Normal Adolescents Research Articles

Practical considerations for diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence - distilling guidelines into clinical practice.

The diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adults may overdiagnose PCOS in adolescents. Since 2015, three guidelines have developed adolescent-specific diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations. In this review, we compare and contrast the recommendations to assist in the practical application to clinical practice. The guidelines agree that hyperandrogenism with menstrual irregularity be diagnostic criteria for PCOS in adolescents yet have slight differences in how to diagnose hyperandrogenism and in the definition of menstrual irregularity. The diagnostic option of 'at risk for PCOS' is recommended for those girls presenting with criteria within 3 years of menarche or with hyperandrogenism without menstrual irregularity, with re-assessment later in adolescence. Lifestyle changes is first line treatment. Treatment with combined oral contraceptives or metformin is suggested, using patient characteristics and preferences to guide decision-making. PCOS is associated with long term reproductive and metabolic complications and will present during adolescence. Yet, diagnostic features may overlap with normal adolescent physiology. The recent guidelines strove to develop criteria to accurately identify girls with PCOS allowing early surveillance and treatment yet avoid overdiagnosis of normal adolescents.

Executive function, behavioral problems, and insulin resistance in adolescents with obesity

In this study, we examined executive function (EF) abilities, behavioral and emotional (BE) issues, and overall quality of life (QoL) of adolescents with obesity and compared them with a control group and also aimed to investigate whether the presence of insulin resistance (IR) is associated with these problems. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 50 adolescents aged 11-18 years with obesity and age- and gender-matched 50 normal weight adolescents who had attended and were treated at the pediatric outpatient clinic. Sociodemographic data were collected through personal interviews with the adolescents and their parents. Measurements of the height and weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels of all adolescents were assessed. In addition, the participants and their parents completed the Kiddo-KINDL, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Behavior Rating Inventory Scale from Executive Function. Of the 50 adolescents with obesity, 27 (54.0 %) were girls, and 23 (46.0 %) were boys, with a mean age of 14.06±1.83 years. Adolescents with obesity have more EF deficiencies, BE difficulties, more problems in peer relationships and lower QoL scores than those without obesity. The QoL was worse in girls, adolescents with obesity, and those with IR. Adolescents with obesity and those with and without IR did not differ about EF deficiencies and BE problems. Addressing these EF deficits and BE problems in interventions for adolescents who have difficulty adapting to lifestyle changes, an essential part of obesity treatment in clinical practice, may contribute to treatment success.

High levels of interleukin-6 and triglycerides and low levels of soluble leptin receptors as risk factors for leptin resistance in obese adolescents

Introduction: Obesity is a nutritional disorder that can affect all ages, including teenagers. Obesity can affect gut microbiota and cause increased intestinal permeability. This process leads to interleukin-6 and TNF-α production which can increase leptin levels. The soluble leptin receptor (sLR) is a leptin receptor in the plasma that transports leptin to the hypothalamus. Low sLR numbers are associated with high leptin levels in obesity. Obesity in hyperleptinemia conditions indicates leptin resistance (defects in leptin receptors) which causes hyperphagia and reduces energy expenditure. This study was conducted to prove high TG and IL-6 serum levels and low sLR levels in obese adolescents who have a higher risk of developing leptin resistance than normal adolescents. Methods: This research is a case-control study. The subjects underwent an assessment including food recall, anthropometric status, and lipid profile. The food recall assessment was obtained by means of a questionnaire given to parents. Blood sampling and laboratory examination are carried out by the Prodia® Clinical Laboratory. Data analysis was performed by computer, using the Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test. Chi-Square test, and analysis of the ROC curve. Results: ROC curve analysis obtained the optimal cut points for TG and IL-6 levels, respectively 101.5 mg/dL (sensitivity 82.1%, specificity 89.7%) and 11.95 pg/mL (sensitivity 84.6%, specificity of 80%), with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.96 and 0.89, respectively. ROC curve analysis obtained the optimal cut point for sLR levels of 19.3 ng/mL (sensitivity 64.1%, specificity 71.8%) with an AUC value of 0.77. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression found a significant relationship between TG and IL-6 levels on the incidence of hyperleptinemia. Conclusion: This study reinforces the theory of chronic low-grade inflammation and proved that inflammation and high TG levels play a role in hyperleptinemia in obese adolescents.

Relationship between Body Image, Body Mass Index and Self Esteem among Obese and Non Obese Female Adolescents

Purpose of this research was to study the relationship between body mass index, body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem among obese and normal weight female adolescents in district Attock. This research also aimed to study differences among obese and non-obese female adolescents on self-esteem and body image. The population of study was female adolescents. Sampling technique used for selection of sampling was purposive sampling. Sample size of this research was 200 female adolescents. Survey method was used to collect data from sample. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software was used for obtaining results of this study. Finding of this study shows that there is significant positive correlation between body image dissatisfaction and body mass index. It indicates a significant negative correlation among body mass index, self-esteem and body image dissatisfaction. Results of this research indicate that obese female adolescents have more body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem as compared to non-obese female adolescents.

Parent-Adolescent Attachment and Well-Being Among Chinese Hearing-Impaired Students: The Mediating Role of Resilience and the Moderating Role of Emotional and Behavioral Problems

Although several studies have highlighted a significant association between parent-adolescent attachment and well-being in normal adolescents, studies exploring this relationship among hearing-impaired adolescents are scarce. The current study examined the association of parent-adolescent attachment with well-being and the underlying mechanism of this relationship among Chinese hearing-impaired students. A total of 512 hearing-impaired students from eight special education centers and schools (female: n = 223; mean age = 17.28 years) were recruited for this study and completed self-report measures of parent-adolescent attachment, resilience, emotional and behavioral problems, and well-being. The results found that for Chinese hearing-impaired students: (1) There was a significant positive correlation between parent-adolescent attachment and well-being. (2) Even after controlling for the effect of gender, parent-adolescent attachment was a significant predictor of well-being. (3) Resilience mediated the relationship between parent-adolescent attachment and well-being. Furthermore, emotional and behavioral problems moderated this relationship. These findings had broad implications in the field of well-being in hearing-impaired adolescents. It suggested that developing secure parent-adolescent attachment, improving resilience, and reducing emotional and behavioral problems could help improve the hearing-impaired students’ well-being.

Impact of face masks on speech intelligibility of normal hearing children

Wearing a face mask is a simple way to slow the virus transmission during the current Covid-19-pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a face mask, worn by the speaker, on the speech intelligibility of normal hearing children and adolescents. Using the Freiburg monosyllabic test for sound field audiometry in silence and with background noise (+25 dB speech-to-noise-ratio (SNR)), this study tested the speech reception of 40 children and adolescents, aged 10 to 18. The speaker was shown on a screen either wearing or not wearing a face mask, according to the test arrangement. The combination of a speaker wearing a face mask with background noise showed a distinct impairment of speech intelligibility whereas these two factors had no significant impact on their own. The results of this study could help to improve the quality of future decision-making processes about the usage of instruments to halt the spread of covid-19-pandemic. Furthermore, the results could be taken as baseline for comparison with vulnerable parts of society like hearing- impaired children and adults.

Effects of Overweight and Obesity on Hypertension in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Hypertension is currently starting to show a trend in prevalence that continues to increase at a younger age and is a major cause of premature death in the world. In adolescents, hypertension is more common who are overweight or obese. This study aims to examine the effect of overweight and obesity on the incidence of hypertension in adolescents using a meta-analysis.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flow chart and the PICO model. Population: adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Intervention: overweight and obesity. Comparison: normoweight. Outcome: hypertension). The databases used are PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar with the keywords (hypertension OR "High Blood Pressure") AND "BMI Status" AND (adolescent OR teenager) AND "cross sectional". There were 9 cross-sectional studies published in 2012-2022 with odds ratio (OR) effect size that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3.Results: A meta-analysis was conducted on 9 articles with a cross-sectional study design originating from China, South Korea, India, Turkey, Tunisia, Lithuania and Poland involving 63,239 adolescents aged 10-19 years. The results of the meta-analysis showed that overweight adolescents were 2.44 times more likely to experience hypertension compared to normal weight adolescents (aOR= 2.44; 95%CI= 1.87 to 3.19; p<0.001), and obese adolescents were more likely to experience hypertension 4.53 times compared with normal weight adolescents (aOR= 4.53; 95% CI= 3.10 to 6.61; p<0.001).Conclusion: Being overweight and obese can increase the risk of developing hypertension in adolescents. Keywords: overweight, obesity, hypertension, adolescents, meta-analysis Correspondence: Nurussyifa Afiana Zaen. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: nurussyifaaz20@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287723131415.

Effects of Taekwondo Training on Growth Factors in Normal Korean Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The growth of children and adolescents is both an important health indicator and a major public health issue. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of taekwondo on growth factors, but no consensus has yet been reached. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of taekwondo on the growth factors in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 16 years). Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Research Information Sharing Service, the Korea Citation Index, and the Korean-studies Information Service System were analyzed. The effect sizes (standardized mean differences, SMD) were calculated, the risk of bias and publication bias were assessed, and the effect size and subgroup analyses were pooled. We found that the taekwondo group had significantly higher levels of growth hormones (SMD 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.58, and p < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factors (SMD 1.76, 95% CI 0.60-2.92, and p < 0.001) than the control group. For height, a medium effect size was observed (SMD 0.62, 95% CI -0.56-1.80, and p = 0.300), but the between-group difference was not significant. Thus, taekwondo had significant positive effects on the secretion of growth hormones and insulin-like growth factors in Korean children and adolescents. A longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine the effect on height. This suggests that taekwondo can be recommended as an appropriate physical exercise for maintaining normal growth in children and adolescents.

Development of Over-Scheduled Scale for Adolescents

The purpose of the present study was to develop a scale to measure overscheduling of the adolescents in Bangladesh. 51 items were initially constructed. This scale was divided into seven sub divisions. Those are the mood (7 items), academic grade (7 items), favorite activities (8 items), sleep (5 items), food habit (9 items), withdrawal behavior (8 items) and physical illness (7 items). These items were arranged in a 4-point Likert type scale for the first try out. It was administered 119 adolescents who are purposively selected. Among them 58 were overweight adolescents (30 boys and 28 girls) and 61 were normal weight adolescents (31 boys and 30 girls). The age range of the participants are 11 to 16 years. To determine the internal consistency item-total correlation and Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated. The Cronbach’s Alpha of total scale was .869 and sub scales were also satisfactory, α =0, 01. Content validity, convergent validity and concurrent validity were calculated and those were also found significant for overscheduled scale for adolescents. The minimum and maximum possible score of this scale was 0 to 144. Higher scores indicate high level of over schedule and lower score indicate less level of over schedule. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(2): 231-242, 2022 (July)

Enhanced recognition of adolescents with schizophrenia and a computational contrast of their neuroanatomy with healthy patients using brainwave signals

AbstractSchizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder which is prevalent in individuals around the world, where diagnosis methods for this disorder are done via a combination of interview style questioning of the patient alongside a review of their medical record; but these methods have been largely criticised for being subjective between psychiatrists and largely unreplicable. Schizophrenia also occurs in adolescent individuals who have been said to be even more challenging to diagnose largely due to delusions being mistaken for childhood fantasies, and established methods for adult patients being applied to diagnose adolescents. This work investigates the use of electroencephalography (EEG) signals acquired from adolescent patients in the age range of 10–14 years, alongside signal processing methods and machine learning modelling towards the diagnosis of adolescent schizophrenia. The results from the machine learning modelling showed that the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and fine K‐nearest neighbour (KNN) produced the best recognition results for models with easy and hard interpretability, respectively. Additionally, a computational method was applied towards contrasting the neuroanatomical activation patterns in the brain of the schizophrenic and normal adolescents, where it was seen that the neural activation patterns of the normal adolescents showed a greater consistency when compared with the schizophrenics.

Comparison of Needs, Pressures, and Aspirations among Motherless and Normal Adolescents: A Quantitative-Qualitative Analysis

The aim of the present research was to compare needs, pressures, and aspirations among motherless adolescents and their normal counterparts. The research method was of a causal-comparative type and studied the variables using both quantitative (needs and pressures) and qualitative (aspirations) approaches. The statistical population included both male and female adolescents, with and without mothers, in the city of Isfahan. The sample consisted of 60 adolescents (30 motherless and 30 normal), where normal adolescents were selected to match the motherless group. The research tools included a researcher-made scale for assessing adolescent needs and pressures, based on Murray's (1943) theory and the TAT test, and a semi-structured interview for the qualitative part. Quantitative data for needs and pressures were analyzed descriptively (mean and standard deviation) and inferentially (analysis of variance), while qualitative data were examined for aspirations using thematic analysis. The results showed significant differences in needs and pressures between the two groups, except for (need for harm avoidance - pressure of harm and risk). Additionally, thematic analysis of aspirations revealed that aspirations were categorized into 12 themes for motherless adolescents and 6 themes for normal adolescents. Based on these results, it can be said that the absence of a mother in adolescents leads to significant differences in needs and pressures, as well as in the categorization of aspirations. Therefore, practical and applicable training for family members by experienced psychologists and counselors seems essential to prevent crises in families with motherless adolescents.

The Role Of Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism On The Change Of Adiponectin Content In Individuals Overweight And Obesity After Aerobic Exercise In Combination Diet OCD

Background: The Indonesian obesity study group examined more than 6000 people from almost all provinces and obtained obesity rates with a body mass index (BMI)&gt; 30 kg / m² in men at 9.16% and women 11.02%. Obesity has been known to be associated with Adiponectin and insulin resistance even from an early age. Wiecek (2012) compared adiponectin, lipid and proinsulin levels between obese and normal adolescents. From these studies, it is known that obese adolescents have adiponectin up to 50% lower compared to teens with normal weight. Aim: To Find Out The Role Of Adiponecttin Gene Polymorphism On The Change Of Adiponextin Content In Overweight Individual And Obesity After Aerobic Exercise In Dicd Ocd Combination. Methods: The research method used is pre-experimental design precisely quasi-experimental research design with one group pre-post test design. The research subjects were 36 women with more than normal body weight. Results: man Whitney test results differed significantly between adiponectin levels with variations in the TT genotype with a p-value of 0.001 and GT with a p-value of 0.038 after doing aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 times of exercise, but the Spearman correlation test obtained a sig value of 0.301 which showed that the correlation was not significant between adiponectin levels and adiponectin genes. The spearmen correlation value of 0.074 indicates that the direction of the positive correlation with the strength of the correlation is very weak meaning that there is an increase in adiponectin levels after aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 times of exercise but adiponectin levels are not related to variations in the adiponectin gene after aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 practice times.. Conclusion: There was a significant increase in adiponectin levels in the GT and TT genotypes after aerobic exercise combined with the OCD diet, but adiponectin levels were not related to variations in the adiponectin gene after aerobic exercise for 6 weeks or 18 times.

The comparison of cognitive distortions and dysfunctional attitudes of normal adolescents and adolescents with conduct disorder

Over the past few decades, conduct disorder has increased rapidly. However, few studies have been conducted on the role of interpersonal cognitive distortions and dysfunctional attitudes in this kind of disorder. This is a causal-comparative study. The research statistical population is composed of all the adolescents with conduct disorder living at Esfahan’s Centre for Rehabilitation and Training in 2021. Also, research sample size encompasses a total of 60 adolescents: 30 adolescents with conduct disorder and 30 normal. Two groups were matched regarding the age, sex and educational level. The research tools were three questionnaires on demographic characteristics, interpersonal cognitive distortion and dysfunctional attitude scales. Data were analyzed by Multivariate Regression. According to the research data analysis, there was not a significant difference between two groups with regard to the misconception mean scores in interpersonal relations and interpersonal cognitive distortions. However, mean scores of adolescents suffering from conduct disorder in rejection with interpersonal relations, unrealistic expectations, and dysfunctional attitudes were significant (P&lt;0.05). According to findings of the study, it seems that dysfunctional attitudes and interpersonal cognitive distortions are effective in causing disorders. Thus, by providing grounds for psychological interventions, conduct disorder can be treated with better results.

The anatomical growth of the thoracic cage in adolescents with specific reference to axial growth comparing the right and left hemithorax.

This study has demonstrated the changing volume of both the anterior and posterior thorax in normal adolescents (without spinal or thoracic deformity), differentiating for both sex and age, to further understand how the thorax grows, along with the differences in growth between the anterior and posterior thorax. The thorax was measured on axial CT slices at every vertebral level from T3 to T12 in a series of scans previous taken for routine clinical care. Measurements taken were the anteroposterior thoracic distance and the area of the anterior and posterior rib prominences on either side of the thorax. Data was analyzed per vertebral level, differentiating for age and sex. There were 486 CT scans analyzed (257 males and 229 females) between the ages of 8 and 18 years. The analysis identified that for the anterior thorax, there are three phases of growth with an initial slow increase in volume, followed by a stabilization of little growth, followed by another phase of a more rapid increase in volume. For the posterior thorax, there was a gradual increase in area with increasing age. This study demonstrates that the shape of the thorax is age and sex dependent, with males having both a greater width and depth of thorax compared to females. Of particular note is the difference in patterns of growth between the anterior and posterior thorax. This information will add to the understanding of normal growth, which will aid in the management of conditions where that growth is disturbed.

Interplay between dietary intake, gut microbiota, and metabolic profile in obese adolescents: Sex-dependent differential patterns

The interplay among dietary intake, gut microbiota, gut metabolites and circulating metabolites in adolescents is barely known, not to mention sex-dependent pattern. We aimed to explore unique profiles of gut bacterial, gut metabolites and circulating metabolites from both genders of adolescents due to BMI and eating pattern. Clinical indices, fecal gut microbiota, fecal and plasma metabolites, and diet intake information were collected in case-control sample matched for normal and obesity in girls (normal=12, obesity=12) and boys (normal=20, obesity=20), respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics was performed to analysis the signature of gut microbiota and metabolites. Unique profiles of girls associated with BMI and eating pattern was revealed by Spearman's correlations analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Gender difference was found between normal and obese adolescents in gut microbiota, fecal metabolites, and plasma metabolites. The Parabacteroides were only decreased in obese girls. And the characteristic of obese girls' and boys' cases in fecal and plasma was xanthine and glutamine, ornithine and LCA, respectively. Soy products intake was negatively associated with Parabacteroides. The predicted model has a higher accuracy based on the combined markers in obesity boys (AUC=0.97) and girls (AUC=0.97), respectively. Reduced abundance of Phascolarctobacterium and Parabacteroides, as well as the increased fecal xanthine and ornithine, may provide a novel biomarker signature in obesity girls and boys. Soy products intake was positively and negatively associated with Romboutsia and Parabacteroides abundance, respectively. And the combined markers facilitate the accuracy of predicting obesity in girls and boys in advance.

Weight misperception and substance use: Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA)

BackgroundAdolescence is a crucial period for body image formation. Weight misperception is the discrepancy between individuals’ body weight perception and their actual nutritional status. Both weight concerns and substance use are common among adolescents, and there is evidence of an associations between these two variables. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the association between weight misperception and substance use (smoking and alcohol) in a national sample of normal weight Brazilian adolescents.MethodsData were obtained from the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, multicenter, national, school-based survey, carried out in 124 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants from Brazil. The sample included adolescents aged 12–17 years, classified as normal weight by nutritional status evaluation. The following measures were collected: weight underestimation and overestimation (exposure); having tried cigarette smoking, current smoking, current alcohol consumption, binge drinking and current smoking and alcohol consumption(outcomes); macro-region, sex, type of school, and excessive screen time (confounders). The frequency of variables was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR).ResultsIn total, data from 53,447 adolescents were analyzed. Weight misperception was present in a third of the adolescents, with similar prevalence of weight underestimation and overestimation. In adolescents aged 12–14 years, weight underestimation and overestimation were associated with having tried cigarette smoking (PR: 1.18 and 1.43, respectively), current alcohol consumption (PR: 1.33 for both weight misperception categories), and binge drinking (PR: 1.96 and 2.01, respectively). Weight underestimation was associated with both having tried cigarette smoking and current alcohol consumption in boys (PR: 1.14 and 1.16, respectively) and girls (PR: 1.32 and 1.15, respectively). In girls, weight overestimation was associated with all substance use variables (PR between 1.19 and 1.41).ConclusionsOur results showed an association between weight misperception and having tried cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and binge drinking in younger adolescents. In addition, weight overestimation was associated with all substance use indicators in girls. Based on our findings, interventions aimed to improve weight perception in normal weight adolescents may contribute to the reduction of substance use in this population.

Association of dietary antioxidant index with body mass index in adolescents.

Dietary antioxidants may decrease body fat through reduction of oxidative stress. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary antioxidant index (DAI) and body mass index (BMI) in adolescent boys. In this cross-sectional study, 593 adolescent boys aged 12-16years were randomly selected and were divided into two groups of overweight and non-overweight individuals. Data on physical activity and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using 168-item semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the DAI score was calculated to measure the antioxidant capacity of the diet. The overweight adolescents had higher intake of energy (2490.55±632.49 vs. 2354.33±632.64kcal/d, p=0.01), carbohydrate (290.21±71.41 vs. 272.93±79.22g/d, p=0.01), fat (111.51±40.76 vs. 104.51±35.56g/d, p=0.04), calcium (811.70±283.70 vs. 741.06±251.17g/d, p=0.003), and vitamin D (1.41±1.17 vs. 1.18±1.19μg/d, p=0.031) in comparison with normal weight adolescents. The DAI had an inverse association with BMI after adjustment for age and caloric intake (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.96, p=0.009). Additional adjustment for dietary intake of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc, manganese, and selenium did not change the results. The results of the study showed that following a diet rich in antioxidants may be effective in preventing obesity in adolescent boys. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these finding and to determine the underlying mechanisms.

Assessment of relationship between retinal perfusion and retina thickness in healthy children and adolescents.

To determine the correlations between inner, mid, and outer retinal thickness (RT) and allied retinal and choroidal vascular densities (VD) at macula in normal healthy children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study included a total of 108 eyes of 59 subjects. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA-Optovue) was used to measure the thickness of the inner-retina (IRT), mid-retina (MRT), and outer-retina (ORT) at foveal (central 1mm), parafoveal (1-3 mm), and perifoveal (3-6 mm) areas, as well as the corresponding VD of the superficial capillary plexus (SVD), deep capillary plexus (DVD), and choricapillaris (CVD). The study enrolled 108 normal eyes from 54 participants with a mean age of 10.9 years. Partial correlations showed that the nasal and inferior parafoveal and perifoveal subsegments IRT, MRT and ORT are more affected by all SVD, DVD, and CVD. Nasal parafoveal and perifoveal MRT and all three capillary layers have a constant negative correlation. ORT was not affected by all three layers except for CVD at fovea. The regression analysis revealed that SVD and CVD were significantly associated with foveal and parafoveal and perifoveal IRT. DVD and gender could significantly affect perifoveal IRT. However, only CVD was significantly affected foveal MRT. Based on regression analysis, only CVD was significantly associated with foveal and parafoveal ORT, but not with perifoveal ORT. The thickness of different retinal layers correlates with retinal and choroidal VD in different ways according to their zones.

Variation of Carrying Angle of Elbow in Relation to Age, Sex and Dominant Arm in Adolescent Bangladeshi Population

Background: Elbow carrying angle changes with skeletal growth and maturity, helps in carrying objects and keeps upper limb away from pelvis during movement. Variation of carrying angle value has been observed in relation to age, gender, and some selected anthropometric parameters. Present study was aimed to evaluate the carrying angle in normal adolescents of Bangladesh in relation to age, gender, and hand dominance. &#x0D; Materials and methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, upon 100 male and 100 female adolescents (10-19 years) by dividing them into two groups (Group A: 10-15 years, Group B: 16-19 years) and all were right hand dominant. Recorded data were analyzed by using SPSS version 25. For statistical analysis unpaired student’s ‘t’ test was done. p value was considered significant if it was &lt;0.05 at 95% level of confidence. &#x0D; Results: Carrying angle of both sides was significantly higher in age group 16 to 19 years and in female (p&lt;0.001) also significant greater value found in dominant hand (p&lt;0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion: Knowledge of normal carrying angle value is important for management of elbow fracture, designing of total elbow prosthesis, and differentiation of sex in skeletal remain in medicolegal purpose.&#x0D; JCMCTA 2022 ; 33 (1) : 29-33

Comparison of plantar pressure distribution in underweight, normal, overweight, and obese adolescents: A cross-sectional study evaluation of plantar pressure in adolescents.

Repeated overload by body weight in the adolescents affects the foot structure. This study aimed to evaluate plantar pressure distribution in adolescents with different body mass indices during gait and standing. This is a randomized, cross-sectional study. One hundred eighty-six adolescents between the ages of 8 and 15 years were included. The individuals were divided into groups according to body mass index (BMI). Plantar pressure distributions were examined during gait and standing. Surface areas, plantar pressures, forefoot-hindfoot load, surface amounts, and foot angles of the individuals were determined during gait and standing. Significant differences were detected in left-right surfaces, maximum load quantities, average pressures, forefoot-hindfoot surface areas between static and dynamic plantar pressure distributions of underweight, normal, overweight, and obese adolescents (P < 001). Maximum, average pressure, right forefoot foot load, and foot angles increased in the obese group during standing as BMI increased; total surface areas, and loads in forefoot, hindfoot surface areas in right and left feet also increased in maximum and average pressures during gait (P < .05). No differences were detected between groups in foot angles during standing and gait (P > .05). This study show that increased BMI causes increased plantar pressures during gait and standing, and weight gain would cause problems in adolescents.