Normal Adolescents Research Articles

Exercise Interventions and Intelligence in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.

Mixed evidence exists on whether physical exercise interventions influence intelligence measures in children and adolescents. To determine the effect of exercise interventions on intelligence in children and adolescents. Relevant articles were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus (until February 22, 2024). Randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of exercise interventions on intelligence in youth (≤19 years). A random-effects meta-analysis was performed for intelligence measures reported in ≥3 studies. Subanalyses examined the moderating effect of variables such as participants' intelligence quotient (IQ), age, or intervention duration. Fourteen randomized controlled trials (n = 3203 participants; age range = 5-14 years) were included. Exercise interventions significantly improved general intelligence compared with control groups (standardized mean difference = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11-0.97, P = .01), which corresponded to a mean improvement in the IQ score of 4.0 points (95% CI = 1.44-6.64, P = .01). Significant benefits of exercise interventions were also observed for fluid intelligence (standard mean difference = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.06-0.34, P = .006). Crystallized intelligence could not be meta-analyzed because of a lack of studies. Subanalyses revealed similar benefits in participants with low/borderline versus normal IQ, children versus adolescents, and interventions with different durations. The heterogeneity observed in the characteristics of the exercise interventions and the populations included can be a potential confounding factor. Exercise interventions are associated with improvements in intelligence (including both general and fluid intelligence) in youth.

Reference data for body composition parameters in normal-weight Polish adolescents: results from the population-based ADOPOLNOR study.

This study provides reference data for body composition in normal (healthy) weight Polish adolescents, providing a contextualised framework that takes into account the unique physiological and environmental factors of the region. These reference data may also be useful for other Central European adolescents. • Adolescence is a period of significant physical growth and increased susceptibility to nutritional problems due to factors such as suboptimal nutrition, unhealthy dietary choices, inadequate physical activity and psychosocial stressors related to body image concerns. • Body composition (BC) parameters, rather than BMI alone, are more effective in identifying nutritional abnormalities and health risks such as eating disorders, obesity and chronic diseases. Existing studies provide reference data for BC parameters, but often do not cover all relevant measures or specific regional populations. • This study provides new age- and sex-specific reference values for a comprehensive range of body composition parameters, including body cell mass (BCM), total body water (TBW) and muscle mass (MM), in addition to fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), in a large, ethnically homogeneous, normal-weight population of Polish adolescents aged 10-18years. • These reference values for the normalweight cohort reflect healthy adolescent growth and body composition patterns, minimising bias from abnormal weight status.In addition, they can be applied to other Central European adolescent populations.

Body dissatisfaction and associated factors in normal weight adolescents

BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction is widespread and is associated with eating disorders, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem. There is very little research on body dissatisfaction in normal weight adolescents, who make up the majority of all adolescents. AIM: to establish the prevalence, degree, direction and factors associated with body dissatisfaction among adolescents with normal body weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included tenth-graders of general education schools (n = 244, 64.3% girls), who underwent anthropometry and filled out questionnaires that included socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Collins scales were used to assess body dissatisfaction, and the Russian version of the PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire (Lyon, France), was used to assess health-related quality of life. Self-esteem scores were obtained from the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. RESULTS: The desire to have silhouettes different from the actual ones was reported by 57% of adolescents. 39.8% of adolescents had mild body dissatisfaction, moderate and severe — 17.2%. The frequency and degree of body dissatisfaction was comparable in adolescents of both sexes. Boys were much more likely than girls to consider themselves too thin and wanted to gain weight (49.4%), while 51.6% of schoolgirls would like to lose weight. Body dissatisfaction, even mild, was associated with significantly lower self-esteem. Moreover moderate/severe body dissatisfaction has been associated with a decline in all aspects of quality of life. In addition, significant associations of body dissatisfaction and the length of time on the Internet / social networks and at TV screens were established. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study substantiate the approach to body dissatisfaction as a problem that requires active identification and directed impact, and determine possible areas of preventive work with adolescents.

Intestinal fructose transporters GLUT5 and GLUT2 in children and adolescents with obesity and metabolic disorders

PurposeThe excessive fructose intake including high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) may be responsible for increase of obesity occurrence. This study was designed to find potential differences in duodenal fructose transporters on mRNA and protein levels between obese and normal weight children and adolescents. Materials/methodsWe performed a cross-sectional study on a group of 106 hospitalized patients aged 12 to 18. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) mRNA as well as protein levels (ELISA and Western blot methods) were assessed in duodenal mucosa biopsies of the patients categorized as obese or normal weight. Additionally, the expression of the aforementioned transporters was analyzed in patients based on the presence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS). ResultsIn children with obesity, increased duodenal protein levels of GLUT5 (Relative protein GLUT5 expression/ACTB) (0.027 ​± ​0.009 vs. 0.011 ​± ​0.006, p ​< ​0.05) but not GLUT2 as compared with the normal weight group, were revealed. No significant differences in duodenal relative GLUT2 and GLUT5 genes expression between the studied groups were found. There was no relationship between the presence of IR or MS and intestinal mRNA GLUT2 and GLUT5 as well as GLUT2 protein expression. ConclusionThe upregulation of the duodenal GLUT5 may contribute to obesity occurrence in children and adolescents.

Experienced and internalized weight stigma among Spanish adolescents

Background and objectiveWeight stigma has negative consequences for both physiological and psychological health. Studies on weight stigma in adolescence, particularly from general populations, are scarce in the Mediterranean area. The main aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of experienced and internalized weight stigma among a representative sample of adolescents from the Spanish city of Terrassa, and to determine its association with sociodemographic variables and weight status.MethodsDrawing on data from the initial assessment of a longitudinally funded project on weight stigma in adolescents, a cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted using random multistage cluster sampling. Weight stigma experiences, their frequency and sources, and weight bias internalization with the Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBISM) were assessed in a sample of 1016 adolescents. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) between sociodemographic variables, weight status and having experienced weight stigma, and having reported high scores of WBISM (WBISM ≥ 4) were estimated by multiple logistic regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of weight-related stigma experiences was 43.2% in the sample (81.8 in adolescents with obesity) and the prevalence of high levels of weight bias internalization was 19.4% (50.7 in adolescents with obesity). Other kids and school were the most prevalent sources of weight stigma, with society and family being other significant sources of stigma reported by girls. A significantly higher risk of having experienced weight stigma was observed in girls (AOR = 2.6) and in older adolescents (AOR = 1.9). Compared to normal weight adolescents, all weight statuses showed higher risk, being 3.4 times higher in adolescents with underweight and reaching 11.4 times higher risk in those with obesity. Regarding high levels of weight bias internalization, girls had a risk 6.6 times higher than boys. Once again, a “J-shaped” pattern was observed, with a higher risk at the lowest and highest weight statuses. The risk was 6.3 times higher in adolescents with underweight, and 13.1 times higher in adolescents with obesity compared to those with normal weight.ConclusionsConsidering the high prevalence of experienced and internalized weight stigma among adolescents in Spain, especially in adolescents with obesity and girls, it seems important to implement preventive strategies in different settings and address all sources of stigma.

Analisis Pengaruh Status Gizi Terhadap Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri di SMA Hangtuah Kota Tarakan

Anemia is still a global issue in adolescent girls. Adolescent girls have the privilege that every month experience menstruation. Adequate nutrition is needed to optimize growth and development. Nutritional status is a risk factor for anemia. Energy and protein needs in adolescents increase due to growth support. Moreover, the activity of adolescents also increases, so they need food that contains good nutrition. This study aims to determine the influence of nutritional status on the incidence of anemia in young women. This was an analytic study with a cross-sectional design. There were 30 young women involved in this study according to the inclusion criteria. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. Three stages of data collection were anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and questionnaires. Data analysis used chi-square. That 63.3% of adolescent girls experienced anemia. Adolescents with anemia had normal nutritional status (36.7%), underweight (23.3%), severely underweight (10%), and obese (3.3%), but adolescents are still affected by anemia. Based on the results of statistical tests, there was an effect of nutritional status on the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls. The need for good nutrition is needed at this time. The need for good nutrition is very needed at this time. Efforts to provide blood booster tablets and dissemination of information about balanced nutrition and iron-containing foods are also urgently needed.

An Epidemiological Study to Assess the Risk Factors and Symptoms of PCOS

The aim to present this study was to assess the most affected age group of girls from PCOD and to make them aware by our questionnaire in this descriptive study, 200 girls were selected randomly from hostels of MMDU, MULLANA. A questionnaire was formulated to obtain information regarding symptoms, changes, dietary patterns, etc. This data was differentiated, tabulated, and tested. The data collected shows that the majority of the respondents who participated in the survey were on the edge of PCOD. Stein and Leventhal are regarded to have been the first investigators of polycystic ovary syndrome however, in 1721 Vallisneri, an Italian scientist; he described a married, infertile woman with shiny ovaries with a white surface, and the size of pigeon eggs. It was not until early 1990 at a national institute of Health (NIH) sponsored conference on PCOD that formal diagnostic criteria were proposed and afterward largely utilized. Many scientists tried to explain the pathophysiology of PCOS and many studies were made. It is now accepted that it is multifactorial, partly genetic, however, a number of candidate genes have been postulated. Insulin resistance has been noted consistently among many women with PCOS, especially in those with Hyperandrogenism, but it is not included in any of the diagnostic criteria. Now there is strong evidence that cardiovascular diseases risk factors and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism are all increased in patients with PCOS compared to healthy populations. The criteria was established by a group of experts during a conference in ROTTERDAM held in 2003 are obligatory. The subsequent ROTTERDAM CRITERIA incorporated the size and morphology as determined by an ultrasound of the ovary into the diagnostic criteria. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, obesity among children in the U.S. has tripled since 1980 due to various factors like bad eating habits, and lack of physical exercise, and many more children are getting more and more obese. Many researchers have found that PCOD findings are increasing with time. Finding insulin resistance in obese adolescents gave a different diagnosis of PCOD. Upon further clinical testing, many other symptoms are found like Hirsutism, acne, and menstrual abnormalities. Emans (2005) described PCOS as a diagnosis related to the diagnosis of insulin resistance, not being overweight. For insulin resistance, females don't need to be overweight, they will have insulin resistance even a normal weight female adolescents also have insulin resistance.

Comparative assessment of quality of life among adolescents with sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait: evidence from Odisha, India.

The present study aims to assess the quality of life (QOL) of adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (SCT) in hard-to-reach regions in Koraput district of Odisha state. 387 adolescents with sickle cell genes (HbSS = 52, HbAS = 135, HbA = 200) were selected through their medical records from southern parts of Odisha. A validated and pretested QOL scale was modified to assess the QOL. The questionnaires were modified by aiming to describe the proportion of adolescents who feel restricted in different domains, measuring the extent within each domain, and finding an aggregate score of QOL. Furthermore, to explore the expenditure on health, 552 households were selected randomly, of which 72 families had HbS individuals. This study found a significantly lower health-related QOL in adolescents with SCD. However, most psychosocial sub-domains, for instance, worry about the illness, frequency of angry days, feeling jealousness toward other normal adolescents, and negative feelings of sadness on some days, are similarly affected in adolescents with SCT and SCD. The overall QOL of SCD individuals is more affected (percentage of affected mean score = 60.93%), followed by SCT individuals (35.63%). Healthy adolescents' QOL is relatively unaffected (13% were affected). The yearly frequency of blood transfusion received (1.7 ± 0.4) and hospitalization (2.1 ± 0.9) was significantly higher in adolescents with SCD. The healthcare expenditure was significantly higher (3.6% to 81.3% of the family income) in families with HbS than in families without HbS (0.8% to 19.2%) (p < 0.05). The overall QOL was affected in both SCD and SCT adolescents. The focus should be given equally to both SCD and SCT individuals, in spite of only SCD individuals.

A Placebo - a strategy to improve physical fitness of normal adolescents: a randomized control trial

Background: The capacity of the placebo effect to affect a range of physiological and psychological characteristics, including strength, endurance, and pain perception. Its use for teenage physical fitness, however, is still largely unknown. Objective: To determine the effects of placebo drink administration on physical fitness among normal-weight adolescents compared to plain water. Methods: This randomized control trial with n=60 adolescents aged 10-19 years, of both genders and normal weight was conducted at Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad from May 2021 to August 2021. Randomization was performed using the envelope method dividing the sample into an experimental group who were given a placebo drink (water + red food colour) and a control group who were given water. Tools used for data collection included the Physical Activity of Leisure Motivation Scale for motivation level determination, the Physical Activity Questionnaire, and four fitness tests including 20 m running, a broad jump, a reach test, and a reduced cooper test. Results: Post-intervention results revealed a significant difference in means for experimental and control groups for reduced Cooper test (P=0.003), pulse rate (p=0.033), and exertion level (p&lt;0.001). post- intervention palms score revealed significantly better results in the experimental group for mastery (p=0.004) physical (p=0.008) and psychological levels (p&lt;0.001). the results also indicate that the experimental group showed a more significant mean difference regarding the affiliation subscale with (p&lt;0.001) and total PALMS score (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Administered placebo drink boosts physical performance by increasing motivational levels and decreasing the exertion of normal-weight adolescents. Keywords: Adolescent; exercise; health; heart rate; placebo; physical fitness; water. IRCT # 20211052405138N1

The relationship between weight status and food environments, peer influence and dietary intake among high-school students: a case-control study

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between weight status and food environments, peer influence and dietary intake among high-school students in Shiraz, Iran. Design/methodology/approach Applying a case-control design, 406 adolescents (n = 203 overweight or obese and n = 203 normal weight) aged 14–18 years were selected using a multistage cluster random sampling method. Demographic information, physical activity level and anthropometric indices were collected. Dietary intake was determined using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Food environment (home and out of home) and peer influence were determined by a validated questionnaire. Findings The type of food purchased using pocket money was different between adolescents with overweight or obesity and normal weight adolescents (p &lt; 0.001). The out-of-home food environment score was not different between groups, but the home food environment score (p = 0.004) and the peer influence score (p = 0.001) were higher in normal weight adolescents. Adolescents with overweight or obesity consumed higher amounts of carbohydrate (p = 0.006) and lower amounts of protein (p = 0.01) and more sweet junk foods (p = 0.01), nonstarchy vegetables (p = 0.03) and fruits (p = 0.01) compared to the normal weight group. Originality/value Home food environment, peer influence, differences in macronutrient intake and dietary patterns may be contributing factors to adolescent weight status.

Newly Developed Sex-Specific Z Score Model for Coronary Artery Diameter in a Pediatric Population.

This study aimed to generate a Z score calculation model for coronary artery diameter of normal children and adolescents to be adopted as the standard calculation method with consensus in clinical practice. This study was a retrospective, multicenter study that collected data from multiple institutions across South Korea. Data were analyzed to determine the model that best fit the relationship between the diameter of coronary arteries and independent demographic parameters. Linear, power, logarithmic, exponential, and square root polynomial models were tested for best fit. Data of 2,030 subjects were collected from 16 institutions. Separate calculation models for each sex were developed because the impact of demographic variables on the diameter of coronary arteries differs according to sex. The final model was the polynomial formula with an exponential relationship between the diameter of coronary arteries and body surface area using the DuBois formula. A new coronary artery diameter Z score model was developed and is anticipated to be applicable in clinical practice. The new model will help establish a consensus-based Z score model.

Detecting Keratoconus in Adolescents with Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.

Assessing the applicability of an algorithm developed for keratoconus detection in adolescents. This algorithm relies on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and incorporates features related to corneal pachymetric and epithelial thickness alterations. We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients under the age of 18 and divided them into four groups according to the Belin-Ambrosio display (Pentacam): normal, manifest, and subclinical keratoconus, as well as very asymmetric eye with normal topography and tomography (VAE-NTT). Corneal and epithelial thickness maps (Cirrus 5000 HD-OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) were evaluated by a human grader. In the first step, if at least one of four parameters (pachymetry minimum (pachy min), pachy minimum-median (min-med), pachy superonasal-inferotemporal (SN-IT), or epithelial (epi SN-IT)) exceeded its cut-off value, the eye was considered as suspect. In the second step, the combined presence of coincident thinning of total cornea and epithelium as well as concentric epithelial thinning lead to the diagnosis of keratoconus. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity for the parameters. The study involved 19 pediatric patients diagnosed with keratoconus, comprising 29 manifest keratoconic eyes, 3 eyes with subclinical keratoconus, and 5 VAE-NTT eyes. In addition, 22 eyes from 11 normal adolescents were included in the analysis. The AUC values of parameters in step 1 were 0.889 for pachy min, 0.997 for pachy min-med, 0.893 for pachy SN-IT, and 0.998 for epi SN-IT. When both steps were performed, this algorithm captured all manifest and subclinical pediatric keratoconic eyes. When all eyes of the keratoconus patients were combined, step 1 had 97.3% sensitivity and step 2 had 100% specificity. Using this OCT-based approach in adolescents yielded a high level of agreement with the current gold standard, tomography. Using them together, potentially also with other examinations may improve the diagnostic accuracy of KC in the pediatric population. Integration of this approach into the software of the device to facilitate automated evaluations is desired.

Approach to adolescents with suicidal ideation

Introduction: Suicidal ideation is the presentation of self-destructive thoughts in apparently normal adolescents, it is a key predictor of future suicide attempts or completed suicide; worldwide and Ecuador, it is a significant public health problem, the etiology is multifactorial, the approach is difficult due to several factors such as social stigma, personal fears and denial, difficulty expressing their feelings and thoughts, several scales have been designed. . that help for early diagnosis and prevention, the main evaluation methods are Beck, Plutchik and ISO-30, intervention programs seek to create a protective environment through group and educational activities; Intervention strategies range from environmental awareness to cognitive-behavioral therapies. These programs seek to raise awareness, provide coping skills and support based on specific needs.Objective: To carry out a systematic review that allows us to analyze and determine the approach, risk factors and evaluation scales of adolescents with suicidal ideation, using updated scientific evidence, with the purpose of facilitating health personnel in the early identification and diagnosis of the school adolescents with suicidal ideation to avoid a fatal outcome.Materials and methods: an exhaustive search was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scielo and Redalyc using Boolean operators, articles in English and Spanish published in the last five years were analyzed, allowing the selection of original studies, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, in addition to exclude studies not relevant to the age group under study or that lacked a relationship with suicidal ideation.Results: Three key tools are described to evaluate suicidal ideation: the Plutchik Suicidal Risk Scale (ERSP), the ISO-30 Suicidal Orientations Inventory and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The ERSP, adapted by Páez to Spanish, consists of 15 items and evaluates impulsivity, suicidal ideation and other related aspects. The ISO-30, validated in Spanish by Liporace and Casullo, addresses dimensions such as hopelessness, low self-esteem and loneliness, difficulty coping with emotional problems and suicidal thoughts. The BHS, developed by Beck, evaluates hopelessness and has 20 questions with true answers. or false, being a relevant indicator of possible suicidal behavior according to its total score.Conclusions: Suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and completed suicide have emerged as an important public health problem worldwide in the young population. In our country, the provinces of Pichincha and Azuay are the ones that have recorded the highest cases, the early identification of Suicidal ideation is crucial to prevent premature deaths, effective prevention and addressing require a comprehensive approach combining individual and community interventions, highlighting the importance of identifying risk factors and the implementation of preventive programs.

A Novel Method for Assessing the 3-dimensional Morphology of Cartilaginous Acetabulum Via Childhood Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Periarticular cartilage is abundant in children, making evaluations of 3-dimensional (D) cartilaginous acetabular morphology using x-ray or computed tomography (CT) difficult. The study aimed to visualize the 3D cartilaginous acetabular morphology in normal children and patients with pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 17 female children without acetabular dysplasia at 7.5 years and CT of 33 normal female adolescents with mature bones at 14.6 years were used as controls. Subjects were 26 female patients with unilateral DDH who underwent angulated Salter innominate osteotomy (A-SIO) at 5.5 years. Preoperative and postoperative MRIs were performed at 5.2 and 7.0 years, respectively. The MRI sequence was 3D-MEDIC. The medial intersection (point A) of the line connecting the centers of the bilateral femoral head and the femoral head were defined as point zero. The 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the cartilaginous acetabular edge (point C) from anterior to posterior were calculated. Subsequently, a 3D scatter plot was created using 3D graph software. The subjects were divided into 6 groups, including control MRI, control CT, unaffected DDH before and after A-SIO, and affected DDH before and after A-SIO. The femoral head coverage ratio (FHCR: AC/AB) was used to quantify coverage and was compared in each group. In the control MRI group, the acetabular coverage was small anteriorly, largest anterolaterally, and gradually decreased posteriorly, similar to the bony acetabulum in adolescents. In the affected DDH before A-SIO group, the coverage was significantly lower than that of the control MRI and unaffected DDH groups. After A-SIO, the morphology improved beyond the unaffected DDH and the control MRI group. The global defect of the cartilaginous acetabulum in the affected DDH group was significantly improved to normal morphology after A-SIO. Evaluating the cartilaginous acetabulum using MRI was useful for assessing hip morphology in childhood. Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Validation of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in children and adolescents with different body mass indexes

BackgroundAccurate estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) in children and adolescents is important to establish estimated energy requirements. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of existing equations in literature and a newly developed equation in estimating REE in children and adolescents.Methods275 participants (148 boys, 127 girls) aged 6–18 years included in the study were classified as normal-weighted, overweight, obese based on BMI z-scores for age according to WHO-2007 growth curves for 5–19 years of age. REEs were measured using an indirect calorimeter, with various equations, and a newly established equation [REE = 505.412+(24.383*FFM);Adjusted R2 = 0.649] were compared with REE measured using Bland-Altman and further validation parameters.ResultsWhen the predicted REEs were compared with the measured REEs, the highest prediction accuracy was achieved using the new Eq. (64.8%) and IOM (63.8%) for normal-weight participants, Müller FFM and new Eq. (59.6%) for overweight participants and Lazzer (44.9%) for obese participants. In normal and overweight participants, lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) values were acquired from Schmelzle’s equation (respectively 136.2;159.9 kcal/d), and the highest values were found in Kim’s Eq. (315.2; 295.2 kcal/d respectively). RMSE value of the new equation was 174.7 kcal/d for normal-weight children and adolescents, and 201.9 kcal/d for overweight ones. In obese participants, the lowest RMSE value was obtained from Schmelzle’s Eq. (305.4 kcal/d) and the new Eq. (317.4 kcal/d), while the highest value was obtained from IOM Eq. (439.9 kcal/d). RMSE was higher in obese groups compared to the other BMI groups.ConclusionIndirect-calorimeter is the most suitable method for REE measurement in especially obese children and adolescents. The new equation and Schmelzle’s equation appear to be most accurate equations for normal and overweight children and adolescents.

Evaluation of Prenatal and Postnatal Risk Factors of Obesity in Obese and Normal Weight Children and Adolescents

Abstract Obesity is considered a global epidemic worldwide. During the COVID lockdown, many daily habits changed not only for adults, but also for children. These changes are likely to further increase the prevalence and severity of obesity, which could lead to early health problems and chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify preventable and non-preventable risk factors of obesity, which would be useful in planning long-term obesity prevention programmes in the country. The aim of the study was to investigate the prenatal and postnatal obesity risk factors in obese and normal weight children and adolescents. The prospective study from 2013 to 2018 included 198 children and adolescents — 181 children with obesity and 17 children with normal body weight who attended a paediatric endocrinologist. No statistically significant differences in prenatal risk factors of obesity were found between normal weight and obese children in the study: birth weight (p = 0.530), excessive weight gain during pregnancy in mothers (p = 0.787), type 2 diabetes mellitus in the family (p &gt; 0.999). No statistically significant difference was found for the postnatal risk factor of obesity — duration of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.120), a statistically significant difference was only observed in parental obesity prevalence between children with normal weight and obesity (p = 0.004). Therefore, it is important to involve all family members to change children’s daily habits.

Differences in syntactic and semantic analysis based on machine learning algorithms in prodromal psychosis and normal adolescents

Schizophrenia has the main symptom of psychosis which is characterized by speech incoherence due to thought process disturbance. Before schizophrenia, there is a prodromal phase of psychosis in adolescence. Early recognition of this phase is important to prevent the development of symptoms into a severe mental disorder. Machine learning technology can be used to predict thought process disturbance through syntactic and semantic analysis of speech. This study aims to describe the differences in syntactic and semantic analysis in prodromal psychosis and normal adolescents. The research subjects consisted of 70 adolescents aged 14-19 years which were divided into 2 groups. Based on the results of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B) Indonesian version, the subjects were split into two groups: prodromal and normal. All participants were voice-recorded during interviews using an open-ended qualitative questionnaire. Syntactic and semantic analysis was carried out on all data which amounted to 1017 phrase segments and classified by machine learning. This is the first study in Indonesia to compare the analysis of syntactic and semantic aspects in prodromal psychosis and normal adolescent populations. There were significant differences in syntactic and semantic analysis between groups of adolescents with prodromal psychosis and normal adolescents at the minimum value of coherence and frequency of use of nouns, personal pronouns, subordinate conjunctions, adjectives, prepositions, and proper nouns.

Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function among male adolescents at high risk of coronary heart disease

Background and aim Obesity, and family history (smoking, obesity, and hypertension) are the most important risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) among adolescents. The study aims to evaluate the cardiac function among male adolescents at high risk for coronary heart disease. Patients and methods A total of 100 male adolescents were selected by written questionnaire in addition to 30 normal adolescents as control. Thorough history taking and physical examination. Echocardiographic examination, serum lipids, and routine laboratory investigations. Results Obesity, and a family history of (smoking, hypertension, and obesity) are among the most frequent risk factors for CHD among male adolescents. We found a statistically significant elevated concentration of serum cholesterol and triglyceride and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein levels among diabetic and hypertensive children in addition to a significantly elevated concentration of serum low-density lipoprotein among hypertensive children and children with a sedentary lifestyle. The echocardiography reflects a significant increase in early and decreases in late diastolic flow velocity (E and A) among hypertensive and obese adolescents versus controls. A statistically significant differences between diabetics and controls for left ventricular posterior wall diameter, inter-ventricular septal diameter, and early and late diastolic flow velocity. Conclusion Obesity and a family history of smoking, obesity, and hypertension are among the most frequent risk factors for CHD among male adolescents. Echocardiography and lipid profiles should be performed for any adolescent at high risk for development of CHD.

Forgiveness-Hope Relationships Considering the Risk of Depression: Samples from Public School Students in A Religious Country

This study aimed to describe forgiveness-hope relationships among normal adolescents and those at high risk of depression in Indonesia, which is considered a religious country. This study involved 713 adolescents from a state vocational school in Semarang, obtained purposively in both sample groups (Male=64.1%; nHigh Risk=42; nNormal=671). Measurements used the DASS-Depression, Forgiveness Scale, and State Hope Scale. Data distributions supported non-parametric tests. Statistical analysis particularly used Spearman's rho correlation. Additional analyses used descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U. The study resulted in a significant positive correlation in each sample group; the correlation coefficient was greater in the high risk sample. When the correlation in the normal sample was significant for each sex, the correlation in the male high-risk sample was not significant alone. Specifically, both sexes of the high-risk sample received benefits on their pathways but not agency subscale. Among all the forgiveness dimensions in the high-risk sample, only forgiveness of situation contributed to hope. The results indicate that forgiveness may encourage better hope in more depressed adolescents, especially female adolescents. Targeting forgiveness of situations is the primary thing for depressive adolescents, thus encouraging efforts to find coping strategies regardless of their capacity. Further examination using experimental methods can be suggested.

Dietary Changes Among Normal and High Blood Pressure Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted adolescents' unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, leading to an increase in blood pressure and obesity rate. High blood pressure among adolescents is an early indicator of adult hypertension, but this condition has received less attention recently. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the differences in dietary changes among high school students with normal and high blood pressure before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in West Lampung District, Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was used, and the sample population consisted of 167 students aged 14-19 years. The results showed that 43 participants had elevated blood pressure and stage 1 hypertension, accounting for 25.7% of the total population. Among these participants, 14 (32.6%) were found to be overweight and obese. Based on the results, students with high blood pressure were less likely to improve their dietary choices during the COVID-19 pandemic than those with normal blood pressure.