency (P = 0.032), daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness (P < 0.001), sleep efficiency (P = 0.001), and overall sleep quality (P < 0.001) were worse in participants with occasional or frequent problems/significant problems than in average Internet users. Conclusions: Excessive Internet use negatively affects the sleep quality and cognitive performance of medical students.

Large Language Models and Generative AI, Oh My!

OverviewWe have all read the headlines heralding, often hyperbolically, the latest advances in text- and image-based Artificial Intelligence (AI). What is perhaps most unique about these developments is that they now make relatively good AI accessible to the average Internet user. These new services respond to human prompts, written in natural language, with generated output that appears to satisfy the prompt. Consequently, they are categorized under the term “generative AI,” whether they are generating text, images, or other media. They work by modeling human language statistically, to “learn” patterns from extremely large datasets of human-created content, with those that specifically focus on text therefore called Large Language Models (LLMs). As we have all tried products such as ChatGPT or Midjourney over the past year, we have undoubtedly begun to wonder how and when they might impact our archaeological work. Here, I review the state of this type of AI and the current challenges with using it meaningfully, and I consider its potential for archaeologists.

The Relationship between Internet Addiction, Mental Health and Suicidal Behavior among Undergraduate Students in Malaysia

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between internet addiction, mental health and suicidal behavior among undergraduate students in Malaysia. Online survey method is used in this study. 150 undergraduate students were recruited through convenience sampling. There were three instruments used in this study which were The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Mental Health Inventory-18 (MHI-18) and The Suicide Behavior Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R). Descriptive analysis is conducted to determine the prevalence of university students with internet addiction. The results showed that undergraduate students with severe internet addiction was 5.3 %, while 51.3 % of the undergraduate student had moderate level of internet addiction, 28.7% of them had mild level of internet addiction and the rest were normal users of internet. Next, Pearson’s Correlation analysis showed that there is a low negative correlation between internet addiction and mental health (r_150 = -.27, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the Pearson’s Correlation analysis also showed that there is a weak positive correlation between internet addiction and suicidal behavior (r_150 = .23, p < 0.01). In conclusion, we can observe that internet addiction is significantly related to mental health and suicidal behavior. We need to take this issue more seriously as mental health is an important aspect in our life.
 
 Keywords: Internet addiction, Mental health, Suicidal behavior, Undergraduate students

Tools Of Non-Verbal Internet Communication

The purpose of the article is to study the tools of expressing non-verbal signals when communicating on the Internet. The research methodology involved the use of general scientific and special methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, system-structural analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time information on the main tools of non-verbal communication used in electronic messages has been summarized, in particular, the role of font, color, text background, means of spelling, punctuation, and iconic printed symbols in the transmission of emotions in Internet communication has been investigated. Conclusions. The unit of communication in Internet communication is an electronic message, the meaning of which the interlocutors can convey by both verbal (speech) and non-verbal means. In conditions of a shortage of non-verbal means of communication, additional network tools that ensure the transfer of an emotional component in Internet communication are means of creolization (color, font, colored or illustrated background of the text, means of punctuation, spelling and word formation, smileys, emojis, emoticons, memes, etc., graphic design of verbal text, etc.). A special role in non-verbal Internet communication is played by iconic printed symbols, among which smileys, emojis, and emoticons have gained great popularity, which are additional linguistic tools for strengthening messages in Internet communication and by themselves are unlikely to become a meaningful means of communication between two parties. This in no way diminishes the value of what they can offer, first of all, the opportunity for every average Internet user to include feelings and emotions in the text in a new, specific way. Secondly, communication in the form of emojis, smileys and emoticons can also perform a cognitive function, sometimes replacing a verbal message. Keywords: communication, Internet communication, non-verbal communication, creolization, emoji, smiley, emoticon, meme.

A Mixture Modeling of the Predictors of Internet Addiction: Cognition and Dissociation.

This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity in the symptoms of pathological Internet use. The predictive role of online cognitions and online dissociative experiences on pathological Internet use were investigated. Three hundred and ninety Turkish undergraduate students (261 females) participated in the study. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed. Items responses on the 26-item Chen Internet Addiction Scale were subjected to LCA. The LCA identified three latent classes: (1) Normal Internet Users (n = 141, 36.15%), (2) Problematic Internet Users (n = 148, 37.95%), and (3) Pathological Internet Users (n = 101, 25.90%). The multinomial regression analysis showed that online cognitions, anxious arousal, and online dissociation were significantly associated with pathological Internet use. Our findings showed that the online dissociation as measured by the Van Online Dissociative Experiences Schedule and mental dissociation as indexed by the Dissociative Experiences Scale are qualitatively different constructs in relation to addictive behaviors on the net. Online dissociation and online cognitions seem to be crucial vulnerability factors for pathological Internet use.

Relationship between awareness of sleep quality, internet addiction, and health risk among college students – A cross-sectional study

Background: At present, the cell-phone is not only a talking tool but also a virtual network connection in the individual’s daily life as people can connect easily in one click of finger through internet. Use mobile for more time may enhance the chance to several health risk and psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to access sleep quality and internet addiction in these students using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and internet addiction scale, respectively. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional and questionnaire-based study. This study has been conducted among 300 college students in India through online, emails, and social media. Data analysis has been done on PSQI score and Internet addition score among the subjects. Results: The results of this study demonstrated significant associations of Internet addiction and poorer quality of sleep in those who have moderate and severe internet addiction than normal internet users. Conclusion: In the present study, more percentage of students met the criteria for poor sleep quality and internet addiction as well as have positive association with the different degrees of internet addiction.

System formation of economic security at the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of business relations

The study considers the relevance of the problem of forming the economic security system at the enterprise in the conditions of digital transformation of the economy. The purpose of the research is the identification of risks and threats, as well as the justification of the means of forming the system of economic security at the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of business relations. The study revealed the relevance of the problem of forming the economic security system of the enterprise in the conditions of digital transformation of the economy. The purpose of the research is the identification of risks and threats, as well as the justification of the means of forming the system of economic security at the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of business relations. The level and volumes of global electronic commerce are characterized. Data on the number of users and the dynamics of the time spent by the average Internet user on the Internet daily in 2015–2020 are presented. Forecast estimates of the growth of the global virtual reality market in individual sectors and industries until 2027 have been made. The results of an expert survey of top managers of enterprises regarding the use of digital communication tools during business development strategizing are given. The results of the factor analysis regarding the influence of the factors of digitization of business relations on the key parameters of the development of enterprises are reflected and characterized. Risks and threats to the components of the economic security of enterprises caused by the digitalization of business relations have been identified. The directions and tools for improving the economic security system of enterprises in the conditions of digitalization of business relations are defined and substantiated. Keywords: economic security of the enterprise; economy and enterprise management; risks and threats; digital transformation; digitalization of business relations.

Carpe diem or carpe mañana? Emotion priming affects intertemporal choice among Internet addicts and normal Internet users.

In this digitalized era, Internet addiction has been a severe problem that needs imperative solutions derived from the same mechanism that leads to its addiction. To uncover a more nuanced mechanism for Internet addiction in association with decision-making focus and emotions and thus generate effective interventions, we conducted three experiments to investigate how various forms of emotion priming affect intertemporal choice among Internet addicts and normal Internet users. We divided the emotions into three categories, namely emotional valence (negative and positive emotions), expected emotion type (expected regret, expected joy), and current emotion type (current regret, current joy). In experiment one, we examined the effect of two participant types (Internet addicts and normal Internet users) with three emotion valences (positive, negative, and neutral). In experiment two, we examined the effect of two participant types (Internet addicts and normal Internet users) with three current emotion types (current regret, joy, and neutral). In experiment three, we examined the effect of two participant types (Internet addicts and normal Internet users) with two expected emotion types (expected regret and expected joy). We conducted a completely randomized experimental design in each experiment and used subjective value as the dependent variable index of intertemporal choice. The results showed that the subjective value of Internet addicts was significantly lower than that of normal Internet users across three studies. The subjective value of individuals primed with positive emotions was significantly higher than those primed with negative emotions, no matter whether they were normal Internet users or addicts (experiment one). The subjective value of individuals primed with expected joy was significantly higher than those primed with expected regret, no matter whether they were normal Internet users or addicts (experiment three). When primed with current joy, however, the Internet addicts' subjective value was significantly lower than when primed with current regret, but this did not apply to normal Internet users (experiment two). These results suggest positive emotions and expected joy enhanced long-term goals and greater rewards focus on intertemporal decision-making compared to negative emotions and expected regret. However, current joy facilitated short-term goals, and smaller rewards focus on intertemporal decision-making compared to current regret. The theoretical and practical implications for Internet addiction are also discussed in this paper.

The association between violent video game exposure and sub-types of school bullying in Chinese adolescents

School bullying among adolescents has been a worldwide public health issue. It has been observed that adolescents who are exposed to violent video games (VVGs) are often more aggressive. However, research on the association between violent video game exposure (VVGE) and different types of school bullying is limited in the Chinese context. The purpose of this study was to explore whether VVGE is linked to school bullying behaviors among Chinese adolescents and to examine the relationship between different levels of violent game exposure and four sub-types (physical, verbal, relational, and cyber) of school bullying involvement. This was a cross-sectional study of 1,992 Chinese students (55.02% boys and 44.98% girls) with the average age of 15.84 ± 1.62 years. Sub-types of school bullying victimization and perpetration, Internet addiction, and VVGE were measured by using a self-administrated questionnaire. The association was examined by multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for covariates. Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber school bullying victimization were reported by 18.12, 60.34, 11.75, and 12.05% of the adolescents, and physical, verbal, relational, and cyber school bullying perpetration were reported by 16.62, 54.62, 21.49, and 8.23% of them. Of the students, 1,398 (70.18%) were normal Internet users, 514 (25.80%) showed moderate Internet addictive behaviors, and 31 (1.56%) of the students showed severe Internet addictive behaviors. The prevalence of no VVGE, low-level VVGE, medium-level VVGE, and high-level of VVGE were 27.70, 24.10, 24.20, and 24.00%, respectively. The risk of physical victimization and physical perpetration significantly increased with the increasing degree of violent video game exposure (P for trend < 0.001), with the highest adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 2.251 (95% CI 1.501-3.375) and 2.554 (95% CI 1.685-3.870), when comparing high-level VVGE with no VVGE. These findings highlight the specific association between different sub-types of school bullying involvement and violent video game exposure. Physical school bullying prevention and intervention programs should be conducted after adolescents are exposed to violent video games.

Study of Internet addiction among medical students

Background Internet addiction is a serious and growing problem. There is an emerging public health concern over the increase in Internet usage, particularly among adolescents. Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the pattern of Internet use among university students and to evaluate the personality and the associated psychiatric disorders with students of Internet addiction. Participants and methods A total of 300 medical students were subjected to the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Young in 1998. Personality evaluation by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and psychiatric interview by Arabic version of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview were done for Internet addicts to assess any associated personality or psychiatric disorders. Results Students were divided into four Internet user groups according to their IAT total scores: normal Internet users (n=117, 39.0%), mild Internet addicts (n=116, 38.7%), moderate Internet addicts (n=64, 21.3%), and severe Internet addicts (n=3, 1.0%). Males were more prone than females to develop severe forms of Internet addiction. Family environment had a major effect on developing Internet addiction. Neurotics and introverts were more susceptible to develop Internet addiction than others. Depression and anxiety were significantly associated with Internet addiction. Conclusions This study suggests that students who use the Internet excessively exhibit significantly more psychiatric symptoms than students who use the Internet less frequently. In addition, pathological Internet addicts appear to have a distinctive personality and social profile when compared with nonpathological users.

Cybersecurity as a response to combating cybercrime

Cybercrime is touted as any harmful behaviour that is in some way related to a computer but does not have a specific legal reference. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore cybersecurity as a response to combating cybercrime, focusing on demystifying the prevailing threats, while offering recommendations to the African regions. Moreover, this qualitative study employed a non-empirical research design: Systematic review methodology to analyse grey literature and primary research studies peer-reviewed and published, restricted from 2010-2022, not following yearly sequential consideration. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) were employed to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings of this study based on reviewed conventional and seminal literature studies on this subject. The main findings of this study rest on a lack of a common universal definition of cybercrime, this has an impact on its prevention and ignores enormous economic value associated with the commission of this crime across the world, African regions included. It was also observed that this criminal act is presently committed with internet usage, consisting of copyright infringements, computer-related fraud, child or adult pornography, and network security violations, amongst others. Equally, addressing this scourge in African regions requires advanced skills and knowledge; exceeding the average computer and internet user. It is also critical to recognise the importance of implementing efficient cybersecurity methods, as policing this crime remains an important component of the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA), and more innovative strategies are required and a globally coordinated response to this problem is urgently sought.

MICROBLOGGING MARKETING: A PRODUCT OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Microblogging is a new and socialized media form born of the fourth industrial revolution. In every sense, aggressive development has far-reaching effects on humanity. Stakeholders, non-profit groups, and state and non-state actors are all interested in internet marketing. A vast number of social websites, such as Twitter, Tumblr, Plurk, and others, have recently gained popularity among normal internet users. This study sought to illustrate how microblogging has driven the market to expand and established tactics in such a period. The study used an exploratory research approach with a focus on literature in the fields of business administration, entrepreneurship, internet academic journal, blogs, government publications and records, a variety of research reports, and individual research. The study established that users relied on microblogging to share different types of information through frequent and lengthy conversions and microblogging marketing is an aggressive alternative source of business growth. Therefore, Microblogging marketing has contributed to global business and supported marketing strategy. The study suggested that microblogging marketing should be users’ friendly, actively forward users' objective quality evaluation products, and create a harmonious and equitable social media environment. Further research should be conducted to determine how corporate microblogging might benefit workers at work and business world

Microblogging Marketing: A Product of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Microblogging is a new and socialized media form born of the fourth industrial revolution. In every sense, aggressive development has far-reaching effects on humanity. Stakeholders, non-profit groups, and state and non-state actors are all interested in internet marketing. A vast number of social websites, such as Twitter, Tumblr, Plurk, and others, have recently gained popularity among normal internet users. This study sought to illustrate how microblogging has driven the market to expand and established tactics in such a period. The study used an exploratory research approach with a focus on literature in the fields of business administration, entrepreneurship, internet academic journal, blogs, government publications and records, a variety of research reports, and individual research. The study established that users relied on microblogging to share different types of information through frequent and lengthy conversions and microblogging marketing is an aggressive alternative source of business growth. Therefore, Microblogging marketing has contributed to global business and supported marketing strategy. The study suggested that microblogging marketing should be users’ friendly, actively forward users' objective quality evaluation products, and create a harmonious and equitable social media environment. Further research should be conducted to determine how corporate microblogging might benefit workers at work and business world.

Flesch-Kincaid Measure as Proxy of Socio-Economic Status on Twitter

Social media gives researchers an invaluable opportunity to gain insight into different facets of human life. Researchers put a great emphasis on categorizing the socioeconomic status (SES) of individuals to help predict various findings of interest. Forum uses, hashtags and chatrooms are common tools of conversations grouping. Crowdsourcing involves gathering intelligence to group online user community based on common interest. This paper provides a mechanism to look at writings on social media and group them based on their academic background. We analyzed online forum posts from various geographical regions in the US and characterized the readability scores of users. Specifically, we collected 10,000 tweets from the members of US Senate and computed the Flesch-Kincaid readability score. Comparing the Senators’ tweets to the ones from average internet users, we note 1) US Senators’ readability based on their tweets rate is much higher, and 2) immense difference among average citizen’s score compared to those of US Senators is attributed to the wide spectrum of academic attainment.

Intuition as a philosophical reflection at the time of COVID-19 pandemic

By January 2021, the number of Internet users amounted to 4.7 billion, while the social media audience hit the 4.2 billion mark. Two-thirds of the world’s population use mobile phones daily. The average Internet user spends 42% of his time in the global network. These figures prove convincingly that the Internet has become an integral part of human life. However, man’s using the Internet involves increasingly the risk of cybercrime perpetrated against the user. The purpose of the research is to assess the potential of Big Data technologies to combat cyber fraud as a form of cybercrime. The study used the statistical data provided by the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation and the publications in scientific journals. The methodological basis of the research is represented by a combination of general scientific and special scientific methods, with analysis, statistical method and systemic approach being the major tools. It was found in the course of the research that fraud constitutes the majority of crimes on the Internet. To counteract it, mobile operators and banks use anti-fraud techniques based on Big Data analysis. The paper provides an overview of services and programmes based on artificial intelligence and Big Data technologies, aimed at detecting and preventing telephone and internet fraud, used by law enforcement agencies in various countries. The paper concludes that Big Data has changed the vector of law enforcement activity from reactive to proactive.

Applying Big Data technologies to counter cyber fraud

By January 2021, the number of Internet users amounted to 4.7 billion, while the social media audience hit the 4.2 billion mark. Two-thirds of the world’s population use mobile phones daily. The average Internet user spends 42% of his time in the global network. These figures prove convincingly that the Internet has become an integral part of human life. However, man’s using the Internet involves increasingly the risk of cybercrime perpetrated against the user. The purpose of the research is to assess the potential of Big Data technologies to combat cyber fraud as a form of cybercrime. The study used the statistical data provided by the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation and the publications in scientific journals. The methodological basis of the research is represented by a combination of general scientific and special scientific methods, with analysis, statistical method and systemic approach being the major tools. It was found in the course of the research that fraud constitutes the majority of crimes on the Internet. To counteract it, mobile operators and banks use anti-fraud techniques based on Big Data analysis. The paper provides an overview of services and programmes based on artificial intelligence and Big Data technologies, aimed at detecting and preventing telephone and internet fraud, used by law enforcement agencies in various countries. The paper concludes that Big Data has changed the vector of law enforcement activity from reactive to proactive.

Serial Multiple Mediation of the Correlation Between Internet Addiction and Depression by Social Support and Sleep Quality of College Students During the COVID-19 Epidemic.

Objective This cross-sectional study explores the serial multiple mediation of the correlation between internet addiction and depression by social support and sleep quality of college students during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods We enrolled 2,688 students from a certain university in Wuhu, China. Questionnaire measures of internet addiction, social support, sleep quality, depression and background characteristics were obtained. Results The prevalence of depression, among 2,688 college students (median age [IQR]=20.49 [20.0, 21.0] years) was 30.6%. 32.4% of the students had the tendency of internet addiction, among which the proportion of mild, moderate and severe were 29.8%, 2.5% and 0.1%, respectively. In our normal internet users and internet addiction group, the incidence of depression was 22.6% and 47.2%, respectively. The findings indicated that internet addiction was directly related to college students’ depression and indirectly predicted students’ depression via the mediator of social support and sleep quality. The mediation effect of social support and sleep quality on the pathway from internet addiction to depression was 41.97% (direct effect: standardized estimate=0.177; total indirect effect: standardized estimate=0.128). The proposed model fit the data well. Conclusion Social support and sleep quality may continuously mediate the link between internet addiction and depression. Therefore, the stronger the degree of internet addiction, the lower the individual’s sense of social support and the worse the quality of sleep, which will ultimately the higher the degree of depression. We recommend strengthening monitoring of internet use during the COVID-19 epidemic, increasing social support and improving sleep quality, so as to reduce the risk of depression for college students.