Normal Fissures Research Articles

Morphological and morphometric analysis of lung: A cadaveric study

Background: The lung is a respiratory organ in which steady development begins during the embryonic period at 0–7 weeks’ gestation and continues into early childhood. Cardiothoracic surgeries and procedures such as lobectomy, segmental resection of bronchoscopy, require a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the lung. Study of length, fissures and lobes of the lung can guide the surgeons for the above procedures and help them to prevent undue complications during surgery. Many variations are noted by researchers till date in both the lungs in regards to length, breadth, fissures, and lobes. In the current study, we have also observed variations in fissures of lung. Aims and Objectives: To study the normal length, breadth, and thickness of both sides of lungs, variations in the length, breadth, and thickness of both sides of the lungs. To study the normal fissures, lobes and their variations, of both right and left lungs, and also to study the number of bronchi, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein. Materials and Methods: 50 Right and 50 left lungs were obtained from embalmed cadavers, used for dissection in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, UP, by using measuring tape and measuring scale. Photography was done by a DSLR camera. Results: The left lung shows maximum variations in the hilum. Out of 50 left lungs, 6 showed the absence of oblique fissures, 2 lungs had 2 arteries, 2 lungs had 2 Veins, and 1 had 2 bronchi. Out of 50 right lungs, 2 lungs showed 2 arteries, 2 lungs had 2 veins, and 2 had 3 bronchi. Conclusion: Knowledge of normal measurements of both sides of the lungs and their variations may help cardiothoracic surgeons avoid complications during surgery and it may help radiologists resolve uncertain radiographic findings.

A comprehensive study and extensive review of morphological variations of liver with new insights.

Liver is divided into four anatomical lobes presenting minor fissures and invisible major fissures. The prevalence of Accessory Fissures in liver ranges widely from 6 to 94%. The morphometric analysis of individual lobes is also scarce in literature. There have been instances where the surgeon has experienced some of these variations as a surprise during surgery as the existing data on the surface variations of liver is still contradictory. A sound knowledge of these variations would aid the surgeons and radiologists to circumvent the misdiagnosis and complications during surgeries. The study was conducted in 93 cadaveric livers. Minor liver fissures, Accessory fissures and lobes were noted and measured. The livers were classified according to the Netter's classification. The morphology of caudate and quadrate lobes was studied. Any other variations in the appearance of groove for Inferior vena cava, gall bladder and its fossa were also studied. The results are tabulated. The study revealed several variations in the morphological features of liver. Accessory fissures were noted in 51.61% of livers, distributed on various liver surfaces. Accessory lobes were noted in 27.9%. Pons hepatis was present in 22.5%. Gall bladder variations that were noted include the Hartmann's pouch (n = 14; 15.05%) and the Phrygian cap (n = 2; 2.15%). 65.6% livers (n = 61) had the sulcus of the caudate process or fissure of Gans or Rouviere sulcus which is a normal fissure present in majority of normal healthy livers. The current study provides a complete understanding and a thorough knowledge of surface morphological variations in liver. We hope that this will be greatly helpful for surgeons and radiologists to avoid possible errors in interpretations, to plan appropriately and assist during liver surgeries and to do radiological interventions.

A study on the morphological variations of the liver and its clinical significance

Introduction: Liver is a wedge shaped visceral organ in the body, occupies right hypochondrium, epigastric region and extends in to left hypochondrium. A thorough knowledge of anatomy of liver and its variations will avoid errors in diagnostic imaging and will also help the surgeons design appropriate surgical approaches. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of our Institution. A total of 35 numbers of livers removed from cadavers were used for the study. The morphological variations of liver such as changes in size, shape, presence of accessory lobes, fissures, hypoplastic lobes were noted and tabulated. Results: Out of the 35 livers studied, 15 specimens (42.9%) exhibited normal fissures and lobes, 13 (37.1%) had accessory fissures over different lobes. In 3(8.6%) specimens of liver hypoplastic left lobe was observed and in 4(11.4%) specimens lingular process of left lobe was observed. There were 8 accessory fissures were seen in right lobe, 5 in left lobe, 4 in caudate lobe and 5 in quadrate lobe. Out of 35 livers studied, accessory lobes were observed in 9 liver specimens, which can be grouped as 1 in right lobe, 2 in left lobe, 5 in caudate lobe and 1 in quadrate lobe. Conclusion: The authors conclude that morphological variations of liver must be taken in to account by the Radiologist and G a stroenterologist while making various differential diagno sis as these variations can present various clinical manifestations/ implications. Keywords: Liver, Morphology, Variations, Lobes, Fissures.

Study of Variations in the Morphology of Liver in the Nepalese Cadavers

Backgrounds: Liver is the largest viscera, located in the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium of the abdominal cavity. It is a wedge-shaped organ with its narrow end pointed towards the left. It is convex in the front, to the right, above, and behind, and is somewhat concave inferiorly, where it is moulded to the shapes of the adjacent viscera. Even though the surface is smoothly continuous, liver is customarily apportioned by the anatomists into a larger right and a smaller left lobe by the line of attachment of the falciform ligament anteriorly and the fissure for ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum on inferior surface. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 formalin fixed livers and gall bladders during routine labex of undergraduate students in the dissection hall of Anatomy department of Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospitals, Biratnagar, Nepal in the period of 3 years starting from June 2016 to May 2019. Each of the specimens was studied for morphological variations. Results: In the present study the livers with normal architectures were considered normal. Out of 50 liver specimens, 21 were normal without any gross anomalies with normal architecture. The remaining 29 specimens showed some short of accessory fissures and lobes on the different lobes of the liver. Out of 29 specimens in 2 specimens lingular process was observed arising from the left lobe. Hypoplastic left lobes was also observed in 2 specimens. Conclusions: Knowledge of morphological variations like atrophy, agenesis, presence of accessory lobes and fissures, presence of intrahepatic gall bladder and absence of normal fissure and lobe can cause diagnostic error in interpretation for the anatomists, radiologists and surgeons.

Tri‐lobed left lung with corresponding additional secondary lobar bronchi: A case report on anatomic variation

Fissures of the lung separate bronchopulmonary segments to form detachment planes for distention upon respiration and localization of pulmonary lesions. Knowledge of variations in lung fissures is necessary for locating lobes of the lung to exactly interpret radiographs, computed tomography scans, and thorough planning of surgical procedures. 24 pairs of lungs obtained from routine dissection of adult formalin fixed cadavers used for first‐year regional anatomy course at Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine were used in this study. There was a total of 12 male and 12 female cadavers with an average age of 82 years. The lungs were observed and photographed for presence or absence of fissures and lobes. We report a case of a tri‐lobed left lung with a complete horizontal fissure inferior to the left root of the lung, and each lobe features its own independent secondary lobar bronchus. The corresponding right lung features normal fissures and lobes. 8 additional right lobes had incomplete accessory fissures measuring <5cm in length with greatest depth of 2cm. 6 additional left lobes had incomplete accessory (4) and horizontal (2) fissures of <4cm in length with greatest depth of 2cm. Collectively, our results demonstrate a lung variation for awareness and for interpretation of radiological images and locating the bronchopulmonary segments in lobectomies, bronchoscopies, and segmental resection.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

FissureNet: A Deep Learning Approach For Pulmonary Fissure Detection in CT Images.

Pulmonary fissure detection in computed tomography (CT) is a critical component for automatic lobar segmentation. The majority of fissure detection methods use feature descriptors that are hand-crafted, low-level, and have local spatial extent. The design of such feature detectors is typically targeted toward normal fissure anatomy, yielding low sensitivity to weak, and abnormal fissures that are common in clinical data sets. Furthermore, local features commonly suffer from low specificity, as the complex textures in the lung can be indistinguishable from the fissure when the global context is not considered. We propose a supervised discriminative learning framework for simultaneous feature extraction and classification. The proposed framework, called FissureNet, is a coarse-to-fine cascade of two convolutional neural networks. The coarse-to-fine strategy alleviates the challenges associated with training a network to segment a thin structure that represents a small fraction of the image voxels. FissureNet was evaluated on a cohort of 3706 subjects with inspiration and expiration 3DCT scans from the COPDGene clinical trial and a cohort of 20 subjects with 4DCT scans from a lung cancer clinical trial. On both data sets, FissureNet showed superior performance compared with a deep learning approach using the U-Net architecture and a Hessian-based fissure detection method in terms of area under the precision-recall curve (PR-AUC). The overall PR-AUC for FissureNet, U-Net, and Hessian on the COPDGene (lung cancer) data set was 0.980 (0.966), 0.963 (0.937), and 0.158 (0.182), respectively. On a subset of 30 COPDGene scans, FissureNet was compared with a recently proposed advanced fissure detection method called derivative of sticks (DoS) and showed superior performance with a PR-AUC of 0.991 compared with 0.668 for DoS.

Bilateral Accessory Lung Fissures with a Variant Left Bronchial Tree

Accessory lung fissures are commonly noted, while bronchial branching abnormalities are less frequently found and are proposed to occur in 0.1–2% of the general population. Multiple accessory fissures, variant normal fissures of both lungs, and an altered left bronchial tree are unique to this case and is being reported due to its clinical significance. During a routine dissection of the thoracic cavity of an 85‐year‐old female cadaver, abnormal fissures were noted on both the right and left lungs, which were photographed. The bronchial branching was further dissected by tracing the bronchus from the hilum to the lung tissue. The right lung had a normal oblique fissure, while the horizontal fissure was shallow and incomplete. The left lung had a normal oblique fissure, and a minor fissure was noted running along the junction of the anterior (S3) and superior lingular (S4) bronchopulmonary segments. Accessory fissures were noted on both right and left lungs. The left bronchus was short and displayed an early division into upper and lower divisions. The dissection of the bronchial tree of the left lung showed trifurcation of the upper division into apicoposterior, anterior, and lingular bronchi. The lower division was normal. The right bronchial tree showed normal division. Examination of the heart revealed an atrial septal defect. The other thoracic and abdominal structures were examined and appeared normal. Knowledge of accessory fissures in the lung have importance in the clinical diagnosis of lobar pneumonia versus atelectasis with imaging and during resection of bronchopulmonary segments. Understanding this bronchial variation and anomalies have implications in diagnosis and endobronchial treatment, including airway stenting, bronchoscopy, endoscopy biopsy, and laser therapy.Support or Funding InformationTouro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Anatomy

Pulmonary Fissure Detection in CT Images Using a Derivative of Stick Filter.

Pulmonary fissures are important landmarks for recognition of lung anatomy. In CT images, automatic detection of fissures is complicated by factors like intensity variability, pathological deformation and imaging noise. To circumvent this problem, we propose a derivative of stick (DoS) filter for fissure enhancement and a post-processing pipeline for subsequent segmentation. Considering a typical thin curvilinear shape of fissure profiles inside 2D cross-sections, the DoS filter is presented by first defining nonlinear derivatives along a triple stick kernel in varying directions. Then, to accommodate pathological abnormality and orientational deviation, a [Formula: see text] cascading and multiple plane integration scheme is adopted to form a shape-tuned likelihood for 3D surface patches discrimination. During the post-processing stage, our main contribution is to isolate the fissure patches from adhering clutters by introducing a branch-point removal algorithm, and a multi-threshold merging framework is employed to compensate for local intensity inhomogeneity. The performance of our method was validated in experiments with two clinical CT data sets including 55 publicly available LOLA11 scans as well as separate left and right lung images from 23 GLUCOLD scans of COPD patients. Compared with manually delineating interlobar boundary references, our method obtained a high segmentation accuracy with median F1-scores of 0.833, 0.885, and 0.856 for the LOLA11, left and right lung images respectively, whereas the corresponding indices for a conventional Wiemker filtering method were 0.687, 0.853, and 0.841. The good performance of our proposed method was also verified by visual inspection and demonstration on abnormal and pathological cases, where typical deformations were robustly detected together with normal fissures.

Expression profiling during ocular development identifies 2 Nlz genes with a critical role in optic fissure closure

The gene networks underlying closure of the optic fissure during vertebrate eye development are poorly understood. Here, we profile global gene expression during optic fissure closure using laser capture microdissected (LCM) tissue from the margins of the fissure. From these data, we identify a unique role for the C(2)H(2) zinc finger proteins Nlz1 and Nlz2 in normal fissure closure. Gene knockdown of nlz1 and/or nlz2 in zebrafish leads to a failure of the optic fissure to close, a phenotype which closely resembles that seen in human uveal coloboma. We also identify misregulation of pax2 in the developing eye of morphant fish, suggesting that Nlz1 and Nlz2 act upstream of the Pax2 pathway in directing proper closure of the optic fissure.

Obliquely oriented superior accessory fissure of the lower lobe of the lung: CT evaluation of the normal appearance and effect on the distribution of parenchymal and pleural opacities.

To review computed tomographic (CT) and radiographic features of an oblique superior accessory fissure in the lower lobe of the lung. CT scans in 34 patients with a prospectively identified accessory fissure of the lower lobe were reviewed and correlated with chest radiographs (31 patients). The fissure and its relationship to segmental bronchovascular structures were evaluated on transverse scans. Three-dimensional (3D) shaded surface display (SSD) reconstructions were obtained from spiral volume data (six patients). Thirty-four patients had 36 accessory fissures (26 right, 10 left). Four of the 36 accessory fissures were manifested by a normal fissure line; two, by slight thickening or minimal linear atelectasis; 16, by thicker linear or subsegmental atelectasis; two, by contiguous tumor infiltration; one, by adjacent consolidation; and 11, by intrafissural extension of pleural fluid. Analysis of bronchovascular structures revealed that this fissure was the superior accessory fissure. The 3D SSD reconstructions demonstrated an oblique orientation. On frontal radiographs, presence of this fissure correlated with a curvilinear band of atelectasis coursing inferomedially and obliquely from its intersection with the lateral aspect of the major fissure toward the infrahilar region on the right and the heart border on the left. Chest radiographs also showed intrafissural extension of pleural fluid. A superior accessory fissure of the lower lobe, more common on the right than on the left, can be identified at transverse CT. Contrary to previous descriptions, it may be oblique, as findings on transverse images suggest and 3D SSD reconstructions confirm. Its presence correlates with characteristic patterns of atelectasis and pleural fluid collection on conventional radiographs.

Cerebellar microfolia and other abnormalities of neuronal growth, migration, and lamination in the Pit1dw-J homozygote mutant mouse.

The Snell dwarf mouse (Pit1dw-J homozygote) has a mutation in the Pit1 gene that prevents the normal formation of the anterior pituitary. In neonates and adults there is almost complete absence of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroxin (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Since these hormones have been suggested to play a role in normal development of the central nervous system (CNS), we have investigated the effects of the Pit1dw-J mutation on the cerebellum and hippocampal formation. In the cerebellum, there were abnormalities of both foliation and lamination. The major foliation anomalies were 1) changes in the relative size of specific folia and also the proportional sizes of the anterior vs posterior cerebellum; and 2) the presence of between one and three microfolia per half cerebellum. The microfolia were all in the medial portion of the hemisphere in the caudal part of the cerebellum. Each microfolium was just rostral to a normal fissure and interposed between the fissure and a normal gyrus. Lamination abnormalities included an increase in the number of single ectopic granule cells in the molecular layer in both cerebellar vermis (86%) and hemisphere (40%) in comparison with the wild-type mouse. In the hippocampus of the Pit1dw-J homozygote mouse, the number of pyramidal cells was decreased, although the width of the pyramidal cell layer throughout areas CA1-CA3 appeared to be normal, but less densely populated than in the wild-type mouse. Moreover, the number of granule cells that form the granule cell layer was decreased from the wild-type mouse and some ectopic granule cells (occurring both as single cells and as small clusters) were observed in the innermost portion of the molecular layer. The abnormalities observed in the Pit1dw-J homozygote mouse seem to be caused by both direct and indirect effects of the deficiency of TSH (or T4), PRL, or GH rather than by a direct effect of the deletion of Pit1.

Loculated fluid collections in hepatic fissures and recesses: CT appearance and potential pitfalls.

The peritoneum invaginates into the liver parenchyma normally, as a normal anatomic variation, or pathologically and then fissures and furrows are formed. There are four normal fissures: fissures for the ligamentum teres, ligamentum venosum, and gallbladder and the transverse fissure. Fissures caused by normal anatomic variations include accessory fissures and furrows created by diaphragmatic indentation. Pathologic fissures occur secondary to traumatic or iatrogenic causes or as a result of liver cirrhosis. When ascites, hemoperitoneum, or infected ascites is loculated in the fissures or recesses, it may be mistaken for a liver cyst, intrahepatic hematoma, or liver abscess. When peritoneally disseminated tumor cells are implanted into these spaces, they may mimic intrahepatic focal lesions. Because the clinical consequences for these entities are very different, exact localization of the lesions may be crucial in the diagnosis and management of the lesions. Complete understanding of the liver surface anatomy and awareness of these situations may prevent a misdiagnosis of a focal intrahepatic abnormality.

Maxillary sinus hypoplasia and superior orbital fissure asymmetry

Misdiagnosis of maxillary sinus hypophasia usually as sinus infection, sometimes as neoplasm, can lead to unnecessary and difficult surgical explorations. Associated anatomical abnormalities, e.g., caudal displacement of the ipsilateral frontal lobe of the brain or central position in the maxilla of the infraorbital nerve may create unexpected surgical hazards. Associated orbital enlargement can lead to diagnostic confusion in the investigation of headache, especially if the superior orbital fissures show marked asymmetry suggesting erosion. Projection of the fissure into the antrum in Waters view can simulate trabeculation of the sinus or fracture of the inferior orbital rim. Radiologic examination of 500 patients without intracranial or intraorbital lesions revealed maxillary sinus hypoplasia in 36 cases (7.2%) and in half the hypoplasia was unilateral (sinus asymmetry); aplasia was not encountered. Fissure asymmetry was present in 30 cases (6%), being present in 3.66% of patients with normally developed sinuses and in 36.1% of the hypoplasia patients. The appearances and measurements of the fissure are presented and examples of marked normal fissure asymmetry are demonstrated. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia is classified in this series as grade I-mild hypoplasia with limited inferolateral expansion (4 cases) and grade II in which there is also a curved orbital floor and lateral displacement of the adjacent nasal wall (32 cases).

Significance of a visible major fissure on the frontal chest radiograph.

In this series of 80 patients, five factors are found to contribute to a visible major fissure. Volume changes in either the lower or upper lobes may cause fissural rotation from a coronal to a sagittal plane (26 patients). An incomplete or variant fissure with fluid abutting it (20 patients), or combinations of these factors (16 patients) will make the fissure visible. With either an incomplete fissure or a normal fissure in variant position, pleural thickening (seven patients) or adjacent consolidation (five patients) may make it possible to see the fissure. In normal patients, due to variation in fissural course, the fissure may be visible (six patients). In all of these situations, technical factors such as the divergent beam, position (lordotic), or projection (anteroposterior), may have contributory roles.

Intralobar septal oedema: ‘D’ lines

A combined radiological and autopsy study of pulmonary oedema enables recognition of oedema lines other than Kerley 'A', 'B' and C lines. These have been designated 'D' lines. At least three varieties have been noted: (i) thick, long often angular lines seen mainly anteriorly overlying the heart shadow on the lateral film. These may also appear as horizontal or vertical band shadows, on the frontal view. (ii) Short and straight lines, occurring basally and often slightly thicker at the pleural surface, which on autopsy lung radiographs are associated with puckering of the pleura. They have also been recognised on lateral films where they resemble the pleural end of a fissure but have been seen in positions where fissures do not mormally occur, or in addition to the normal fissure. (iii) A subpleural reticular pattern surrounding spaces 1-2 cm in diameter. This has been noted only on autopsy-inflated lungs and not detected on in vivo chest radiographs. The long 'D' lines or D(i) lines occur in areas where 'B' lines are inconspicuous or absent and vice versa. Whereas 'B' lines are most prominent in areas of macroscopic alveolar pulmonary oedema, D(i) lines occur where macroscopic alveolar pulmonary oedema is often inconspicuous. The recognition that lines other than 'A', B and 'C' occur in case of pulmonary oedema greatly assists in the interpretation and diagnosis of the shadows on chest radiographs associated with pulmonary oedema.

The skull vault in neonates and infants.

SUMMARYThe interpretation of the neonatal skull often presents considerable difficulties to the general radiologist. Two requirements are essential; firstly, satisfactory films and secondly, a knowledge of the variability of normal. Until this is appreciated the differentiation of normal fissures from fractures, and a critical appraisal of sutures is not possible. The common variabilities seen in the newborn skull are demonstrated.

Angiographic findings in 16 patients with juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a benign, highly vascular, fibrous tumor originating in the nasopharynx of young boys and reputed to undergo spontaneous regression at puberty (5). Angiography has shown clearly that these tumors penetrate through normal fissures and foramina to extend into the regions adjacent to the nasopharynx. The angiographic appearance is characteristic enough for a histological diagnosis. Angiography is also valuable in planning a surgical attack and in evaluating the therapeutic results (6). Material Over a period of approximately two years, 18 patients were studied by extensive angiography, and later the radiographic findings were verified by surgical excision. The ages at which these patients first sought medical attention ranged from seven to twenty years, but the thirteen- to sixteen-year-old group was predominant. Two of the 18 were females, but their clinical course and angiographic appearance are sufficiently different to exclude juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, ...

小窩裂溝と溝部の初期齲蝕の診断の研究

Utilizing remarkable difference of electric resistance between enamel and dentin, the thickness of enamel at the fissure parts was presumably measured. It was studied whether the morphologic and pathologic conditions at the fissure parts of extracted or vital teeth were judged by this measurement.The following results were obtained;1. The electric resistance of the teeth covered with enamel is rather high (4MΩ to ∞) . It becomes, however, lower and lower, with removing enamel from the tooth surfaces and is reduced in proportion to the thickness of enamel. When dentin is exposed, the resistance is keeping approximately constant value.2. It is clear by the experiments on 109 extracted teeth that the electric resistance of teeth depends upon their morphologic and pathologic conditions. The highest value is showed at the normal fissures (G) and the value is decreased with the order of the deep fissures (F1), flask-typed fissures (F2), enamel caries (C1), the perfect tissues (F3) and carries reached to dentin (C2) . The electric resistance is varied by the thickness of enamel at the basis layer under fissures.3. When the morphologic and pathologic conditions are divided, by covering states of enamel under fissures, into such 3 groups, as G and Fl group (I), F and Cl group (II) and F3 and C2 group (III), the mean value of electric resistances of each group are, 2874, 1842 and 334 KΩ respectively. The difference among them is significant.4. The electric resistances are measured on 866 molars of 90 males and females, aged from 18 to 47 years. The average values of clinically healthy teeth, 132 incipient carious teeth (C1) and apparent carious teeth (C2) are, 1299, 276, and 63 KΩ respectively. There is a significant difference between the average value of healthy teeth and that of incipient carious teeth.5. 666 molars of 71 people, aged from 19 to 44 years are observed for 2 to 3 years. Of these teeth, 148 teeth showed the electric resistance below 280 KΩ, and 518 teeth above 290 KΩ. The caries attack rate of the former is 45.9 per cent and that of the latter 8.3 per cent.6. It is concluded that the value of electric resistance at fissures of molars can be apparently applied to the determination of morphologic and pathologic conditions at the fissure parts and that the caries attack rate can be judged by these value.

エナメル質齲蝕の研究

Of the variaus methods of section-making devised by many people to study enamel caries histo-pathologically, the Imagawa's direct paraffin embedding has been turned aut to be an effective method for studying enamel caries. This method is the one contrary to the standard section-making-first, by embedding the part necessary for the study of surface layer with paraffin and after taking off the unneclssary part by decalcification, observing the section of the necessary part remaining.I have examined this method and, adopted the method of using the crawn part of the teeth only, or using a lower pressure in paraffin embedding and decalcification, or using stained paraffin in the last paraffin addition. I have improved the method.Consequently I have faund out that this method is simple and easy to operate, the time taken to make a section is much shortened and a thin section is made. Moreover, in the paraffin negative model got after decalcification, we have an advantage of abserving cubically the form of normal grooves and fissures and the pracess of the early enamel caries. So I have been able to make the use of the Imagawa's direct paraffin embedding more valuable.By using this method improved by me I have studied the birth and origin of the early enamel caries histo-pathologicalyl about human and animal teeth and got these uew results.1) By using a stereoscopic microscope I haue abserved the paraffin negative model of human teeth grooves and fissuses and got results as follows-a) The form of grooves and fissures is not a simple one, but a complex cupola one.b) The individual characteristics can be seen in the height, form, color of the grooves and fissuses, in the same individual, the symmetrical form in the grooves and fissures of the teeth which are in the same jaws and have the same names.c) The caries of fissures is not always begun at its bottom. And the early caries of fissures sometimes a completely indefinite enlargement.2) By using the direct paraffin embedding I have observed microscopically the grooves and fissures of human teeth and their proximal surface and got results as follows-a) In the normal fissures and on the proximal surface can be found filaments grawing always on the enamel cuticle.b) These filaments are dyed into Gram positivity and iodine dying appears positively in some of them.c) Filamentous organisms, on which other bacteria, food remnants and cells fix themselves, form “bacterial plague”.d) The first and second enamel cuticles are always demonstred in the normal fissures and on the proximal surface.e) The early enamel cariee always begins directly below “baetereial plaque” the enamel cuticles break up, and the net-warks (zone of decalcification) grow and bacteria intrude.3) By using the direct paraffin embedding I have observed microscopically the graoves and fissures of gnimal teeth got results follows-a) In the normal grooves and fissures and on the proximal surface of animals-such as, rat, hamster, guinea pig, cow, horse, pig, goat, dog, cat, nutria-can always be found filamentous organisms grawing.b) Every animal has different forms of filaments grawing on the surface of its teeth.c) In the animal filaments, the Gram positive ones are mixed up with the Gram negative ones. The iodine dying, in every case, is negative.d) In the experimental dental caries with rats and hamsters, the microscopic findings of the early enamel caries accord with those of human dental caries.

Tissue Respiration of Thyroidgland Obtaind from Exophthalmic Goiter, Toxic Goiter and Simple Goiter

The number of these diseases which I could study was twentoy in all. Ten of them exophthalmic goiter, seven of them toxic goiter, simple goiter was one, and nodural goiter was two. About nodural goiter I measured normal tissue for the control.As for respiration rate (QO2) exophthalmic goiter and also toxic goiter are high, simple goiter and the control are low, Simple goiter is equal normal fissure, but I can't say every time exophthalmic goiter is higher than that of toxic goiter, because some of toxic goiter is higher than that of exophthalmic goiter.So that I made up a respitation type for example and found at all time the oxygen consumption was very variable about thyroidtissue. In respect of this respiration type I could differ. exophthalmic goiter from toxic goiter clearly.Apparatus Barcraft, medium phosphate solution, slice of thyroidgland about 80mg drying weight are used and measured accuarately the difference of the manometer which occured during five minutes.I found following phenomena:1) At the first period of respiration type the consumption of exophthalmic goiter is lower and after regular interval becomes higher consumption, and, on the contrary toxic goiter at first higher and falls down quickly. Simple goiter and two normal tissue are not so variable, slowly fall down.2) By the microscopic observation of the epitheliums, when it is hyperplasia, the respiration rate is high and hypoplasia low. And when follicle containes a plenty of colloid droplets the consumption is also high, however the opitheliums is not hyperplasia.3) Determination of the respiration rate is connected with relation between the amount of medium and tissue.4) By addition of inorganic iodide the follicle cannot make thyreoglobulin in the epitheliums, but iodide does not disturb to make up thyroxin from the thyreoglobulin, colloid droplets which was stored in the follicle, and I think it is true that surviving thyroidtissue is always stimulating itself by its own secretory function.5) There is no relation between tissue respiration of the thyroidgrand and basal metabolism rate.