Normal Acquisition Research Articles

Do Perineuronal Nets Stabilize the Engram of a Synaptic Circuit?

Perineuronal nets (PNNs), a specialized form of extra cellular matrix (ECM), surround numerous neurons in the CNS and allow synaptic connectivity through holes in its structure. We hypothesize that PNNs serve as gatekeepers that guard and protect synaptic territory and thus may stabilize an engram circuit. We present high-resolution and 3D EM images of PNN-engulfed neurons in mice brains, showing that synapses occupy the PNN holes and that invasion of other cellular components is rare. PNN constituents in mice brains are long-lived and can be eroded faster in an enriched environment, while synaptic proteins have a high turnover rate. Preventing PNN erosion by using pharmacological inhibition of PNN-modifying proteases or matrix metalloproteases 9 (MMP9) knockout mice allowed normal fear memory acquisition but diminished long-term memory stabilization, supporting the above hypothesis.

Research on the influence of measurement accuracy of the CCD moiré method

The CCD moiré method is an emerging tool for full-field measurements due to its simple optical setup and high resolution in topography and deformation measurements. It takes the periodic pixel on the image sensor of the digital camera as the reference grating, effectively “magnifies” the specimen grating pasted on the specimen surface. Different from ordinary moiré, CCD moiré has an image sensor that serves as both a reference grating and a recording pixel, its interval of parameters for measurement is narrow, and moiré quality is affected by multiple factors. This paper presents a systematic study of the factors affecting the accuracy of CCD moiré measurement. Firstly, a theoretical deduction of the formation process and measurement principle of CCD moiré is conducted, and then four classical single-moiré image-based phase extraction algorithms are summarized. Secondly, the imaging model of CCD moiré is established and all the factors that affect the accuracy of CCD moiré are studied, including lens aperture-coefficient FN, the pith of grating (ps, pr), pixel's duty-ratio dr, and camera acquisition mode. The results have identified the following optimal parameter interval: (1) determining the optimal pitch-ratio (n, or, ps / pr) is crucial for achieving high image quality and measurement accuracy, and the recommended interval isn∈[1.1,1.25]; (2) the pixel's duty-ratio is preferred to be set atdr∈[0.5,0.7], as it enables a favorable tradeoff between the image signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and image contrast; (3) the recommended aperture-coefficient is FN∈[4,8]; (4) the Skip and Normal camera acquisition mode is preferred based on actual measurement situations. Finally, the measurement accuracy and advantages of the CCD moiré method are effectively verified through two experiments: one on four-point bending in comparison with the DIC method, and the other on the ship vertical arch displacement measurement under a large field of view (FOV).

In an EFL Environment: Characteristics of Speech Sound Disorders in Children’s English Articulation

Objectives: In an EFL (English as a Foreign Language) environment like Korea, individuals learn English through education, and learning a foreign language is naturally influenced by the language system of the mother tongue. This study aimed to investigate the English speech characteristics and patterns of native language transfer in children with speech sound disorders (SSD).Methods: 20 Korean children aged 4-6 years participated in this study. The study divided participants into SSD and normal speech acquisition (NSA) groups, each comprising 10 children. Participants completed English word repetition task using the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP). Additionally, the SSD group was assessed using the Urimal Test of Articulation & Phonology (U-TAP) to compare differences in speech production based on language types. In both groups, the overall consonant accuracy, error types an error patterns in English were analyzed. English error types were categorized as substitution, vowel addition, consonant addition, vowel deletion, consonant deletion, inter-language distortion and intra-language distortion. Error patterns were further divided into developmental and non-developmental error patterns.Results: The SSD group demonstrated lower consonant accuracy compared to the NSA group in English articulation. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in vowel deletion rates and minor variations in consonant addition patterns. Error pattern analysis revealed that both groups exhibited a high proportion of stopping and final consonant deletion.Conclusion: This study directly confirmed the transfer of native language deficits in children with SSD to their English articulation and indirectly suggested that underlying deficits might impact English speech production.

4 Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease

Objective:Long-term forgetting rates may be more sensitive for detecting memory decrements compared to short-delay memory assessments (e.g., after 20-30 minutes). To date, much research has been performed on accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) in epilepsy patients, but research in other patient groups is lacking. ALF may be promising in the field of cerebrovascular disease, as many of these patients experience cognitive complaints, yet do not show impaired performances on neuropsychological assessments.Participants and Methods:Here, I will present empirical findings on ALF in individuals after a TIA/minor stroke (n=30) and after stroke (n=91) using short- (20-30 min) and long-delay (1-week) memory testing.Results:After TIA/minor stroke, short-delay (2030 min) memory testing was unimpaired, but 1-week delayed testing showed an impaired performance compared to stroke-free controls. In the stroke group, ALF was present in 17% of the patients, compared to stroke-free controls, but more prevalent than rapid forgetting after short-delay memory testing.Conclusions:ALF is present in patients with cerebrovascular disease, despite normal acquisition rates. The relation with neuroimaging findings and the clinical relevance of these results will be discussed.

FRI038 Differences In Bone Accrual Over One Year In Young Girls With Obesity Compared To Normal Weight Controls

Abstract Disclosure: S. Kaur: None. V. Singhal: None. L.A. Haidar: None. M. Bredella: None. M. Misra: None. Introduction: Despite higher bone mineral density (BMD), women with obesity are at an increased risk of fracture compared to normal-weight women. Optimal adolescent bone accrual is critical for normal peak bone mass acquisition and future bone health. Whereas several studies have examined the impact of low body weight on bone accrual in youth, data are lacking regarding the impact of obesity on bone accrual. We aimed to assess changes in areal and volumetric BMD, bone geometry and microarchitecture, and estimates of bone strength over one year in young females with moderate to severe obesity compared to their normal-weight counterparts. Methods: We recruited females between 13-25 years of age with moderate to severe obesity (OB) (n=21) and compared their bone accrual over one year with normal-weight controls (NWC) (n=50). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess areal BMD (aBMD), high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (distal radius and tibia) to assess volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone geometry, and microarchitecture, and micro finite element analysis for estimates of bone strength was used. Analyses were controlled for age and race. Results: The mean age was 18.7 ± 2.7 years. OB and NWC were similar for age, race, height, and physical activity at baseline. OB had higher weight and BMI (p<0.0001 for both) and younger menarchal age (p=0.022) than NWC. Over one year, there was no difference between the groups for change in height, weight, and BMI. However, OB did not demonstrate the increase in total hip BMD observed in NWC (p=0.03) over a year. OB also had lesser increases in percent cortical area, cortical thickness, cortical and total vBMD at the radius over a year than the NWC group (p≤0.037 for all). The groups did not differ for tibial bone accrual. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that longitudinal bone accrual over one year is impaired at the total hip and radius in adolescents and young adult females with obesity compared to normal-weight controls, while no differences are observed in tibial bone accrual. This raises concerns regarding future bone health in women with obesity, particularly at certain skeletal sites. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Distribution of macrophages in the developing cochlea of the common marmoset, a primate model animal.

Macrophages are essential immune cells in the cochlea that contribute to inflammation, tissue repair, and homeostasis. They also play an important role in local cochlear immunity. The developmental immigration and maturation of macrophages in the cochlea have been investigated and are considered essential for normal hearing acquisition. Most of our current knowledge regarding cochlear development is based on rodent models because of the ethical challenges of using human fetal samples for research. However, inter-species differences between rodents and humans have been reported. In this study, we used a primate animal model to investigate the distributions of macrophages in the developing cochlea. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small monkey species that inhabits the New World, was used as the model. We investigated the distribution of macrophages in the developing cochlea of the common marmoset by performing immunohistochemical analyses of cochlear tissue from common marmoset embryos at different development stages. We revealed detailed distribution changes in the macrophages of a primate animal model cochlea. This observation indicates that most of the changes in the general distribution of macrophages were well preserved between rodents and this primate. The distribution changes observed in the common marmoset were also compatible with observations in the human fetus; although, observations in the human fetus are limited. Our observations in this study also revealed several differences between common marmosets and rodents. The time course of immunological development and maturations established in this study will aid in the study of the primate-specific developmental biology of the inner ear. These observations may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies for hearing loss in humans. In addition, understanding the immunological steady-state of the cochlea may help in the study of age- and genetic-induced hearing loss and in the design of regenerative therapies.

Transfer condition monitoring across wind turbines using feature alignment and parameter fine-tuning

Transfer condition monitoring across wind turbines still exists two issues. (1) The model of single turbine trained is directly used for other ones in the wind farm to result in low monitoring accuracy because of individual features of each turbine; (2) if the model is trained separately for each turbine, it is not only time-consuming and inefficient, but also is difficult to transfer across turbines. For solving the two issues, a transfer condition monitoring method across wind turbines using feature alignment and parameter fine-tuning is proposed. First, the representative normal turbine in a wind farm is screened by calculating the correlation between the monitoring parameters of wind turbines; second, the input features are constructed by using the massive normal supervisory control and data acquisition data of the representative turbine. The intelligent condition monitoring model of wind turbines is designed by using convolutional neural networks for spatial features and long-term and short-term memory networks for time features. Finally, feature alignment is performed using the normal data of the representative turbine and a large amount of historical normal data from other turbines to reduce data distribution differences. The aligned data is inputted into pre-training monitoring models for parameter fine-tuning. The personalized features of each turbine are incorporated to achieve high-precision transfer condition monitoring across turbines. The proposed method is verified by the real-world turbine data from a wind farm cooperated with us. The results show that the proposed transfer condition monitoring method using feature alignment and parameter fine-tuning can accurately monitor and identify the health states of wind turbines.

Differences in bone accrual over one year in young girls with obesity compared to Normal weight controls.

Despite higher bone mineral density (BMD), women with obesity are at an increased risk of fracture compared to normal-weight women. Optimal adolescent bone accrual is critical for normal peak bone mass acquisition and future bone health. Whereas several studies have examined the impact of low body weight on bone accrual in youth, data are lacking regarding the impact of obesity on bone accrual. We examined bone accrual over one year in young women with moderate to severe obesity (OB) (n=21) versus normal-weight controls (NWC) (n=50). Participants were 13-25years old. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess areal BMD (aBMD) and high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (distal radius and tibia) to assess volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone geometry, and microarchitecture. Analyses were controlled for age and race. The mean age was 18.7±2.7years. OB and NWC were similar for age, race, height, and physical activity. OB had a higher BMI (p<0.0001) and younger menarchal age (p=0.022) than NWC. Over one year, OB did not demonstrate the increase in total hip BMD observed in NWC (p=0.03). Increases in percent cortical area and cortical thickness, and cortical and total vBMD at the radius were lower in OB than in NWC (p≤0.037). Groups did not differ for tibial bone accrual. We demonstrate that longitudinal bone accrual is impaired at the total hip and radial cortex in young women with obesity, raising concerns regarding their future bone health.

An Advanced Non-Interrupted Internal Calibration Model Based on Azimuth Modulation and Waveform Diversity for SAR Systems

Internal calibration, designed for obtaining the gain and phase errors introduced by the fluctuations of the electronic instruments, is an essential operation to guarantee the imaging performance of modern synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. However, in most of the current internal calibration schemes, the internal calibration processes interrupt the normal SAR data acquisition, which results in a loss of azimuth samples and degradation of the SAR image quality. To this end, an advanced non-interrupted internal calibration model is proposed, performing the internal calibration during nominal data acquisitions. The calibration signals and echoes are orthogonal and are received simultaneously. Then, they can be separated by postprocessing via the waveform diversity concept. Two schemes based on the proposed model are demonstrated via theoretical analysis and simulation experiments. The proposed model can achieve a considerable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reduce the influence of calibration signals on echoes, which have some potential applications for future SAR missions.

Polarization 3D imaging technology: a review

Polarization three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology has received extensive attention in recent years because of its advantages of high accuracy, long detection distance, simplicity, and low cost. The ambiguity in the normal obtained by the polarization characteristics of the target’s specular or diffuse reflected light limits the development of polarization 3D imaging technology. Over the past few decades, many shape from polarization techniques have been proposed to address the ambiguity issues, i.e., high-precision normal acquisition. Meanwhile, some polarization 3D imaging techniques attempt to extend experimental objects to complex specific targets and scenarios through a learning-based approach. Additionally, other problems and related solutions in polarization 3D imaging technology are also investigated. In this paper, the fundamental principles behind these technologies will be elucidated, experimental results will be presented to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of these popular technologies, and finally, our perspectives on the remaining challenges of the polarization 3D imaging technology will be presented.

Clinical utility of single-shot echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging using L1-regularized iterative sensitivity encoding in prostate MRI.

We investigated the ability of echo-planar imaging with L1-regularized iterative sensitivity encoding-based diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to improve the image quality and reduce the scanning time in prostate magnetic resonance imaging. We retrospectively analyzed 109 cases of prostate magnetic resonance imaging. We compared variables in the quantitative and qualitative assessments among 3 imaging groups: conventional parallel imaging-based DWI (PI-DWI) with an acquisition time of 3 minutes 15 seconds; echo-planar imaging with L1-regularized iterative sensitivity encoding-based DWI (L1-DWI) with a normal acquisition time (L1-DWINEX12) of 3 minutes 15 seconds; and L1-DWI with a half acquisition time (L1-DWINEX6) of 1 minute 45 seconds. As a quantitative assessment, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of DWI (SNR-DWI), the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of DWI (CNR-DWI), and the CNR of apparent diffusion coefficient were measured. As a qualitative assessment, the image quality and visual detectability of prostate carcinoma were evaluated. In the quantitative analysis, L1-DWINEX12 showed significantly higher SNR-DWI than PI-DWI (P = .0058) and L1-DWINEX6 (P < .0001). In the qualitative analysis, the image quality score for L1-DWINEX12 was significantly higher than those of PI-DWI and L1-DWINEX6. A non-inferiority assessment demonstrated that L1-DWINEX6 was non-inferior to PI-DWI in terms of both quantitative CNR-DWI and qualitative grading of image quality with a <20% inferior margin. L1-DWI successfully demonstrated a reduced scanning time while maintaining good image quality.

DUSP6 Deficiency Attenuates Neurodegeneration after Global Cerebral Ischemia.

Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) resulting from cardiac arrest causes selective neurodegeneration in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Although the effect is clear, the underlying mechanisms directing this process remain unclear. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of Erk1/2 promotes cell survival in response to tGCI. DUSP6 (also named MKP3) serves as a cytosolic phosphatase that dephosphorylates Erk1/2, but the role of DUSP6 in tGCI has not been characterized. We found that DUSP6 was specifically induced in the cytoplasm of hippocampal CA1 neurons 4 to 24 h after tGCI. DUSP6-deficient mice showed normal spatial memory acquisition and retention in the Barnes maze. Impairment of spatial memory acquisition and retention after tGCI was attenuated in DUSP6-deficient mice. Neurodegeneration after tGCI, revealed by Fluoro-Jade C and H&E staining, was reduced in the hippocampus of DUSP6-deficient mice and DUSP6 deficiency enhanced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Erk1/2 in the hippocampal CA1 region. These data support the role of DUSP6 as a negative regulator of Erk1/2 signaling and indicate the potential of DUSP6 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegeneration after tGCI.

Electrically evoked stapedial reflex threshold and behavioral method usefulness in the cochlear implant programming in pediatric population.

To determine the utility of the electrically evoked stapedial reflex test (ESRT) and behavioral method in the CIs programming as an objective method to identify MCL levels in the CIs programming in pediatric patients. Cross-sectional cohort study that included 20 pediatric patients with postlingual deafness and CI unilateral. They were performed clinical history, tympanometry, ESRT and by free field audiometry, before and after programming modifications according to MCL levels obtained by ESRT were performed. ESRT threshold was assessed with individual 300ms stimuli on the 12 electrodes and recorded through manual decay. Likewise, the maximum comfort threshold (MCL) of each electrode was obtained through a behavioral analysis. No significant differences were found between the ESRT and behavioral method in MCLs levels in each of the electrodes evaluated. In addition, the correlation coefficients were significant and located in a range of 0.55-0.81, higher in electrodes 7, 8, and 9 (r=0.77, 0.76, and 0.81, respectively). However, the median hearing threshold established by the ESRT was significantly lower compared to the behavioral threshold (36.0 vs. 47.0dB, p<0.0001), regardless of age (p=0.249) or the etiology of hearing loss (p=0.292). The difference between the tests was in the number of times to do it, the ESRT was done once and the behavioral on average 4±1 times. Similar MCL thresholds were obtained in both ESRT and behavioral test, establishing that both methods are reliable for use in pediatric patients; however, ESRT allows shortening the time to achieve normal hearing and language acquisition thresholds in a more optimal time.

An Advanced Approach to Improve Synchronization Phase Accuracy with Compressive Sensing for LT-1 Bistatic Spaceborne SAR

In the bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) system, the unavoidable frequency deviation between the oscillators (USOs) will result in additional phase modulation in the demodulated radar signal, which significantly degrades the quality of the SAR image and digital elevation model (DEM) product. The innovative L-band spaceborne BiSAR system LuTan-1 (LT-1) employs a non-interrupted synchronization scheme to acquire the synchronization phase error. This advanced phase synchronization scheme avoids interrupting the normal BiSAR data acquisition and further increases the synchronization frequency. However, some non-ideal factors in the transmission link like attenuation, multipath effect, interference, etc., may cause the synchronization phase to be polluted by noise. A phase denoising approach based on compressive sensing (CS) is proposed to improve the accuracy of synchronization phase. The imaging phase with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is input into the K-SVD algorithm to learn the prior information, and then the noise of the synchronization compensation phase is eliminated by maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. The data acquired from the ground validation system of the LT-1 synchronization module are adopted for the validation experiment. The proposed phase denoising method achieves higher phase synchronization accuracy compared with traditional ones. The processing results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrate its potential for future on-orbit applications of the LT-1 mission.

Two Improved Acquisition Systems for Deep Subsurface Exploration

Present land seismic surveys mainly focus on acquiring reflection data. The maximum offset is usually 1–1.5 times the depth of targets. Limited offset results in that the acquired diving waves only penetrate the shallow parts of the Earth model, far from targets. Thus, the reflection data are used to build the deep part of the velocity model with migration velocity analysis. However, two issues challenge the success of velocity model building. First, incomplete information. Limited offsets lead to a narrow aperture of observation, which results in an under-determined inversion system. One manifestation is the trade-off between the depth of interfaces/reflectors and the average velocity above them. Second, low signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Complex near-surface conditions and geologic structures lead to low S/N ratios for reflection data, which fails to build velocity with reflection data. The fundamental solution to these two issues is to acquire better data with an improved acquisition system. In this work, we propose two types of modified geometries to enhance the penetration depth of the diving waves, especially the first arrivals, which can be used to build a deeper velocity model effectively. Type-I geometry adds extra sparse sources on the extension line of the normal acquisition geometry, whereas Type-II geometry deploys extra sparse receivers on the extension line. Consequently, the new acquisition system includes ultra-large offsets, which acquire diving waves from the deep subsurface. These diving waves, including waveform and first-break time, are particularly useful for recovering deeper velocity, which has paramount significance for the exploration of deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. Synthetic and field data examples preliminarily demonstrate the feasibility of this improved acquisition system.

The Public Acquisition of Space Science Information in the 21st Century

The ways that humans acquire information is undergoing a fundamental change comparable with the introduction of Gutenberg's printing press and broadcast systems. Using the literature and a growing body of empirical evidence, including national surveys in 2017, 2019, and 2020, we describe a model of normal space science information acquisition that specifies the roles of education, salience, subject-matter literacy, and navigation skills in the decision to seek information. We contrast this normal model with two models of event-driven or special space science information acquisition, using (1) the 2017 total solar eclipse (TSE) and (2) the 50th anniversary of the first lunar landing in 1969 as examples. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of a just-in-time space science information acquisition system for the space science community, including scientists, leaders, and educators.

Satisfaction and employment of adult patients after cochlear implantation

Introduction There are more than 465 million people worldwide living with some form of hearing impairment, with one-third of them over the age of 65. In the EU, there are 34.4 million adults with a hearing loss of 35 dB or more. Studies in a series of European countries show that two out of three Europeans, or more than 22.6 million people, do not treat their impairment. With a steadily ageing population that is living longer, and with hearing loss due to increased noise exposure starting earlier, this growth will increase even more in the coming years. Projections suggest that by 2050, more than 900 million people will have a disabling loss. (WHO: Deafness and Hearing Loss Factsheet March 2018 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ fs300/en/Accessed 9 Mar 2018) This poses major challenges for both society and the individual. Hearing impairment can lead to social isolation, depression, cessation of employment, and a range of co-morbidities. Cochlear implants are medical devices that can help restore hearing in people with severe to profound neurosensory hearing loss. For children, this includes normal speech development and language acquisition at a rate similar to their hearing peers. For adults, this allows many to remain economically and socially active, reducing the significant societal burden and costs that an undiagnosed and untreated hearing impairment can bring. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cochlear implant placement on occupational opportunities, satisfaction and employment in postlingual patients.

Relationship Between Speech Sound Disorders and Neuropsychological Skills With the Mediating Role of Parenting Styles and Mother’s Depression: Memory and Visuospatial Skills

Background and Aims Speech sound disorders (SSD) are a type of communication disorder where normal speech acquisition is disrupted. Children with SSD make speech sound errors that may impact speech intelligibility for others. Factors and variables associated with this disorder have been the matter of investigation in some studies: However, for the present study, the relationship among neuropsychological skills (Memory skill and visuospatial skill), parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive), and mother’s depression with SSD has been investigated in a single model. Methods This study is analytical and descriptive, and the correlation method of structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to examine the data. A total of 117 preschool children (aged 4-6 years) with SSD were recruited using purposive sampling from speech and language therapy clinics and through the kindergarten screening method using Ahmadi et al.’s test. Conners neuropsychological rating scale, Baumrind’s parenting styles, and Beck depression inventory are applied to each subject and then completed by mothers. The AMOS software analyzed the data using correlation, regression, path analysis, and structural equation methods. Results The statistical analysis showed that the correlation and effect of memory skills on SSD are significant (P=0.023 &lt;0.05). However, it is not significant with the mediating role of parenting styles (authoritarian style: P=0.715, authoritative style: P=0.306, and permissive style: P=0.689) and mother depression (P=0.531 &gt;0.05). On the other hand, despite being a strong and remarkable variable, the correlation and effect of visual-spatial skill on SSD are not significant (P=0.054 &gt;0.05). There is also no significant correlation and effect of visual-spatial skill on SSD with the mediating role of parenting styles (authoritarian style: P=0.497, authoritative style: P=0.268, and permissive style: P=0.949) and mother depression (P=0.414 &gt;0.05). Conclusion The results revealed that memory and visual-spatial skills have a significant direct correlation and effect on SSD. The more memory and visual-spatial problems, the more errors in sounds (phonemes) there will be. The correlation and effect of memory and visual-spatial skills on SSD with the mediating role of parenting styles and maternal depression are not considerable.

The effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on overt visual attention.

Three experiments (a, b, c) combined to provide a well-powered examination of the effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on visual attention using an eye tracker and a space-shooter video game where a colored flashing light predicted an attacking spaceship. In each, group "control" received no pre-exposure to the light, group "same" received pre-exposure in the same context as conditioning, and group "different" received pre-exposure in a different context. Experiments differed in visual details regarding the game (1a vs. 1b and 1c) or minor details in the setup of the eye tracker (1a and 1b vs. 1c). Overall, pre-exposure retarded acquisition of keyboard responding. That effect was enhanced, rather than attenuated, by a context change. Separating participants by sign and goal trackers showed the context change enhanced the pre-exposure effect in goal trackers and reduced it in sign trackers. Visual attention to the light declined during pre-exposure and did not recover with either conditioning or a context switch. Visual attention to the light decreased during conditioning. Visual goal tracking toward where the spaceship would appear was also retarded with pre-exposure. Unlike the keyboard responding, a context change led to more normal goal-tracking acquisition. Results are discussed in terms of theories of attention and the potential effects of demand characteristics on the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A New Type of ECG Signal Acquisition and Storage Nonvolatile Chip Embedded in Mobile Devices for Sports Monitoring

In the fast‐paced development of life in today’s society, the use of ECG signals is not only used in the medical direction to scan patients; portable ECG signal acquisition tools can collect and analyze the corresponding ECG signals in time and respond to the wearer in time, so that the user can make timely adjustments or seek medical treatment in time to avoid a malignant situation that occurs. For people in sports, the collection of ECG signals is more helpful to the arrangement and estimation of training conditions. Based on nonvolatile memory technology, data will not be lost when the computer is turned off or suddenly or unexpectedly shut down. This research puts forward the design of an antiexercise ECG monitoring system that collects ECG signals for a group that is in the process of exercise. Use mathematical calculation system to classify, and conduct in‐depth analysis of the reasons for poor anti‐interference ability, and use the original denoising algorithm calculation as the basis to adapt to the dynamic situation in the opposite situation to the normal ECG signal acquisition in the static state. The collection is modified from the original basis. This research proposes an improved scheme for multichannel acquisition. Chips of semiconductor memory devices based on nonvolatile memory are embedded in mobile devices for use. The experimental results in this paper show that the comparison experiment ratio of collecting ECG signals from the sixth, third, fourth, and fifth directions can effectively reduce the mean square error (MSE), and the error of channel 6 is directly from 0.1598. It is down to 0.00143. Several other items showed a significant decrease. It shows that the anti‐interference ability of the ECG monitoring system can be further enhanced by increasing the number of collection terminals.