Normal Balanced Diet Research Articles

Evaluation of flaxseed lignan-enriched extract targeting autophagy, apoptosis, and hedgehog pathways against experimentally induced obesity.

This research investigated secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) flax extract effects on apoptosis, hedgehog (Hh), autophagy, and the anti-oxidation process in experimentally induced obesity. Forty rats were separated into two sets regarding either receiving a normal balanced diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then distributed into four groups: GI: The control group had a regular diet for 12 weeks. GII: animals received a high-fat meal and saline by gastric gavage. GIII: HFD obese rats treated with SDG extract orally (10 mg/kg/b.w.) and 1.18 mg SDG/kg in the diet for 4 weeks GIV: Normal balanced diet rats received SDG extract orally (10 mg/kg/b.w.) and 1.18 mg SDG/kg of chow for 12 weeks in addition to their regular balanced diet. The administration of SDG extract exhibited a significant drop in body weight, glucose, lipid profile, and leptin compared to the obese group. It also improved the antioxidant levels (lowering the levels of malondialdehyde while increasing the total antioxidant capacity) and anti-inflammatory status (decreasing interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). SDG extract downregulates the expression of HH genes (protein patched homolog 1, Hh-interacting protein, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1, and smoothened receptor) in conjunction with the modulation of autophagy genes and apoptotic proteins. SDG extract showed improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status and downregulated the expression of HH genes while modulating autophagy genes and apoptotic proteins among obese rats, suggesting that it may be used to avert and manage obesity and its correlated complications by modulating oxidation, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Advanced future research on the SDG autophagy pathway to address obesity and its complications is mandatory.

Clinical Signs and Blood Variables of Pregnancy Toxemia Goats during Late Gestation and Postpartum

Pregnancy toxemia is one of the common metabolic diseases in ruminant, which has caused a huge economic impact on the dairy industry. Thus, this study aimed to describe the clinical and blood changes in pregnant goats following induction of pregnancy toxemia. Twelve pregnant goats were divided into control (n=3) and treatment (n=9) groups. The control was fed a diet with adequate energy while the treatment group was exposed to 50% reduction in the energy intake to induce pregnancy toxemia. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals for biochemical analyses, which included glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), free fatty acid (FFA), calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, cortisol, and insulin. On days 20 (PK20) and 40 (PK40) post-induction, 3 induced and 1 control goat was slaughtered while the remaining 3 induced goats were provided with a normal balanced diet to allow recovery (PKRD). The induction resulted in acute pregnancy toxemia after 20 days with clinical signs including weakness, loss of body condition, and recumbency. At 40 days, chronic pregnancy toxemia resulted in signs such as incoordination and abortion. There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in the glucose, insulin, calcium, and potassium levels in the induced goats while the concentrations of BHBA, FFA, and cortisol were significantly (p<0.05) higher. Furthermore, the blood profiling was significantly (p<0.05) different between the PK20, PK40, and PKRD groups and was strongly associated with the presence of clinical signs and ketone bodies in the urine. The 50% reduction in energy intake resulted in acute pregnancy toxemia after 20 days and chronic pregnancy toxemia after 40 days. In conclusion, serum biochemical profile is a potential biomarker to assess the mild and severe pregnancy toxemia in does during the late gestation and postpartum period through changes in blood profiling.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and role of GINSENG as a Prevention and Control.

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most challenging diseases of this era. Improper dietary habits and sedentary life style are considered as the foundation stone for metabolic disorders including diabetes. Intake of large amount of animal fat leads to insulin resistance (IR) and oxygen radical formation.IR leads to increase glucose level in blood resulting in diabetes mellitus.Objectives: This experimental study was intended to correlate high fat diet re-sulting in weight gain to diabetes and emphasized the role of ginsenoside in reduc-ing body weight and blood glucose level by both increasing insulin secretion as well as increasing the sensitivity of insulin receptors.Methodology: This is an experiment study on animal model, conducted at DUHS during the year 2017. It comprises of 50 male Albino Wister rats. They were divided into 5 groups for study purpose. Group1 was put on normal balanced diet and serve as control, while other 4 groups were treated with different diet. The ani-mals were sacrificed after 12 weeks; blood sugar was monitored weekly for 12 weeks and finally at the end of experiment, there blood sugar level were estimated. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 16, using ANOVA test to evaluate the significance among groups. P-Value &lt; 0.05 was considered as significant.Results: The collected data was interpreted as Mean ± S.D. The results revealed that high fat diet increases blood glucose level, remarkably increase body weight as well as liver weight. By the administration of ginseng root extract significant de-crease in body weight, liver weight and blood glucose levels was observed in dose dependent manner.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that high fat diet (HFD) is a major cause of metabolic syndrome including diabetes. It can be prevented by changing life style and introducing ginseng as anti-diabetic agent in obese.Key Words: Diabetic mellitus, body weight, Ginsenoside

Dose dependent effect of ginseng on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats: A preventive clue for coronary artery diseases in experimental rats.

Background: Coronary artery diseases are among the most challenging diseases in this era. Improper dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles are considered as foundation stones for metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, the leading cause of coronary artery diseases and hypertension. This experiment was designed to study the dose-dependent effect of ginseng on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in animal models. Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences, including 50 male Albino Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 was on a normal balanced diet; group 2 was on a high fat diet (HFD), group 3 was on HFD plus ginsenoside 100 mg/kg body wt, group 4 was on HFD plus ginsenoside 200 mg/kg body wt, group 5 was on HFD plus ginsenoside 400 mg/kg body wt. Animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks; blood was drawn then sent to DDRRL for lipid profile. Results: The results revealed that HFD increases body fats, weight increases from initial weight to 27.53% in obese control group 2 while after treating with ginsenoside weight reduced to 11.6%. Lipids levels in the blood; in the obese control group, mean triglyceride level increases from 45 mg/dl to 128.50 mg/dl, mean cholesterol level from 56.3 mg/dl to 106.2 mg/dl and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is increased from 6 to 11.9 mg/dl. While concurrent administration of ginseng root extract (ginsenoside) reduces the Lipid levels in blood according to the dosage of ginseng root extract, the mean triglyceride level in group 4 is reduced to 46.10 mg/dl from 128.50 mg/dl. The mean cholesterol level in group 4 is reduced to 400 mg/dl from 106.2 mg/dl. LDL is reduced in group 4 to 7.5 mg/dl from 11.9 mg/dl. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that Ginsenoside has an anti-hyperlipidemic effect, so it might be helpful in preventing coronary artery disease.

Ginseng Holds Promise Against Obesity

Objectives: To determine the effects of ginseng on obese albino rats.Methods: This study was intended to correlate the role of ginseng in reducing body weight, liver weight and size as well as fatty accumulation in hepatocytes of male albino rats weighing between 110g to 140g. This experiment was designed to study the morbid anatomy of an animal model. It was conducted in Animal house of Dow University of Health Sciences. Fifty male Albino Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Group1 (Gp 1) was on normal balanced diet (control), Group 2 (Gp 2) was on high fat diet (HFD), Group 3 (Gp 3) on HFD plus ginsenoside 100 mg/kg body wt., Group 4 (Gp 4) on HFD plus ginsenoside 200mg/kg body wt., and Group 5 (Gp 5) on HFD plus 400mg/kg body.Results: Weight was increased to 146 g (Gp1) and 236g (Gp 2). Group 3 reduced weight from 236g to 211g. Group 4 to 192g and Group 5 to 171g. Liver weight is also increased by HFD from 4.7g (Gp1) to 9.3 g (Gp 2). Liver weight decreased from 9.3g to 7.2g (Gp 3), 7.6 g (Gp 4) and 5.3 g (Gp 5). Due to deposition of fat in liver, cells enlarged and number of hepatocytes decreased per unit area of reticule. Number of hepatocytes in group 1 was 78.5, in group 2 WAS 38.3, in group 3 was 47.4, in group 4 was 53.8 andin group 5 was 67.7. Random blood sugar (RBS) was altered to 74.3 mg/dl in Gp1, 148 mg/dl in Gp2, 91 mg/dl in Gp3, 92 mg/dl in Gp4 and 69 mg/dl in Gp5.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that HFD is a major cause of obesity and it should be prevented by introducing ginseng as an anti-obesity in our life. This study concluded that ginseng root extract proves to be more potent as anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant.

High Levels of Dietary Lard or Sucrose May Aggravate Lysosomal Renal Injury in Non-Obese, Streptozotocin-Injected CD-1 Mice Provided Isocaloric Diets.

Daily fat and sugar intake has increased in Japan, while total energy intake has decreased. However, the number of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients has increased, and this often causes renal injury characterized by autophagic vacuoles. Although many studies with comparisons of high fat or sugar versus a normal macronutrient balanced diet have been reported, there are few studies that equalized calorie intake and body weights. In the current study, AIN93M diets (CONT group) with matching energy content with lard derived high saturated fat (LARD group), soybean oil derived unsaturated fat (SOY OIL group) and sucrose (SUCROSE group) were provided to compare their effects on renal morphology in streptozotocin-injected CD-1 mice without causing obesity. The number of renal tubular vacuoles was higher in SUCROSE and slightly higher in LARD compared with CONT mice, and was higher in LARD and SUCROSE compared with SOY OIL mice. Most of those vacuoles were LAMP1-positive, a marker of lysosomal autophagy. These results suggest that despite identical energy contents, diets with high sucrose or saturated fat compared to unsaturated fat may aggravate lysosomal renal injury in a non-obese, streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes mellitus.

Protein Appetite Drives Macronutrient-Related Differences in Ventral Tegmental Area Neural Activity.

Control of protein intake is essential for numerous biological processes as several amino acids cannot be synthesized de novo, however, its neurobiological substrates are still poorly understood. In the present study, we combined in vivo fiber photometry with nutrient-conditioned flavor in a rat model of protein appetite to record neuronal activity in the VTA, a central brain region for the control of food-related processes. In adult male rats, protein restriction increased preference for casein (protein) over maltodextrin (carbohydrate). Moreover, protein consumption was associated with a greater VTA response, relative to carbohydrate. After initial nutrient preference, a switch from a normal balanced diet to protein restriction induced rapid development of protein preference but required extensive exposure to macronutrient solutions to induce elevated VTA responses to casein. Furthermore, prior protein restriction induced long-lasting food preference and VTA responses. This study reveals that VTA circuits are involved in protein appetite in times of need, a crucial process for animals to acquire an adequate amount of protein in their diet.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acquiring insufficient protein in one's diet has severe consequences for health and ultimately will lead to death. In addition, a low level of dietary protein has been proposed as a driver of obesity as it can leverage up intake of fat and carbohydrate. However, much remains unknown about the role of the brain in ensuring adequate intake of protein. Here, we show that in a state of protein restriction a key node in brain reward circuitry, the VTA, is activated more strongly during consumption of protein than carbohydrate. Moreover, although rats' behavior changed to reflect new protein status, patterns of neural activity were more persistent and only loosely linked to protein status.

Histomorphometric Evidence of Hepatic Recovery of Rats Fed Repeatedly Heated Palm Oil

ABSTRACTBackground: Repeated heating of vegetable oils especially palm oil that is commonly and commercially used in frying of food at homes and restaurants has been investigated for its risks on health status. It seemed to carry potential hazards on the liver tissue. Aim: To investigate the impact of eating foods fried with 5-times heated palm oil on liver of adult male rats for 8 weeks and the possibility of recovery of histomorphometric changes after stoppage of use of reheated palm oil for additional 4 weeks.Material and Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were divided equally into 3 groups; control group (received normal balanced diet for 8 weeks), H5 group (received 5-times heated palm oil enriched diet for 8 weeks) and Recovery group (received five times heated palm oils for 8 weeks and then left on balanced diet for another 4 weeks). At the end of the experiment, animals were anesthetized with ether then sacrificed. Specimens taken from the liver were processed for histological evaluation. Morphometric studies were conducted and collected data undergone statistical analysis.Results: Histological examination showed alterations in liver tissue of H5 group including fat droplets, mononuclear cellular infiltration, dilatation of central vein and blood sinusoids, collagen deposition and degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Ultrastructural examination showed lipid droplets, irregular mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolation, irregular nuclear envelop and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum. Recovery group showed decreased lipid droplets, less dilatation and congestion of central vein and blood sinusoids, decreased inflammatory cells but few hepatocytes still show degeneration. Ultrastructure of hepatocytes of recovery group became more or less normal with restoration of cytoplasmic organelles. Morphometric results support the histological findings.Conclusion: Consumption of repeatedly heated palm oil is injurious to the liver tissue, and those injuries show possible recovery after stoppage of its consumption.

Food Sustenance Estimation Using Food Image

The upcoming generation is at high risk of developing many health issues like heart diseases, metabolic diseases and other life-threatening problems with high mortality as a consequence of obesity due to intake of unhealthy food which is totally deviated from a normal balanced diet with appropriate calories, proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates. In this work, the nutrient intake is calculated using food image. Our system provides efficient segmentation algorithms for separating food items from the plate. The given 2D image of food is converted into 3D image by generating its depth map for volume generation and color, texture and shape features are extracted. These features are fed as input into multi-class support vector machine classifier for learning. The learning phase involves training of various mixed and non mixed food items. The testing phase includes query image segmentation and classification for identifying the type of food and then finding calories using the nutrition data table. We have also estimated the ingredient and decay of food items. Our result shows accurate calorie estimation for various kinds of food items.

Relationship of Vitamin D-Deficient Diet and Irisin, and Their Impact on Energy Homeostasis in Rats.

Background and ObjectivePrevious studies have identified the role of irisin and vitamin D in energy homeostasis. However, the effect of irisin and vitamin D on energy regulation has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, in this study, the effects of a vitamin D-deficient diet and irisin on total energy expenditure (TEE), food intake, and blood metabolites were investigated in rats.MethodsSixteen healthy weaned male albino rats were randomly divided into two groups: a group fed a normal balanced growth diet (group A: n = 8) and a group fed a normocalcemic diet that is vitamin D deficient with limited ultraviolet (UV) light exposure (group B, n = 8). After 6 weeks, the volumes of respiratory gases were measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Serum irisin, 25-OHVD3, calcium, insulin, and glucose levels were measured using ELISA. The respiratory quotient (RQ), energy expenditure, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated.ResultsRats with hypovitaminosis D were hypoirisinemic. Food intake, RQ (to the range of using endogenous fat), and glucose levels reduced significantly, while insulin levels increased. Body weight and TEE were non-significant changed. Additionally, irisin was strongly and positively correlated with body weight under normal conditions (r = 0.905, p < 0.01), and a moderate negative correlation in group B (r = −0.429, p < 0.05). TEE and irisin showed no significant correlation.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the early changes in energy homeostasis and irisin levels during states of hypovitaminosis D are affected by long-term consumption of a vitamin D-deficient diet with limited UV exposure.

Chronic hyperandrogenemia in the presence and absence of a western-style diet impairs ovarian and uterine structure/function in young adult rhesus monkeys.

Does chronic hyperandrogenemia beginning at menarche, in the absence and presence of a western-style diet (WSD), alter ovarian and uterine structure-function in young adult rhesus monkeys? Phenotypic alterations in ovarian and uterine structure/function were induced by exogenous testosterone (T), and compounded in the presence of a WSD (T+WSD). Hyperandrogenemia is a well-established component of PCOS and is observed in adolescent girls, indicating a potential pubertal onset of disease symptoms. Obesity is often associated with hyperandrogenemia and it is hypothesized that metabolic dysfunction exacerbates PCOS symptoms. Macaque females (n = 40) near the onset of menarche (~2.5 years of age) were assigned to a 2 by 2 factorial cohort design. Effects on reproductive characteristics were evaluated after 3 years of treatment. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were fed either a normal balanced diet (n = 20) or a WSD (n = 20). Additionally, implants containing cholesterol (n = 20) or T (n = 20) were implanted subcutaneously to elevate serum T approximately 5-fold. This resulted in treatment groups of controls (C), T, WSD and T+WSD (n = 10/group). Vaginal swabbing was performed daily to detect menses. After 3 years of treatment, daily serum samples from one menstrual cycle were assayed for hormone levels. Ovarian structure was evaluated in the early follicular phase by 3D/4D ultrasound. Uterine endometrial size and ovarian/luteal vascular function was also evaluated in subgroups (n = 6/group) in the late follicular and mid-luteal phases by 3D/4D ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, respectively. Expression of steroid hormone receptors and markers of decidualization and endometrial receptivity were assessed in endometrial biopsies at mid-luteal phase. Approximately 90% of menstrual cycles appeared ovulatory with no differences in frequency or duration between groups. Serum estradiol (E2) levels during the early follicular phase were greatest in the T alone group, but reduced in T+WSD (P < 0.02). Serum LH was elevated in the T group (P < 0.04); however, there were no differences among groups in FSH levels (P > 0.13). Ovarian size at menses tended to be greater in the WSD groups (P < 0.07) and antral follicles ≥1 mm were more numerous in the T+WSD group (P < 0.05). Also, females in T and T+WSD groups displayed polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) at greater frequency than C or WSD groups (P < 0.01). Progesterone (P4) levels during the luteal phase were reduced in the T+WSD group compared to C and T groups (P < 0.05). Blood volume (BV) and vascular flow (VF) within the corpus luteum was reduced in all treatment groups compared to C (P < 0.01, P = 0.03), with the WSD alone group displaying the slowest BV and VF (P < 0.05). C and WSD groups displayed endometrial glands at mid-luteal phase with low estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PGR) mRNA and immunohistochemical staining in the functionalis zone, but appreciable PGR in the stroma. In contrast, T and T+WSD treatment resulted in glands with less secretory morphology, high ESR1 expression in the glandular epithelium and low PGR in the stroma. Endometrial levels of TIMP3 and MMP26 mRNA and immunostaining were also decreased in the T and T+WSD groups, whereas AR expression was unchanged. None. Females are young adults, so effects could change as they reach prime reproductive age. The T level generated for hyperandrogenemia may be somewhat greater than the 3-4-fold increase observed in adolescent girls, but markedly less than those observed in male monkeys or adolescent boys. Alterations to ovarian and uterine structure-function observed in T and, in particular, T+WSD-treated female macaques are consistent with some of the features observed in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and suggest impaired fertility. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number P50HD071836 (to RLS). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Additional funding was provided by Office of the Director, NIH under Award Number P51OD011092 (Support for National Primate Research Center). Authors declare no competing interests.

Maternal alterations induced by exposure to an unfamiliar home cage in early underfed dams

The expression of different behavioral components in the adult rat depends on a number of early influences, including age, hormones, manipulations of sensory cues, and perinatal undernutrition, all of which impact the development of brain areas underlying adaptive processes, maternal behavior, and the response to novelty. The current study investigates the effects of pre- and neonatal undernutrition on various components of maternal behavior of dams exposed to the challenge of an unfamiliar home cage on days 4, 8, and 12 of lactation. Food restriction was initiated from gestational day (G) G6 to G19 when dams received 50–70% of the normal balanced diet, followed by 100% from G20 to G21. After birth, pups were underfed by alternating every 12h between two lactating dams, one of which, had ligated nipples. Weaning was at 25days of age followed by an ad libitum diet until postpartum day 90, when females were mated, and subsequently tested for maternal behavior in an unfamiliar cage. The results indicated that in early underfed mothers the frequency of handling wood shavings and of, approaching, licking, crouching, and grasping pups for retrieval was significantly reduced. Moreover, self-grooming increased substantially in the underfed dams, but the frequency of rearing was reduced. Additionally, the body weight of pups nursed by early underfed dams was significantly lower than that of control pups. These findings suggest a relation between early food restriction and the deficient maternal care observed when these dams were challenged by exposure to an unfamiliar home cage.

Morphofunctional characteristics of endocrine pancreatic damage exposed to imbalanced food with excess nutrients on mother – fetus system

The purpose of the study. The study is devoted to the mechanisms of pancreatic damage by exploring of its morphofunctional state as the result of imbalanced diet with an excess of nutrients on the mother – fetus system. Materials and Methods. Before pregnancy and during pregnancy the female rats were fed with an increased amount of carbohydrates. The control group of animals was maintained in standard vivarium conditions with normal balanced diet. Morphological processing included a set of histological and histochemical methods. Assessment of the secretory activity of the pancreas and hormones-substratum relationships was examined using biochemical method. Statistical investigation included a univariate dispersіon analysis. Results. We have defined the options of the pancreatic dysfunction (hyperpancreatism, hypopancreatism, dispancreatism) in rats under the action of high fat and carbohydrates diet on the mother-fetus system. Also, high level of insulin combined with hypercorticosteronemia (in rats) and hypocorticosteronemia (in some offspring) was revealed, which probably had a compensatory character and caused the activation of catabolic processes. This is evidenced by hyperglycemia, mild hypoproteinemia, insignificant increased level of fatty acids and significant increased level of ketone bodies. We have found that the rats, as well as their mothers, are exposed to marked violation of morphology and function of the pancreas (we have found out the compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia, a sufficiently high morphofunctional activity in the structural components of the pancreas while strengthening the dystrophic and sclerotic processes), which persist in the first two months of postnatal life, despite the physiological conditions of existence and balanced diet. We have clarified the mechanism of pancreas damage in rats as a result of an imbalanced diet on the mother – fetus system. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the imbalanced food with excess nutrients of pregnant rats with a high content of carbohydrates and fats is a significant risk factor for development of chronic pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes not only in rats, but also in their offspring.

A murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus developed using a combination of high fat diet and multiple low doses of streptozotocin treatment mimics the metabolic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans

IntroductionA murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus was used to compare the antidiabetic effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor vildagliptin and biguanide, metformin. MethodsSwiss albino mice (n=20 males; n=25 females) were given high fat diet (HFD) ad libitum for 3weeks followed by low dose (40mgkg−1 body weight, bw daily) of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally five times from the 22nd day of treatment onwards, with HFD continued up to 26th day. Controls (n=15 males; n=15 females) were fed normal balanced diet without administration of STZ. Successful induction of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by testing for fasting blood glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and intraperitoneal insulin sensitivity. Diabetic mice were administered vildagliptin (10mgkg−1 bw daily) and metformin (50mgkg−1 bw daily) orally for 4weeks. Control, diabetic, vildagliptin and metformin-treated diabetic mice were evaluated for alterations in lipid profile using blood serum and histopathology and oxidative stress using tissues including liver, kidney and heart. ResultsDiabetic mice showed significant alterations in lipid profile, tissue histopathology, impaired glucose tolerance, lower insulin sensitivity and elevated lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, with depressed catalase activity, when compared to age and gender-matched controls. Metformin and vildagliptin ameliorated the abovementioned diabetic conditions, with vildagliptin found to be more effective. DiscussionA murine model developed by the combination of HFD and multiple low dose of STZ mimics the metabolic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans, and may be useful for antidiabetic drug screening.

A comparative study on nutritional status of Bharno block and Gumla block adult tribal women in rural areas of Gumla district (Jharkhand)

A comparative study was done to know the nutritional status of Bharno block and Gumla block adult tribal women of all income group of rural areas of Gumla district Jharkhand. Family monthly income, education, size, meal pattern, custom and traditions showed positive influence on nutritional status of people of all age groups in both tribal population. The subjects from Gumla block tribal group showed lower intake of protein and calorie as compared to Bharno block tribal group but both the groups showed lower intake of protein, fat, carbohydrate and calorie when compared with ICMR recommended allowance. The prevalence of nutritional deficiency diseases found among these people indicated that the food consumed by them have poor quality or inadequate to meet their growing needs. The study revealed that there is a direct correlation exists between the adequacy of diet and socio-economic status. Diet and nutrition are important factors in the promotion and maintenance of good health. Health and nutritional status of an individual depends on the food they eat. The components of the diet must be chosen judiciously to provide all the nutrients needed in adequate amounts and proportions. A normal balanced diet must include daily foods from the various food groups in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of an individual. Selection of foods from the different food groups also results in variety in the diet, which not only ensures nutritional adequacy but also increases food acceptability. Food habits are an important part of our diet which affects the amount and type of food consumed and thus the nutritional status of the women. The diets of both the group tribal women were mainly based on cereals and deficient in vegetables and fruits. The low intake of these protective foods resulted in nutritional disorders. The clinical signs of malnutrition, anaemia and vitamin B-complex deficiencies were observed. Promoting healthy diets and lifestyles to reduce the burden of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases requires a multisectorial approach. The health and nutritional status of rural women who form the vulnerable group of India's population is far from satisfactory. In the rural areas of Gumla district adult tribal women, they work as homemakers, farmers, food providers, fuel gatherers and animal feeders. Keeping this in mind, the present study has been undertaken. The over all result of this study is that the nutritional status of the womens of both the block area is not so good. It is moderate and some nutritional correction is required. Even having good income, tribal people used to practice their old eating habits and old cooking methods. Thus, they must be provided with proper nutrition education programme and educate them about proper health, hygiene and improved cooking practices so that they can develop themselves and maintain their health in good condition.

Efficacy of a Novel Food Fortification System to Combat Vitamin D Deficiency in rats

Background and aim of the workFortification of foodstuffs has proven effective in preventing micronutrient deficiencies. Dairy products are fortified in Saudi Arabia, but still vitamin D (VD) deficiency is highly prevalent. Therefore, development of sable and effective alternative micronutrient delivery technologies is required. The aim of this study is to test the efficacy of the novel vitamin D‐Nanoemulsion (VDN) developed by sonication and pH‐shifting of pea protein in vitamin D deficient rats.MethodsA total number of 35 healthy adult male albino young rats were used. Rats shortly after weaning (3–4 weeks old, weight 78.70±10.2 g) were divided primarily into two groups: rats of the C group (n=7) were fed on normal balanced growth diet. The remaining rats (n=28) were fed on vitamin D‐deficient, normal calcium and phosphorus diet for 6 weeks. Vitamin D deficient rats were subdivided into: T1 group (n=7) which treated with vitamin D‐Nanoemulsion (3 ml of VDN containing 27 ug/ml VD3) for 1 week. T2 group (n=7) that treated with vitamin D3 in oil (3ml of 27 ug/ml VD3), C1 group (n=7) that treated with 3 ml of Nanoemulsion without VD, and C2 group (n=7) that treated with canola oil without vitamin D for 1 week. Plasma 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OHVD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) levels and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme were estimated and femur bone used to prepare histopathological sections. Image J software was used to measure the histomorphometric changes. Paired T test and ANOVA with post hoc test were used to test statistical significance.ResultsSignificant increase of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 after VDN treatment in T1 group (34.38±7.00 vs 14.65±1.29, P&lt;0.01). Comparison of VDN with VD treated groups revealed significant changes of PTH, Ca, P, &amp; LAP levels (25.22±14.26 vs 86.05±9.67, 9.64±0.60 vs 5.32±1.28, 3.65±0.71 vs1.33±0.32 &amp; 72.37±30.97 vs 182.62±61.83, respectively). In addition, there was a significant improvement of osteoid area and reduction of trabecular separation of the bone sections.ConclusionsMicronutrient delivery technologies such as VDN is a successful delivery system in improvement of bone status in vitamin D deficient rats. Further research should be conducted about the safety and possibility of use in human.Support or Funding InformationThe Project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (12NAN2576‐02)

Efficacy of Kalo Jeera seeds (Nigella sativa) and Thankuni (Centella asiatica) supplementation on the growth performance of broiler chicken

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; In modern era, treatment methods become diversified and developed day by day and organic medicine is one of the modern technology which also introduced in our poultry sector.&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Thankuni (&lt;em&gt;Centella asiatica)&lt;/em&gt; and Kalo Jeera (&lt;em&gt;Nigella sativa&lt;/em&gt;) powdered supplementation as a growth promoter in broiler chickens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A total of 20 day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly divided into two groups, A and B after seven days of acclimatization. The group A was kept as control and fed on only normal balanced diet. The group B was treatment group fed on normal diet with additional supplementation of Thankuni and Kalo Jeera powder in water. For observation of growth rate, live body weight was taken at first day and every seven days interval up to 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; weeks. Besides it hematological tests were performed at 35&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; days for searching hematological changes in both groups. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The initial body weight of groups A and Bon 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; day of this experiment were 43.00 ± 0.56 gm and 42.50 ± 0.35 gm, respectively and after 35&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; day of experiment final body weight were 1450 ± 57.35 gm and 1700 ± 58.56 gm (p&amp;lt;1%) respectively. The growth rate of treatment group B was 17.24% more (p&amp;lt;1%) than that of control birds. Although the dressing percentage of both group was equal but relative weight of heart, liver, spleen and pancreas were significantly higher (p&amp;lt;0.1) in treatment group indicates better flock health. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were 1.88 in treated birds and 2.28 in control birds was the sign of economy rate of production and were analyzed and found that net profit per broiler was Tk. 10.50 (0.12 USD) and Tk. 33.00 (0.4 USD), respectively. General blood parameters of treatment group were non-significantly higher than control group. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The results suggest that better growth performance were achieved in broilers supplemented with Thankuni leaf and Kalo Jeera. Both of these two herbal medicines have antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, anti-stress, fungi static, insecticidal and liver tonic properties so that there were no mortality rate. Now it can be said that uses of Thankuni and Kalo Jeera has beneficiary effects in broiler production.

The voluntary intake in growing pigs of four ensiled forage species

Forage can potentially be food resource for pig feeding in the tropics. The palatability of silages by pigs may be better than that of fresh forage. Foliage silage contains more dry matter than green forage and has a pleasant smell. Thirty commercial pigs (47.0 ± 4.7 kg live weight LW), were used to assess the silage intake capacity of pigs when feeding the legumes Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema brasilianum, Cratylia argentea and the Brachiaria grass hybrid Mulato II. The silages were offered ad libitum as a supplement to a normal balanced diet based on maize and soy bean meal. A crossover design was applied comprising five treatments, Control and the four silage supplements respectively. Daily consumption of dry matter -expressed in g of DMkg-1 metabolic LW- were similar (p&gt;0.05) for diets containing C. argentea, C. ternatea and the Control. Daily consumption of C. brasilianum and Brachiaria was significantly lower (p&lt;0.001). In conclusion, C. argentea and C. ternatea silages have the potential to serve as feed supplement in pig diets.

A meta-analysis of nutritional supplementation for management of hospitalized alcoholic hepatitis.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition accompanies this condition and may be both a consequence of and contributor to the pathology. Many trials have investigated the benefits of providing supplemental nutrition in the management of patients with ALD. The present study is a meta-analysis of the available evidence. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing nutritional supplementation plus a normal hospital diet versus diet alone. Seven randomized controlled studies including 262 patients with ALD were identified. Pooled analysis revealed no statistical difference in mortality between groups given special nutritional therapy versus a normal balanced diet (OR 0.80 [95% CI 0.42 to 1.52]). In addition, nutrition did not significantly improve ascites (OR 1.29 [95% CI 0.52 to 3.20]) or any biochemical parameters. However, encephalopathy showed a significant improvement or resolution (OR 0.24 [95% CI 0.06 to 0.93]). Nutritional supplementation provided no mortality benefit in patients with ALD, and neither ascites nor biochemical parameters significantly improved. However, encephalopathy was significantly ameliorated and, therefore, nutritional supplementation should be encouraged in that setting.

Health And Well-Being Of Rural Women

Diet and nutrition are important factors in the promotion and maintenance of good health throughout the life cycle. Income, prices, individual preferences and beliefs, cultural traditions, as well as geographical, environmental, social and economic factors all interact in a complex manner to shape dietary consumption patterns and affect the morbidity and clinical status of women. A normal balanced diet must include daily foods from the various food groups in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of an individual and to increase immunity. The present study is undertaken to study the Health and Well-being of Rural women. For the purpose of study, 75 women between the age-group 25-45 years who were moderate workers, were selected from rural areas of district Yamunanagar, (Haryana). The mean daily intake of nutrients was calculated by using the Food Composition Tables and was compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances for adult women (I.C.M.R,1990).The analysis of the data showed that only 10 per cent of the studied women were consuming a balanced diet. Majority of the women were suffering from anaemia and complained of backache, head ache and pain in the body. A balanced diet ensures nutritional adequacy, increases food acceptability, adds variety and also increases the resistance to various diseases.