Normal Growth In Children Research Articles

8138 Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome (PSIS) in a patient with Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Abstract Disclosure: A. Thomson: None. R. Osman: None. Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome in a Patient with Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Pituitary Stalk Interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare cause of hypopituitarism, characterized by a radiologic constellation of thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, hypoplasia, or aplasia of the anterior lobe and with the presence of an ectopic posterior pituitary (EPP). It is most commonly associated with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) and is often diagnosed in childhood. We present one case of a patient with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adulthood, subsequently found to have an PSIS on MRI. A 45 year old male patient presented to our clinic with hypogonadism. He gradually started developing decreasing libido, fatigue, and loss of erections. He had normal puberty and childhood growth, and has fathered one child. He denied history of anosmia or visual symptoms. Subsequent hormonal testing showed: morning Total Testosterone: 145 ng/dl (normal 264-916 ng/dl), Free testosterone 1.5 pg/ml (normal 6.8-21.5 pg/ml), LH 1.1 mIU/ml (normal 1.7-8.6 mIU/ml) and FSH of 3.6 mIU/ml (normal 1.5-12.4 mIU/ml). Prolactin was minimally elevated at 21 ng/ml (normal 4.0 - 15.2 ng/ml). Thyroid, IGF-1, cortisol, and ferritin levels were within normal limits. Repeat levels showed similar findings. He denied ever taking any form of exogenous testosterone. His pituitary MRI revealed a small volume of anterior pituitary tissue, measuring 0.2cm x 0.7cm x 0.7cm, without discrete pituitary adenoma, a hypoplastic midline stalk measuring 1.3 mm in AP diameter (nl 2-3 mm), with a T1 hyperintense nodularity measuring 0.6cm x 0.4cm along the posterior aspect of the sella turcica consistent with EPP. No additional structural abnormality or any mass lesions were identified. He was subsequently started on replacement testosterone therapy and his symptoms resolved. PSIS usually presents in childhood with IGHD. Patients may have other pituitary hormone deficiencies and congenital central nervous system defects, although panhypopituitarism is rare. There have been reports in children with delayed puberty and isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism who have been found to have PSIS. Only one othercase of an adult female patient exhibiting hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as the only manifestation of PSIS has been documented in the literature. Our case highlights the potential for an adult male to present later in life with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a manifestation of PSIS. The marginally elevated prolactin level may be due to lack of inhibition of hypothalamic dopamine on lactotroph cells within the pituitary caused by the EPP, although it is doubtful that this has clinical significance. This is a rare presentation of PSIS, clinicians should be mindful ofthis radiological constellation and the potential for isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism presenting unusually in the adulthood. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Should a single growth standard be used to judge the nutritional status of children under age 5 years globally: Yes

Childhood nutritional status serves as a lens through which nations and communities identify missed opportunities to improve health and wellbeing across the life cycle, as well as economic development and other related sectors. Countries have committed to the global nutrition targets endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012, which were included in the Sustainable Development Goals framework under the target to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. The child malnutrition indicators for tracking countries’ progress toward the agreed-upon targets are based on standard definitions of nutritional status against the widely adopted and used World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards. The standards were based on a sample of healthy breastfed infants and young children from diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultural settings as part of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. The WHO Child Growth Standards developed represent the best description of physiological growth for children aged <5 y. The standards depict normal early childhood growth under optimal environmental conditions and can be used to assess children everywhere, regardless of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and type of feeding.

Comparison of WHO 2006 Growth Standards and Synthetic Indian References in Assessing Growth in Normal Children and Children with Growth-Related Disorders.

A good screening tool, such as a growth chart, should distinguish between children with normal growth and those with perturbed growth. Suitability of synthetic Indian growth references for diagnosing growth-related disorders for under-five children has not been evaluated. To assess the validity of World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 standards vs synthetic Indian references (2019) (by comparing weight, height, body mass index (BMI), standard deviation scores (SDS) and the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF)) in differentiating normal children and children with growth-related disorders. Records of 2188 children (0-60 months) attending a tertiary centre paediatric outpatient department (OPD) were retrospectively studied; 1854 children were healthy and 334 were diagnosed with growth-related disorders as per the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) classification. The anthropometric parameters converted to Z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), BMI-for-age (BAZ) and a CIAF were computed using WHO and synthetic charts; Student's t-test was used for assessing differences and Youden's index for validity. Disease status of children and anthropometric failure on WAZ, HAZ, BAZ and CIAF on both WHO and synthetic charts had a significant association (P-value <0.05). WAZ, HAZ on both charts and CIAF on synthetic chart had a fair to moderate agreement (Kappa statistics) with disease status as per diagnosis (P-value <0.05). The sensitivity and negative predictive value for all anthropometric parameters were higher for synthetic charts. Indian charts were more sensitive for diagnosing growth-related disorders from birth to 60 months of age when compared to WHO growth standards.

Correlation of anthropometric measurements with pretransfusion haemoglobin in transfusion dependent thalassemia major children

Background: The etio-pathogenesis of growth failure in transfusion dependent thalassemia major (TDTM) children is mainly because of chronic anemia, iron overload and endocrine complications. Aim was to determine the association between anthropometric measurements with pre-transfusion haemoglobin in TDTM children. Methods: Present cross-sectional study included total 55 children between 5-18 years of age who were diagnosed as TDTM. Mean pre transfusion hemoglobin of last 1 year was obtained from previous medical records. Anthropometric measurements like weight in kg and height in cm measured while body mass index (BMI) was calculated using standard formula in each patient. Weight for age, height for age, and BMI were plotted on WHO 2006 and Indian academy of paediatrics 2015 combined growth charts in terms of percentile. Data was analysed statistically. Results: Total 55 children of TDTM between 5-18 years of age were studied. The mean age was 10.42(4.07) years. The mean weight (kg), height (cm) and BMI was 23.76 (7.5), 123.94 (18.13) and 15.24 (1.76) respectively. Fifty-one (92.73%) children were having BMI less than 3rd centile (Underweight). Forty (93.02%) and 11 (91.66%) children between age group of 5-10 years and more than 10 years were underweight and was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Total 50 (94.33%) children were having mean pre transfusion hemoglobin below 9 gm/dl who were underweight which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Low pre-transfusion hemoglobin is one of the risk factors for growth failure in children with TDTM and it should be maintained above 9 gm/dl may for normal growth in children with TDTM.

Once-Weekly Somapacitan as an Alternative Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Prepubertal Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial.

Growth hormone treatment has effectively restored normal growth in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD); however, it poses challenges in compliance with a daily growth hormone injection regimen, leading to low adherence and persistence rates. Once-weekly Somapacitan is a potential alternative for treating children with GHD. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and adherence of once-weekly subcutaneous Somapacitan compared to daily growth hormone injection in prepubertal children with GHD. A search for the published records was carried out on 17 October 2023 utilizing the searching feature available on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Primary study outcomes included (1) efficacy, measured by height velocity (HV), standard deviation score (SDs), height SDs, insulin-like growth factor-SDs (IGF-I SDs), and bone age vs. chronological age ratio (BA vs. CA); (2) safety, assessed through adverse events and injection site reactions; and (3) adherence, determined by the percentage of the sample completing treatments. Secondary outcomes evaluated disease burden scores, divided into three subgroup domains: emotional well-being, physical functional, and social well-being scores. We retrieved 6 studies that were eligible for the systematic review (417 versus 186 for intervention and control, respectively). Only 2 of the total included studies were eligible for pooled analysis (175 versus 82 for intervention and control, respectively). The efficacy profile of Somapacitan was similar to daily growth hormones, indicated by HV (mean difference (MD = 0.04; p = 0.96), HV SDs (MD = -0.71; p = 0.09), height SDs (MD = 0.11; p = 0.69), IGF-I SDs (MD = 0.06; p = 0.70), and CA vs. BA (MD = 0.67; p = 0.70)), demonstrated similar and non-inferior outcomes. Treatment adherence is 3 times higher in the Somapacitan group as compared to control (OR = 3.02; p = 0.03) with adherence rates reaching 95% and 88% for Somapacitan and Norditropin®, respectively. The disease burden measurement is similar in Somapacitan and daily growth hormones (MD = -0.62; p = 0.83), as indicated by the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure. In almost all outcomes, the level of confidence is strong. The confidence level in the data is generally strong, but for CA vs. BA and the subgroup of severe adverse events with heterogeneity >50%, the confidence level is moderate. Although the efficacy and safety profiles of Somapacitan were found to be similar to those of daily growth hormones, a reduced frequency of once-weekly Somapacitan injections led to increased adherence. PROSPERO registration: CRD42023473209.

Longitudinal growth of children born with gastroschisis or omphalocele

Normal childhood growth is an indicator of good health, but data addressing the growth of children born with abdominal wall defects (AWDs) are limited. The detailed growth phenotypes of children born with gastroschisis or omphalocele are described and compared to peers without AWDs from birth to adolescence. Data from 183 gastroschisis and 144 omphalocele patients born between 1993 and 2017 were gathered from Finnish nationwide registers and electronic health records. Weight (n = 3033), length/height (n = 2034), weight-for-length (0–24 months, n = 909), and body mass index measures (2–15 years, n = 423) were converted into sex- and age-specific Z-scores. Linear mixed models were used for comparisons. Intrauterine growth failure was common in infants with gastroschisis. Birth weight Z-scores in girls and boys were − 1.2 (0.2) and − 1.3 (0.2) and length Z-scores − 0.7 (0.2) and − 1.0 (0.2), respectively (p < 0.001 for all comparisons to infants without AWDs). During early infancy, growth failure increased in infants with gastroschisis, and thereafter, catch-up growth was prominent and faster in girls than in boys. Gastroschisis children gained weight and reached their peers’ weights permanently at 5 to 10 years. By 15 years or older, 30% of gastroschisis patients were overweight. Infants with omphalocele were born with a normal birth size but grew shorter and weighing less than the reference population until the teen-age years.Conclusion: Children with gastroschisis and omphalocele have distinct growth patterns from fetal life onwards. These growth trajectories may also provide some opportunities to modulate adult health.What is Known:• Intrauterine and postnatal growth failure can be seen frequently in gastroschisis and they often show significant catch-up growth later in infancy. It is assumed that part of the children with gastroschisis will become overweight during later childhood.What is New: • The longitudinal growth of girls and boys with gastroschisis or omphalocele is described separately until the teenage years. The risk of gaining excessive weight in puberty was confirmed in girls with gastroschisis.

Attività fisica, crescita e pubertà

The endocrine system and physical activity are characterized by a bidirectional connection, in which they deeply influence each other. The somatotropic and gonadotropic axes contribute to physical performance both directly during activity and indirectly through their influence on the control mechanisms of the various metabolic patterns of the body. Throughout the process of growth both the excess and the lack of physical exercise can hamper the normal growth of children.

Chronic kidney disease and growth failure: Efficacy of growth hormone treatment

Growth failure is a frequent complication observed in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and correlated to increased morbidity and mortality. To achieve a normal growth in children with CKD remains challenging for pediatric nephrologists. Growth failure in the setting of pediatric CKD is multifactorial and related to an impaired sensitivity to growth hormone and to a deficiency of IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor1). Growth failure management has improved during the last two decades and consists of correcting any nutritional and metabolic abnormalities, of an improvement of dialysis for children on end-stage renal disease, and of an administration of a supraphysiologic dose of recombinant growth hormone to overcome GH insensitivity. This article summarizes the causes, outcomes and assessment tools of growth in children with CKD as well as the management of recombinant growth hormone.

Effects of Taekwondo Training on Growth Factors in Normal Korean Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The growth of children and adolescents is both an important health indicator and a major public health issue. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of taekwondo on growth factors, but no consensus has yet been reached. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of taekwondo on the growth factors in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 16 years). Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Research Information Sharing Service, the Korea Citation Index, and the Korean-studies Information Service System were analyzed. The effect sizes (standardized mean differences, SMD) were calculated, the risk of bias and publication bias were assessed, and the effect size and subgroup analyses were pooled. We found that the taekwondo group had significantly higher levels of growth hormones (SMD 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.58, and p < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factors (SMD 1.76, 95% CI 0.60-2.92, and p < 0.001) than the control group. For height, a medium effect size was observed (SMD 0.62, 95% CI -0.56-1.80, and p = 0.300), but the between-group difference was not significant. Thus, taekwondo had significant positive effects on the secretion of growth hormones and insulin-like growth factors in Korean children and adolescents. A longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine the effect on height. This suggests that taekwondo can be recommended as an appropriate physical exercise for maintaining normal growth in children and adolescents.

Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Tonsillar Hypertrophy: An Unexplored Enigma.

interleukin-4; mesenchymal stem cell; tonsillar hypertrophy.

Literature Review: Parental Behavior in the Habit of Brushing Preschool Children's Teeth Against Early Childhood Caries

Oral and dental health is a component of general health and is also an essential factor in the normal growth of children. Caries affecting infants, toddlers, and pre-schoolers describe a unique pattern of caries lesions called Early Childhood Caries (ECC). The purpose of this study was to describe parents' behaviour in brushing habits of preschool children against early childhood caries. This research is a literature review. The population in this study were 15,231 journals, both national and international, related to the behaviour of parents in brushing their teeth in preschool children against early childhood caries. The sample in this study was 15 journals published in 2015-2020. Based on the review literature on journals, it was found that the knowledge and skills of parents about the habit of brushing teeth, time and frequency of brushing teeth influenced early childhood caries in preschool children. Thus, the school should collaborate with the Puskemas concerning efforts to improve children's oral and dental health, which includes counselling on how to brush teeth properly, when brushing teeth and routine check-ups at the Puskesmas or the dentist.

Long-term observation of the effect of atlantoaxial fusion on the growth and development of children's cervical spine

Objective: To explore the effect of atlantoaxial fusion on the growth and development of children's cervical spine. Methods: The clinical data of 12 children with atlantoaxial dislocation who underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion at Department of Orthopaedics,the 909th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army from June 2002 to September 2013 were retrospective analyzed. There were 7 males and 5 females,with age of (8.1±3.1)years (range:3 to 13 years).Nine cases were traumatic and 3 cases were congenital malformations,1 of the children had Down syndrome. All children underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion. Furthermore,the information of the height and anteroposterior width of the cervical vertebral bodies and vertical growth rate of the fusion mass were collected from all patients immediately postoperatively and during the follow-up.The range of motion in cervical spine were collected preoperatively and during follow-up period. Data were compared using independent sample t test, paired sample t test and repeated-measurement. Results: All 12 children had regular follow-up within (122.4±25.3)months(range:65 to 163 months). The height and anteroposterior width of the cervical vertebral bodies were similar to these results with those in published reports of growth in normal children of the same age(all P<0.01). At the last follow-up,atlantoaxial fusion of 11 cases had substantial growth (vertical growth rate of the fusion mass:11 cases ≥10%, 1 case <10%);the range of motion in cervical spine was close to the normal level (flexion(55.2±5.0)°,extension (65.3±4.9)°,left bending (41.7±4.5)°,right bending (42.4±4.4)°,left rotation (66.4±5.6)°,right rotation (68.5±5.8)°). Conclusions: Atlantoaxial fusion surgery is satisfactory in the treatment of pediatric atlantoaxial dislocation.During the follow-up,the growth and development of the cervical spine is close to that of normal children of the same age.In long-term observation,it has been found that the operation has no negative effect on the growth and development of the children's cervical spine.

Quantifying Head and Neck Lymphatic Malformation Volume and Composition During Treatment

Objective: Head and neck lymphatic malformation (HNLM) treatment involves a combination of observation, surgery, sclerotherapy, and targeted medical therapy. Objective comparison of these differing treatments is unstandardized due to heterogeneity of HNLM location, size, and variable components. Our objective was to develop a protocol for standardized assessment of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image sets through novel semiautomated algorithms. We aimed to obtain reproducible multimodal tissue level data that can be analyzed for interval HNLM treatment response. Methods: Patients who were undergoing therapy for HNLM were queried from an institutional database between 2015 and 2020. MRI sequences were registered in 3D Slicer, and in MATLAB a multimodal tool was developed to quantitate HNLM volume and changes in composition. Volume measures were normalized to normal childhood growth using the nasion-basion distance. Reproducibility studies were conducted to evaluate interrater reliability. Results: HNLM undergoing excision (n = 3) had a 92.3%–96.7% decrease malformation volume. HNLM having medical treatment with sirolimus and aspirin had a 7.3%–36.4% decrease in normalized volume, the majority of which was due to a decrease in cystic fluid content (reduced by 27.0%–36.4%). HNLM treated with sclerotherapy had no normalized volume change following treatment. One HNLM first treated with sirolimus had a 27.8% decrease in normalized volume and then combined normalized volume reduction of 75.6% after resection. Conclusion: This proof-of-concept use of longitudinal HNLM MRI in pediatric patients undergoing treatment demonstrates that objective information can be obtained through this method. This information can be used to determine treatment efficacy and optimize lesion specific treatment strategies.

Il trattamento della sindrome da intestino corto: vecchie e nuove terapie

Intestinal failure (IF) is an acute or chronic condition characterized by a so severe reduced intestinal function that does not allow a stable nutritional status and a normal child growth. The “so-called” chronic benign intestinal failure (CBIF) is mainly caused by neonatal post-surgical short bowel syndrome (SBS) and less frequently by congenital motility disorders or by structural abnormalities of the intestinal epithelium. The correct management of CBIF requires a multidisciplinary approach whose target is the enteral autonomy that means the weaning from parenteral nutrition, a rescue therapy for these patients. In the last few years, a lot of attention has been paid to the identification of drugs able to stimulate the intestinal adaptation. Among these drugs teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue, approved in Italy for children from January 2021, showed to be effective for the treatment of SBS in children aged one year or more. This intestinotrophic peptide improves intestinal capacity for fluid and nutrients absorption through the induction of mucosal growth and reduction of gastrointestinal motility, thus reducing the need of parenteral support. The paper reports the principal experiences in paediatrics by collecting the results in 104 patients. At present the working group of the Italian Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) is trying to standardize and share how to use teduglutide in Italian specialized setting.

STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD

The Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) initiative of the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD) has proposed treatment targets in 2015 for adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to update the original STRIDE statements for incorporating treatment targets in both adult and pediatric IBD. Based on a systematic review of the literature and iterative surveys of 89 IOIBD members, recommendations were drafted and modified in 2 surveys and 2 voting rounds. Consensus was reached if ≥75% of participants scored the recommendation as 7 to 10 on a 10-point rating scale. In the systematic review, 11,278 manuscripts were screened, of which 435 were included. The first IOIBD survey identified the following targets as most important: clinical response and remission, endoscopic healing, and normalization of C-reactive protein/erythrocyte sedimentation rate and calprotectin. Fifteen recommendations were identified, of which 13 were endorsed. STRIDE-II confirmed STRIDE-I long-term targets of clinical remission and endoscopic healing and added absence of disability, restoration of quality of life, and normal growth in children. Symptomatic relief and normalization of serum and fecal markers have been determined as short-term targets. Transmural healing in Crohn's disease and histological healing in ulcerative colitis are not formal targets but should be assessed as measures of the remission depth. STRIDE-II encompasses evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for treat-to-target strategies in adults and children with IBD. This frameworkshould be adapted to individual patients and local resources to improve outcomes.

Efecto citomolecular de la vitamina E combinada con sulfato ferroso: un modelo in vitro sobre el tratamiento preventivo de la anemia durante la primera infancia

Dado que la anemia afecta el normal crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría recomienda la suplementación preventiva diaria con sulfato ferroso. Sin embargo, el tratamiento diario puede llevar a la sobrecarga tisular de hierro provocando daño sobre proteínas, lípidos y ADN. Con el propósito de eludir estos efectos no deseados, ha surgido como alternativa la posibilidad de implementar un tratamiento alternativo que consiste en la suplementación semanal. Por otra parte, la vitamina E, es el antioxidante no enzimático liposoluble más importante y esencial en la defensa celular. A raíz de esto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la vitamina E sobre el sulfato ferroso en sus dos formas de administración (semanal y diaria) en linfocitos de sangre periférica humana cultivados in vitro. Se llevó a cabo el ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis, y se realizaron 8 tratamientos que incluyen los respectivos controles y tratamientos combinados de sulfato ferroso diario y semanal con dos dosis de vitamina E. Se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la frecuencia de micronúcleos (F= 840,04; p= 0,0). Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demostraron un efecto protector de la vitamina E, disminuyendo el daño que el sulfato ferroso ocasiona. Sumado a esto, se corroboró que la administración del mismo en dosis únicas semanales provoca menor daño cromosómico que en dosis diarias.

Normal cerebral ventricular volume growth in childhood.

Normal percentile growth charts for head circumference, length, and weight are well-established tools for clinicians to detect abnormal growth patterns. Currently, no standard exists for evaluating normal size or growth of cerebral ventricular volume. The current standard practice relies on clinical experience for a subjective assessment of cerebral ventricular size to determine whether a patient is outside the normal volume range. An improved definition of normal ventricular volumes would facilitate a more data-driven diagnostic process. The authors sought to develop a growth curve of cerebral ventricular volumes using a large number of normal pediatric brain MR images. The authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients aged 0 to 18 years, who were evaluated at their institution between 2009 and 2016 with brain MRI performed for headaches, convulsions, or head injury. Patients were excluded for diagnoses of hydrocephalus, congenital brain malformations, intracranial hemorrhage, meningitis, or intracranial mass lesions established at any time during a 3- to 10-year follow-up. The volume of the cerebral ventricles for each T2-weighted MRI sequence was calculated with a custom semiautomated segmentation program written in MATLAB. Normal percentile curves were calculated using the lambda-mu-sigma smoothing method. Ventricular volume was calculated for 687 normal brain MR images obtained in 617 different patients. A chart with standardized growth curves was developed from this set of normal ventricular volumes representing the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. The charted data were binned by age at scan date by 3-month intervals for ages 0-1 year, 6-month intervals for ages 1-3 years, and 12-month intervals for ages 3-18 years. Additional percentile values were calculated for boys only and girls only. The authors developed centile estimation growth charts of normal 3D ventricular volumes measured on brain MRI for pediatric patients. These charts may serve as a quantitative clinical reference to help discern normal variance from pathologic ventriculomegaly.

Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Short-Bowel Syndrome.

Pediatric intestinal failure (IF) is the critical reduction of intestinal mass or function below the amount necessary for normal growth in children. Short-bowel syndrome (SBS) is the most common cause of IF in infants and children and is caused by intestinal resection. Enteral autonomy and freedom from parenteral nutrition is the mainstay of nutrition management in SBS. The goal is to achieve intestinal adaptation while maintaining proper growth and development. Treatment is variable, and there remains a paucity of evidence to draw well-informed conclusions for the care of individuals in this complex population. Physiological principles of enteral nutrition and practical recommendations for advancing the diet of patients with pediatric SBS are presented. Emerging trends in nutrition management, such as the growing interest in blending diets and the impact on SBS, are reviewed. Finally, the influence of the microbiome on enteral tolerance and small bowel bacterial overgrowth are considered.

Evaluation of Body Mass Index of 3–10-year-old Children with Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy, who Referred to Khatamolanbia Hospital during 2017–2018

BACKGROUND: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is a common disorder in the children’s population that can lead to growth disorders. Chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy can cause a break in the normal growth of children, weight loss, and decreased growth hormone secretion.&#x0D; AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the growth rate of children with height, weight, and body mass index (BMI).&#x0D; METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, after examining 312, 3–10-year-old children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, who met the inclusion criteria, growth scales were evaluated and entered into the patient evaluation form.&#x0D; RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between BMI, height, weight, and severity of tonsillar hypertrophy at Brodsky’s scale (P &lt;0.001). Our studies showed well that with increasing severity of adenotonsillar hypertrophy disease, the growth indicators are also decreased in children.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy decreases growth indicators in children. There was also a relationship between growth indicators and severity of adenotonsillar hypertrophy in patients.

How Seasonal Is the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Children Indicator? An Investigation in Three Countries on Three Continents: Senegal, Nepal and Peru

Abstract Objectives A diverse diet helps to assure adequate micronutrient intakes and normal child growth and development. The revised minimum dietary diversity (MDD) indicator for children 6–23 months (&amp;gt;5 of 8 food groups) is often used to track dietary quality over time, but the influence of seasonality has not been explored. Methods We identified surveys with MDD data across seasons including national continuous Demographic Health Surveys in Senegal (2012–2017, N = 12,183) and Peru (2004–16, N = 36,044) and the PoSHAN substudy seasonal surveys (covering 3 seasons) in Nepal (2013–2016, N = 1364). MDD prevalence and mean food groups were estimated. In Senegal and Peru, data were disaggregated by rainy/dry season and month. Results In Senegal, MDD prevalence was similar in the rainy (10.8%) and dry (9.6%) seasons. In Nepal, MDD prevalence was stable at 35.1–34.9% from the monsoon of 2013 through the end of 2014, and then increased to 41.7–47.7% from the winter 2014 through monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2016. In Peru, the prevalence of MDD ranged from 62% in May to 72% in January, but region-season interactions were apparent, perhaps due to agro-ecological variability. Large variance existed for the MDD indicator for many datasets, with mean scores showing greater stability across seasons. Conclusions There can be periods of seasonal stability as observed in Senegal and the first two years of Nepal data, but also sustained change. Relative national stability can obscure seasonal patterns by, as seen in Peru. Variability by season may influence conclusions about change over time in some contexts if month of data collection is not considered. Funding Sources Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation and Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, funded by the United States Agency for International Development under grant ID: AID-OAA-L-1–00006.