Norm Violations Research Articles

FEATURES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN THE CONDUCT OF FORENSIC FIRE AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATION

The article deals with the formation of the organizational and methodological foundations for conducting fire-technical examinations carried out within the framework of administrative cases at the suit of state supervision (control) in the field of technogenic and fire safety on the implementation of response measures in the form of a complete or partial suspension of the operation of inspection objects. It has been established that there are no clear assessment criteria for violations of norms and rules that determine the degree of threat to life and health of people as a result of exposure to fire hazards. The specified uncertainty causes the doubtfulness of evidence and limits the possibility of making procedural decisions when considering administrative cases regarding the implementation of response measures by supervisory (control) bodies. In accordance with the established by judicial practice, it becomes necessary to form sufficient evidence in a public law dispute using special knowledge in the field of fire safety through the adoption of decisions on the appointment of forensic fire and technical examinations. At the same time, a scientifically-based approach to conducting this kind of a fire-technical examination has not been established. The problems of scientific and technical support of expert research are defined. The purpose, subject, object, tasks, algorithm, and research methods are formed. The basis of the proposed organizational and methodological approach to conducting fire-technical examinations is the algorithm of expert studies aimed at improving evidence-based information. The dialectical methods of expert research and the method of mathematical modeling are defined and proposed as tools for scientific and technical support of fire-technical expertise. The necessity of consistent integration into forensic activities of innovative approaches and technologies, which is the method of mathematical modeling, is substantiated. The necessity of introducing a procedural procedure (a mechanism) of expert research is substantiated in order to ensure the staging, the legality of the formation of an expert opinion as evidence in an administrative case at the claim of state supervision (control) in the field of technogenic and fire safety on the implementation of response measures. The need for further scientific research aimed at improving the activities of scientific and technical support of fire-technical examinations through the development, formation, and introduction into expert practice of the methodology for conducting relevant expert research has been proved. Key words: fire-technical examination, fire safety, life/health, research methods, evidence, response measures, supervision (control).

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF FIRE AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIMS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESPONSE MEASURES

The article deals with the formation of the organizational and methodological foundations for conducting fire-technical examinations carried out within the framework of administrative cases at the suit of state supervision (control) in the field of technogenic and fire safety on the implementation of response measures in the form of a complete or partial suspension of the operation of inspection objects. It has been established that there are no clear assessment criteria for violations of norms and rules that determine the degree of threat to life and health of people as a result of exposure to fire hazards. The specified uncertainty causes the doubtfulness of evidence and limits the possibility of making procedural decisions when considering administrative cases regarding the implementation of response measures by supervisory (control) bodies. In accordance with the established by judicial practice, it becomes necessary to form sufficient evidence in a public law dispute using special knowledge in the field of fire safety through the adoption of decisions on the appointment of forensic fire and technical examinations. At the same time, a scientifically-based approach to conducting this kind of a fire-technical examination has not been established. The problems of scientific and technical support of expert research are defined. The purpose, subject, object, tasks, algorithm, and research methods are formed. The basis of the proposed organizational and methodological approach to conducting fire-technical examinations is the algorithm of expert studies aimed at improving evidence-based information. The dialectical methods of expert research and the method of mathematical modeling are defined and proposed as tools for scientific and technical support of fire-technical expertise. The necessity of consistent integration into forensic activities of innovative approaches and technologies, which is the method of mathematical modeling, is substantiated. The necessity of introducing a procedural procedure (a mechanism) of expert research is substantiated in order to ensure the staging, the legality of the formation of an expert opinion as evidence in an administrative case at the claim of state supervision (control) in the field of technogenic and fire safety on the implementation of response measures. The need for further scientific research aimed at improving the activities of scientific and technical support of fire-technical examinations through the development, formation, and introduction into expert practice of the methodology for conducting relevant expert research has been proved. Key words: fire-technical examination, fire safety, life/health, research methods, evidence, response measures, supervision (control).

On the problem of interaction between art and politics in the context of contemporary culture

The purpose of the article is to outline the problem of interaction between art and politics in the context of modern socio-cultural space. The research methodology involves the use of the method of synthesis to determine the specifics of art and its role in the context of today's culture. The method of analogy was used to outline common dominants in modern European mural art, which is dedicated to Ukraine. An analytical approach was used to determine the correlation between art, culture, and politics. Scientific novelty. The relationship between art and politics within the modern cultural space is outlined. We need to strengthen control in the field of cultural policy over artistic content, which reaches a wide audience, and to achieve a balance between freedom and responsibility in the individual creative activity of the artist. Conclusions. Art is an expression of those cultural and political processes that take place in society. It forms a certain worldview, and acts as a means of struggle, the bearer of a certain ideology. An important task in this regard is the need for expert evaluation of the art product. In the absence of official censorship, it is necessary to prevent violations of moral, ethical and religious norms. During the war, the role of art in human life is even more important, because it is formed under the influence of political processes and significantly affects consciousness. It is important to achieve a correlation between the freedom and responsibility of the artist when he is free to choose the content and form of his own works, given the impact he has on the viewer. On the example of murals that appeared in Ukrainian and European cities during the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Russian troops, we can trace the presence of common features manifested in the specifics of themes, images, symbols, colors. They are the driving force of cultural and ideological support for Ukraine in the struggle for freedom.
 Key words: culture, art, politics, art product, war, mural

Success Factors for Humanitarian Access: Quantitative Case Studies of ICRC Visits to Detainees

The importance of humanitarian access has been widely recognized by practitioners and scholars. Nevertheless, the factors behind its success have been not yet fully clear. This study, therefore, conducted a quantitative analysis of the International Committee of the Red Cross's (ICRC) access to detainees' visits to elucidate the success factors of humanitarian access. It analyzed a government's attributes that grant the ICRC access and engagements to soften the government's refusal of its access. The results revealed the following findings: (1) a government's capacity is required to an extent to keep public services in armed conflict; (2) material incentive (MI) in a government is working, and the ICRC assistance for civilians is effective; (3) conceptual incentive (CI) to seek the international legitimacy is irrelevant; (4) conceptual disincentive (CD) to avoid disclosure of the government's violation of humanitarian norms is working, and a high-level meeting with the ICRC is less likely to lessen the government's concern. These findings supplement insights of previous research on general humanitarian access in a quantitative way, implying the possibilities and the limits of humanitarian agency's engagements. Further research on various types of humanitarian success can clarify its success factors in a more specific way.

Adhering to COVID-19 health guidelines: A behavioral-failure perspective.

The mitigation of pandemics like that caused by the current COVID-19 virus is largely dependent on voluntary public adherence to government rules and regulations. Recent research has identified various individual covariates that account for some of the variance in compliance with COVID-19 behavioral guidelines. However, despite considerable research, our understanding of how and why these factors are related to adherence behavior is limited. Additionally, it is less clear whether disease-transmitting behaviors during a pandemic can be understood in terms of more general behavioral tendencies. The current research has examined the utility of a behavioral-failure lens in predicting adherence to COVID-19 guidelines and in illuminating mechanisms underlying the previously established relationship between Conscientiousness and adherence. In the two studies reported here, individual variations in the predisposition to behavioral failures predicted adherence to COVID-19 measures, and mediated the relationships between Conscientiousness and adherence. The Failure Proneness (FP) questionnaire predicted compliance with COVID-19 guidelines, while the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) did not. The results of hierarchical regressions showed that COVID-19 behavior was predicted only through the intentional factors (and mainly by Noncompliance-Violations). Hence, our data lend support to the notion that noncompliance with official COVID-19 prevention guidelines is driven mainly by intentional factors related to violation of norms and rules. The theoretical and practical implications of this finding are discussed.

Effects of Egalitarianism (Low SDO) on Workplace Vigilante Behavior: The Role of Moral Outrage

Workplace Vigilante Behavior refers to the monitoring of norm violation and delivering unauthorized punishment to the norm violators in the workplace. The current study attempted to uncover the antecedent of workplace vigilante behavior and proposes Egalitarianism (low SDO) as an antecedent to such behavior using Social Dominance Theory (SDT). The current study proposes that low SDO employees feel morally outraged which instigates them to display workplace vigilante behavior. Further, we also contend that low SDO employees feel more morally outraged when the norm violator is of high socio-economic status (SES), which further motivates them to display workplace vigilante behavior. Thus, the current study proposes a moderated mediation model where moral outrage is the mediator and offender status (high SES) is the moderator. Using a two-wave survey design administered on 246 employees of public sector organization in India, the current study finds empirical support of its propositions. The results lend support to our proposed moderated mediation model and the theoretical contributions, practical implications along with limitations and future research avenues are discussed in the paper.

Norm Violations, Transgressor Status, and Punishment Intentions: A Meta-Analysis and Experiment

Do people desire to punish high-status wrongdoers relatively more or less than low-status ones? The existing body of evidence examining whether high- or low-status transgressors elicit greater punishment intentions is mixed. In Study 1, we meta-analyze 36 studies testing the effect of transgressor status and transgression type on punishment intentions. We observe no main effect of transgressor status (d = .08). We find that high-status transgressors elicit greater punishment intentions for severe transgressions (d = -.13), whereas low-status transgressors encourage greater punishment intentions for non-severe transgressions (d = .37). The meta-analysis also shows that high-status transgressors generate greater punishment intentions for harm-based acts (i.e., acts that violate norms of kindness), and low-status transgressors for betrayal acts (i.e., those which undermine a sense of self-sacrifice for the group), but these results seem to be driven by differences in transgression severity. Overall, the results of the meta-analysis support a role schema explanation: People seem to view transgressions violating high-status role-specific expectations as more severe, encouraging greater punishment intentions for these acts. In Study 2, we retested these role schema theory-consistent findings in a preregistered experiment. The results replicated the findings that high-status transgressors elicit greater punishment intentions for acts of harm, but not acts of betrayal, because such acts are deemed to be more severe when committed by high- (versus low) status transgressors. Our findings reveal that observers appraise transgressive behavior as a function of the transgressor’s status as well as the nature of the transgression. Transgressive behavior that is deemed to violate status role-specific expectations elicits perceptions of greater severity and greater punishment.

The Impact of Leader Humor on Creativity

As the construction industry faces several human resource challenges, leaders need to maintain a positive working ethos to cope with the creative challenges. This study examined the direct and indirect impact of leader humor on team creativity and employee creativity. We draw on Benign Violation Theory to hypothesize that the display of leader humor signals the acceptability of norm violations in the team, hence facilitating employee creativity and team creativity. Further, we integrate Benign Violation Theory with Social Learning Theory to propose that leader humor while signaling norm violation enables the team's learning orientation, influencing team creativity and employee creativity. We use multi-level modeling and ordinary least squares regression to examine data gathered from 165 team members nested with 45 construction projects in China. The results show that leader humor has a dual positive direct effect on team creativity and employee creativity. Furthermore, the direct effects are partially mediated by team learning orientation. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our study.

Perilous Medicine: The Struggle to Protect Health Care from the Violence of War by Leonard S. Rubenstein

Reviewed by: Perilous Medicine: The Struggle to Protect Health Care from the Violence of War by Leonard S. Rubenstein David P. Forsythe (bio) Leonard S. Rubenstein, Perilous Medicine: The Struggle to Protect Health Care from the Violence of War ( Columbia University Press, 2022), ISBN 9780231192460, 392 pages. Leonard Rubenstein is well qualified to address the subject of health care in situations of violence. He is past president of Physicians for Human Rights, a respected NGO, and directs the program on Human Rights and Health in Conflict at Johns Hopkins University. His book is nicely framed. On the one hand, there is Francis Lieber, who during the American civil war, authored a set of rules for the Union Army addressing limits on violence in the name of humanitarian concern. Lieber's approach gave expansive scope to the idea of military necessity. If acts of violence by the Union side shortened the war and helped get rid of slavery, then the violence was justified. Thus, the sacking of Atlanta by General Sherman, for example, fell within the bounds of permissible action. It was not gratuitous violence, under Lieber's code, but rather part of a just cause and had the effect of helping end the war. On the other hand, there is Henry Dunant, who, at about the same time as Lieber, popularized the idea of limits on war in the name of a common humanity, taking as his focus the notion of neutral aid to all war-wounded. For Dunant, the justness of the cause and whether or not a battle shortened or prolonged a war did not enter into calculations. From 1864 and the first Geneva Convention on the subject of victims of war, inspired by Dunant but drafted by his Genevan colleagues Gustave Moynier and Guillaume Dufour, a prohibition on attacking the wounded and those that tended them was general and absolute. Modern international law follows the Swiss Dunant and not the Prussian-American Lieber. In both human rights law and the laws of war (or international humanitarian law, or the international law of armed conflict), the official norms prohibit explicitly or by implication attacks on medical installations and medical personnel. Unfortunately, much practice tends to follow Lieber (even by those who never heard of him) in that that there is great scope given today to military necessity, seen by political actors as being part of their just cause. In a way, clearly enough, Rubenstein's book is depressing. He documents, thoroughly and without question, the extent of the violations of norms designed to protect medical installations and personnel. In general, "We know that, from 2006–2020, more than four thousand [End Page 648] acts of violence in conflict against health care led to a health care worker killed every three days and a facility damaged or destroyed every other day."1 He backs up the disturbing generalizations by going into the weeds on health care in conflicts with attention to Chechnya, Myanmar, Turkey, Kosovo, Syria, Afghanistan, Palestine, Liberia, Central African Republic, and elsewhere. One is perhaps not surprised to read about attacks on health care in conflict situations by the likes of the Afghanistan Taliban or the Islamic State Group. He also shows that Israel has blocked ambulances and interfered with medical relief in Palestinian areas, while refusing to hold Israelis legally accountable for their misdeeds. He reminds readers that when the United States used a supposed vaccination worker to track down Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, the results included a suspension of vaccination programs in that area with serious negative effects on children, and even fatal attacks on some other vaccination personnel. In all these cases, political authorities gave broad scope to military necessity and saw their cause as just. Lieber lived, in spirit at least, and Dunant was eclipsed. In another way, however, Rubenstein's book is inspiring. Faced with the broadly negative record on protecting health care in conflict situations, whether officially recognized as armed conflict (where IHL applies) or something similar short of armed conflict (where human rights law applies), he shows that individuals and organizations continue to struggle against dominant trends. There are creative endeavors that show some success, whether by MSF (Doctors...

When judging purity norm violations, the perpetrator's intention matters

AbstractJudgments about the morality of an act that harms another (an autonomy violation) depend on the perpetrator's intention, but judgments about an impure act (a purity violation) have little to do with the perpetrator's intention—or so it has been theorized. In contrast, our hypothesis, supported here in three studies of American internet users, is that the perpetrator's intention matters greatly in both domains. In two studies (N = 120 in each), the perpetrator's specific intention (benign, pernicious, or unspecified) significantly and substantially influenced moral judgments of impure acts. In a third study (N = 825) of morality judgments, intention weighed at least as much for purity as for autonomy violations: reasoning about perpetrator's intention decided whether both autonomy and purity violations were judged to be moral or immoral. In morality, intention matters.

Unpacking the Paradoxical Effects of Leaders’ Follower-Directed Prosocial Rule Breaking on Followers

Given the paradoxical nature of leaders’ follower-directed prosocial rule-breaking, which simultaneously involves sincere effort to help the followers yet violates organizational norms, our work builds a theoretical model to explain employees’ psychological and behavioral reactions to this specific form of leader deviant behavior. Drawing upon social information processing theory, we propose that leaders’ follower-directed prosocial rule breaking signals different social cues and elicits followers’ simultaneously but contrasting feelings: On one hand, perceived acceptability of norm violations (for having behaved in norm-violation ways) and on the other, gratitude (for having done something helpful for the followers). In turn, perceived acceptability of norm violations motivates follower deviance, whereas gratitude motivates leader-directed helping. Results of a time-lagged multisource field survey data offer support for our hypotheses. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.

Witnessing Shaming as a Social Binding & Norm Reinforcing Process

This study develops and tests theory for organizational shaming, defined as a collective process of social disapproval that publicly punishes a norm violation. Prior research on shame in organizations has predominantly emphasized the negative effects of this discrete emotional experience for the violator, with little attention to shaming, as an interpersonal process involving multiple parties, including organizational observers. Meanwhile shaming is on the rise in the modern workplace, facilitated by surveillance systems, social media, and the Zoomification of work, suggesting a need to understand how and when this unique form of punishment is functional and dysfunctional to organizational outcomes. Drawing on retributive justice theory and integrating a two-wave survey study with qualitative interviews, we illustrate the specific conditions when witnessing a shaming punishment can enhance commitment and compliance for organizational members.

Social norms and dishonesty across societies

Social norms have long been recognized as an important factor in curtailing antisocial behavior, and stricter prosocial norms are commonly associated with increased prosocial behavior. In this study, we provide evidence that very strict prosocial norms can have a perverse negative relationship with prosocial behavior. In laboratory experiments conducted in 10 countries across 5 continents, we measured the level of honest behavior and elicited injunctive norms of honesty. We find that individuals who hold very strict norms (i.e., those who perceive a small lie to be as socially unacceptable as a large lie) are more likely to lie to the maximal extent possible. This finding is consistent with a simple behavioral rationale. If the perceived norm does not differentiate between the severity of a lie, lying to the full extent is optimal for a norm violator since it maximizes the financial gain, while the perceived costs of the norm violation are unchanged. We show that the relation between very strict prosocial norms and high levels of rule violations generalizes to civic norms related to common moral dilemmas, such as tax evasion, cheating on government benefits, and fare dodging on public transportation. Those with very strict attitudes toward civic norms are more likely to lie to the maximal extent possible. A similar relation holds across countries. Countries with a larger fraction of people with very strict attitudes toward civic norms have a higher society-level prevalence of rule violations.

PENGARUH POLA ASUH ORANG TUA TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER ANAK

Unfiltered globalization can lead to information and actions that are inconsistent with Pancasila and religious values. This is what triggers character degradation and violations of applicable norms. Therefore, character education is a strategic step in maintaining character, in this case the character of the child. In the process of teaching character education to children, it is necessary to have a harmonious relationship between parents and children. This study aims to determine the importance of character education from an early age as an effort to strengthen the character of the nation's next generation and to find out the types of parenting styles that can make the child's education process run well. The method used in this study is a literature review that examines relevant information. The results show that character education has great urgency in maintaining Pancasila and religious values ​​in the midst of the onslaught of global culture. In terms of parent-child interaction, democratic parenting is the most ideal parenting style to apply because it can support a harmonious relationship so that character education can run well for children.

When are governmental blaming strategies effective? How blame, source and trust effects shape citizens’ acceptance of EU sanctions against democratic backsliding

ABSTRACT Under what conditions do citizens consider external sanctions against their country to be appropriate? Based on the literature on blame shifting, we argue that citizens should become less likely to support external sanctions if their government defends itself, especially if it seeks to shift the blame to the external actors (blame effect). However, this effect may be moderated by which actor identifies and claims the norm violation (source effect) and by whether citizens trust their government (trust effect). We test our expectations by conducting a survey experiment on EU sanctions against democratic backsliding in six countries (n = 12,000). Our results corroborate the blame and source effects, but disconfirm the trust effect. These findings have important implications for the literatures on blame shifting and external sanctions as well as for how the EU and other International Organizations should design their sanctioning mechanisms.

A Renewal Attempt at a Bill in Indonesia’s Criminal Law: A Study of the Development in the Norm of Rejang Customary Law

The inventory of Rejang Customary Law norm, specifically in Bengkulu Tengah regency, in line with the Indonesia’s Law Renewal Policies. All of the way to strengthen the local wisdom, including the case resolution mechanism within National political Law, are all been stated in National Policies, started when it was stated in the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7 Year 2005 concerning the National Medium term development plan (RPJMN) in 2004-2009, which already written to reform the law system and politic in the next five years. Therefore its necessary to conduct research on customary court, especially on customary law in Rejang community whose domiciled in Bengkulu Tengah. Some of the question that needed to be answered in this research is which forms, term, norms and reaction are there that of the Rejang Customary Law that still apply in the communities that occurs in Bengkulu Tengah regency that related to crimes against one’s dignity and life. This research is an empirical law research, which examines the law as a fact and the application of law in the Rejang society in Bengkulu Tengah regency. Regarding to crimes againts the dignity and life of a person, there are several institution of Customary Law norm with respective reaction/sanction, namely Menggomboa, Tekleseng, Tekabeak, Ngabeak, Iram Coa Berdaleak, Cido Celako, Upet, Johong Pemayo, Begaseak, Bangun Kenyayo, Cempalo Tangan, Bangun mayo, Kerineak. While customary reaction to violation of customary norms relating to the dignity and the life of a person are Minai Maaf and or Tentok Kambing, and or Tepunjung, and or kedendo, and or Tepung Tabea (Setawar Sedingin), expulsion, or signing a letter of Peace Agreement.

The Effect of Counterfactual Potency on Behavioral Intentions.

This research examines how counterfactual potency (CP), the multiplicative effect of the likelihoods of the "if" and "then" clauses of counterfactuals, determines the effects of counterfactuals on behavioral intentions. In Study 1, we found that participants who read highly (vs. minimally) mutable vignettes perceived the counterfactuals as more likely and endorsed relevant intentions more. However, CP did not mediate the effect of mutability on intentions. In Studies 2 and 3, we found that CP directly affected intentions and also mediated the effects of mutability on intentions when mutability was specifically manipulated via controllability (Study 2) or norm violation (Study 3). Finally, Study 4 used archival reaction time data to show that more concrete counterfactuals were perceived as more likely and subsequently facilitated intentions. Taken together, the current research provides evidence that more likely counterfactuals facilitate behavioral intentions.

An interaction effect of norm violations on causal judgment

Existing research has shown that norm violations influence causal judg- ments, and a number of different models have been developed to explain these effects. One such model, the necessity/sufficiency model, predicts an interac- tion pattern in people's judgments. Specifically, it predicts that when people are judging the degree to which a particular factor is a cause, there should be an interaction between (a) the degree to which that factor violates a norm and (b) the degree to which another factor in the situation violates norms. A study of moral norms (N=1000) and norms of proper functioning (N=3000) revealed robust evidence for the predicted interaction effect. The implications of these patterns for existing theories of causal judgments is discussed.

Brain responses in aggression-prone individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of anger- and aggression-eliciting tasks

Reactive aggression in response to perceived threat or provocation is part of humans' adaptive behavioral repertoire. However, high levels of aggression can lead to the violation of social and legal norms. Understanding brain function in individuals with high levels of aggression as they process anger- and aggression-eliciting stimuli is critical for refining explanatory models of aggression and thereby improving interventions. Three neurobiological models of reactive aggression – the limbic hyperactivity, prefrontal hypoactivity, and dysregulated limbic-prefrontal connectivity models – have been proposed. However, these models are based on neuroimaging studies involving mainly non-aggressive individuals, leaving it unclear which model best describes brain function in those with a history of aggression.We conducted a systematic literature search (PubMed and Psycinfo) and Multilevel Kernel Density meta-analysis (MKDA) of nine functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (eight included in the between-group analysis [i.e., aggression vs. control groups], five in the within-group analysis). Studies examined brain responses to tasks putatively eliciting anger and aggression in individuals with a history of aggression alone and relative to controls.Individuals with a history of aggression exhibited greater activity in the superior temporal gyrus and in regions comprising the cognitive control and default mode networks (right posterior cingulate cortex, precentral gyrus, precuneus, right inferior frontal gyrus) during reactive aggression relative to baseline conditions. Compared to controls, individuals with a history of aggression exhibited increased activity in limbic regions (left hippocampus, left amygdala, left parahippocampal gyrus) and temporal regions (superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus), and reduced activity in occipital regions (left occipital cortex, left calcarine cortex).These findings lend support to the limbic hyperactivity model in individuals with a history of aggression, and further indicate altered temporal and occipital activity in anger- and aggression-eliciting conditions involving face and speech processing.

Testing the limits of international society? Trust, AUKUS and Indo-Pacific security

Abstract When Australia reneged on a AUD$90 billion submarine contract with France in 2021 as it joined AUKUS, a new trilateral military partnership between Australia, the UK and the US, it was accused of lying and breaching France's trust. This perceived act of betrayal not only led to a deterioration in the diplomatic relationship between Australia and France, but it also drew attention to the consequences of violating the norm of pacta sunt servanda—agreements must be kept. Although it is recognized that breaches of trust undermine relationships, what has been underexplored is how a violation of norms can also undermine the presumption of trust in international society more broadly. Focusing on how Australia broke its contract with France after it joined AUKUS, this article argues that Australia's conduct not only harmed its relationship with France, but it also led the European Union (EU) to raise questions about how much to trust AUKUS partners as it engages in the Indo-Pacific region. It posits that adherence to international norms is important for developing trust between states in international society and has the potential to facilitate cooperation and enhance security in the complex Indo-Pacific region and beyond.