Norm Problem Research Articles

What works in global health partnerships? Reflections on a Nigerian-German project collaboration

Abstract Background Global health partnerships for project implementation is a frequent way to address health challenges. Bringing stakeholders from different disciplines, professions, settings and countries together provides opportunity to look at health challenges from different perspectives, develop suitable ideas to tackle them and leverage diverse capacities. Problem In such diverse partnerships, cultural norms, practical realities and institutional practices create challenges for the development of good and equitable relationships. Methods In our project collaboration between the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and the German Robert Koch Institute on developing and implementing trainings in infection prevention and control, we demonstrated how a partnership can function. The collaboration followed a participatory approach and was informed by the following principles: - Plan, revise, adapt and implement all project activities as well as its contents participatorily; - A well-coordinated teamwork is key to facilitate operational performance; - Consider everyone as expert in its own domain of influence; - Constant and inclusive communication: maintaining transparency on all aspects and steps both in contents and organization and applying non-violent communication and active listening; - Provide space for reflection on roles and functions and for open discussion on needs and misunderstandings; - Appreciate team work as constantly evolving process of interaction and learning. Results We built a strong resilient team and could leverage team diversity to deliver on project objectives with exceptional quality, adaptability in a highly complex and frequently changing implementation setting. Lessons Working across cultures, disciplines, professions and countries means to develop a joint communication language and an understanding of the other. It is challenging and dynamic, requires additional space/time and attention, but offers personal growth and self-realization. Key messages • Using a participatory approach in teams can leverage team diversity to deliver on project objectives and bring about a high professional and personal self-realization. • There are concrete implementable ways of teamwork in international interdisciplinary global health collaborations that enhance quality of results in complex implementation settings.

Robust Blind Text Image Deblurring via Maximum Consensus Framework

The blind text image deblurring problem presents a formidable challenge, requiring the recovery of a clean and sharp text image from a blurry version with an unknown blur kernel. Sparsity-based strategies have demonstrated their efficacy by emphasizing the sparse priors of the latent image and kernel. However, these existing strategies have largely neglected the influence of additional noise, imposing limitations on their performance. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel framework designed to effectively mitigate the impact of extensive noise prevalent in blurred images. Our approach centers around a robust Maximum Consensus Framework, wherein we optimize the quantity of interest from the noisy blurry image based on the maximum consensus criterion. Furthermore, we propose the integration of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and the Half-Quadratic Splitting (HQS) method to address the computationally intractable L0 norm problem. This innovative strategy enables improvements in the deblurring performance of blurry text images with the additional synthetic noise. Experimental evaluations conducted on various noisy blurry text images demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach over existing methods.

Gender dan Tingkat kepedulian Masyarakat terhadap Sampah

Indonesia is the second largest producer of plastic waste in the world after China, one source of waste is from the tourism sector such as in the Borobudur Temple Area, Central Java. The problem of low awareness and gender norms that are still closely embedded in Indonesian society are inhibiting factors in modern approaches to waste management, thereby impacting the burden on local governments in waste management. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gender on concern for waste. Methods: Cross-sectional deskriptif survey study in the Borobudur sub-district area of 374 respondents representing the X generation or millennial generation and Z generation. This study shows that the difference in the average value (mean) of the variabels of knowledge, concern, perception, millennial PKK actions, and external faktors regarding institutions is slightly higher in the female group, namely 0.5005, 0.2207, 0.1452, 0 .8338, and 0.1046. But, individual perceptions of concern for community groups are slightly higher in the male group, namely 0.0659. This study shows that concern for waste, the female group's average value of each variable is slightly higher than the male group, and only one variable, namely external factors, individual perceptions of concern for community groups is slightly lower.

An efficient algorithm for the minimal least squares solution of linear systems with indefinite symmetric matrices

In this work, a new algorithm for solving symmetric indefinite systems of linear equations is presented. It factorizes the matrix into the form LDLt using Jacobi rotations in order to increase the pivot´s absolute value. Furthermore, Rook´s pivoting strategy is also adapted and implemented. In determinate compatible systems, the computational cost of the algorithm was similar to the cost of the Bunch-Kaufman method, but the error was approximately 50 % smaller for intermediate and large matrices, regardless of the condition number of the coefficient matrix. Furthermore, unlike Bunch-Kaufman, the new algorithm calculates with little additional cost the fundamental basis of the null space, and obtains the minimal least squares and minimum norm solutions. In minimal least squares with minimum norm problems, the new algorithm was compared with the LAPACK Complete Orthogonal Decomposition algorithm, among others. The obtained error with both algorithms was similar but the computational cost was at least 20 % smaller with the new algorithm, even though the Complete Orthogonal Decomposition is implemented in a blocked form.

A Spectral/hp-Based Stabilized Solver with Emphasis on the Euler Equations

The solution of compressible flow equations is of interest with many aerospace engineering applications. Past literature has focused primarily on the solution of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) problems with low-order finite element and finite volume methods. High-order methods are more the norm nowadays, in both a finite element and a finite volume setting. In this paper, inviscid compressible flow of an ideal gas is solved with high-order spectral/hp stabilized formulations using uniform high-order spectral element methods. The Euler equations are solved with high-order spectral element methods. Traditional definitions of stabilization parameters used in conjunction with traditional low-order bilinear Lagrange-based polynomials provide diffused results when applied to the high-order context. Thus, a revision of the definitions of the stabilization parameters was needed in a high-order spectral/hp framework. We introduce revised stabilization parameters, τsupg, with low-order finite element solutions. We also reexamine two standard definitions of the shock-capturing parameter, δ: the first is described with entropy variables, and the other is the YZβ parameter. We focus on applications with the above introduced stabilization parameters and analyze an array of problems in the high-speed flow regime. We demonstrate spectral convergence for the Kovasznay flow problem in both L1 and L2 norms. We numerically validate the revised definitions of the stabilization parameter with Sod’s shock and the oblique shock problems and compare the solutions with the exact solutions available in the literature. The high-order formulation is further extended to solve shock reflection and two-dimensional explosion problems. Following, we solve flow past a two-dimensional step at a Mach number of 3.0 and numerically validate the shock standoff distance with results obtained from NASA Overflow 2.2 code. Compressible flow computations with high-order spectral methods are found to perform satisfactorily for this supersonic inflow problem configuration. We extend the formulation to solve the implosion problem. Furthermore, we test the stabilization parameters on a complex flow configuration of AS-202 capsule analyzing the flight envelope. The proposed stabilization parameters have shown robustness, providing excellent results for both simple and complex geometries.

Уголовно-правовая характеристика и проблемы исполнения уголовного наказания в виде обязательных работ

The article, according to the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, provides an analysis of judicial practice in the appointment and execution of criminal punishment in the form of compulsory labor. The problematic issues of the execution of this type of punishment are currently being considered. Special attention is paid to the consideration of problems related to the malicious evasion of convicts from serving their sentences in the form of compulsory labor. The essence of the punishment under study is analyzed. The subject of the study was statistical data on compulsory work and legal literature on the issues of considering the problems of the practice of assigning and executing this criminal punishment. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to highlight the Russian practice of imposing and executing punishment in the form of compulsory labor, identifying problems and finding ways to solve them. The conclusions formulated in the article will make it possible to increase the effectiveness of the activities of criminal enforcement inspections for the execution of this criminal punishment, and will also serve as a source material for subsequent research in the field of the execution of criminal penalties without isolating convicts from society. Methodology. The goal was achieved using dialectical methods of scientific cognition of both general and private scientific research methods: formal legal, comparative legal, descriptive, functional and scientific analysis method. Results. The analysis of statistical data, theoretical and practical problems of criminal law norms regulating the appointment and execution of compulsory work, allowed us to focus on a wide range of problems both in the criminal law sphere and in the relationship of other normative legal acts with criminal and penal enforcement legislation on the regulation of compulsory work. The materials of the article will be of interest to both scientists and practitioners dealing with the problems of execution of alternative types of punishment.

Actual Problems of the Application of Reference Standards in the Investigation of Criminal Cases of Timber Smuggling

The article points out the problems of reference norms and other norms that determine the presence of the corpus delicti. The author brings out the actual problems of reference norms of criminal law in the investigation of criminal cases related to illegal logging. The article contains an analysis of Government Decree No. 1730 of 29.12.2018 in the original version, Government Decree No. 1730 of 29.12.2018 (ed. of 18.12.2020) and Government Decree No. 273 of 08.05.2007 (latest edition) and conclusions based on this analysis.

Legal Remedies and Franchise Protection in Termination of the Franchise Agreement Unilaterally by the Franchisor Before the Termination of the Agreement

The franchise agreement is a written agreement made by both parties between the franchisor and the franchisee which contains the rights and obligations of each party as well as legal consequences that must be obeyed by each party. In implementing a franchise agreement, the possibility of problems or disputes is very open, so it is not uncommon for the franchisor to terminate the agreement unilaterally. This study uses normative legal research methods due to a problem of norms, namely the absence of norms. This study uses 2 approaches, namely the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. Based on the discussion and research results, it is known that basically the franchise agreement cannot be terminated unilaterally either from the franchisor or from the franchisee before the end of the agreement, unless there are void conditions stated in the contents of the agreement and have been agreed upon by the parties. As for legal remedies that can be taken by franchisees who suffer losses due to unilateral termination by the franchisor, namely filing a claim for damages by default.

Hybrid distributed online and alternating convex optimization‐based initial value accelerated hybrid precoding for millimeter wave multiple‐input‐multiple‐output

SummaryThe hybrid precoding problem is considered a Frobenius norm reduction problem for the narrowband channel in a millimeter wave (mmWave) with multiple inputs and outputs (mmWave MIMO). This work proposes a hybrid distributed online and alternating convex optimization (HDO‐ACO) algorithm to improve hybrid precoding (HP), interpreted as a trace minimization problem. HDO‐ACO alternately determines the digital and analog precoders to reduce the trace by keeping the other constant. Initially, HDO‐ACO uses Lagrange's method to determine the digital precoding subproblem. Then, it uses the integrated distributed online convex optimization and alternating minimization algorithm in the analog precoder design. In the HP method, the digital and analog precoders are iteratively updated until the highest number of iterations or convergence is reached. But this hybrid precoding method requires an initial analog precoding matrix input to begin the iteration. The algorithms converge gradually and fall into a suboptimal solution when the initial analog precoding matrix is set randomly. Hence, an initial value acceleration‐based heuristic approach is used in the HDO‐ACO alternating minimization algorithm that calculates the initial feasible value of an alternating minimization method using channel conditions. The simulation results of the proposed HDO‐ACO algorithm are presented under bit error rate (BER), spectral efficiency (SE), and convergence behavior by comparing it with modified block coordinate descent–HP (MBCD‐HP), manifold optimization–alternating minimization (MO‐AltMin), and semi‐definite relaxation‐based alternating optimization (SDR‐AO). The proposed HDO‐ACO attains maximum SE and less BER than other hyper‐precoding designs.

English Language Teaching Problems in the Nomadic Society in Iran

Education occupies the center stage in human life. Therefore, the importance of education has been adequately documented in the literature. In spite of the important role played by nomadic society in Iran, this society seems to be a neglected part of this Islamic country. When it comes to teaching English the problem becomes severe. Therefore, this study was carried out to highlight the burning issues ahead of English language teaching in the nomadic society in Iran. In order to go to the roots of problems in teaching and learning English in nomadic schools, researchers interviewed some English teachers and stakeholders in the nomadic educational center in Lorestan. Moreover, to find the possible differences between nomadic and non-nomadic students in terms of learning English as a foreign language, a total number of 75 nomadic students and 80 non-nomadic students participated in this study. Independent sample t-test was used to find the differences between the mean scores of two groups of students. The results of the study showed that the main obstacles in the way of English language learning in nomads are: formal school, Curriculum, student related problems, teachers-related problems, learning facilities and technological equipment, under norm problem and multimethod-multilevel classes.

An Explicit–Implicit Upwind Difference Splitting Scheme in Directions for a Mixed Boundary Control Problem for a Two-Dimensional Symmetric t-Hyperbolic System

In this paper, we introduce a numerical integration method for hyperbolic systems problems known as the splitting method, which serves as an effective tool for solving complex multidimensional problems in mathematical physics. The exponential stability of the upwind explicit–implicit difference scheme split into directions is established for the mixed problem of a linear two-dimensional symmetric t-hyperbolic system with variable coefficients and lower-order terms. It is noteworthy that there are control functions in the dissipative boundary conditions. A discrete quadratic Lyapunov function was devised to address this issue. A condition for the problem’s boundary data, ensuring the exponential stability of the difference scheme with directional splitting for the mixed problem in the l2 norm, has been identified.

A proximal fully parallel splitting method with a relaxation factor for separable convex programming

In this paper, we propose a proximal fully parallel splitting method with a relaxation factor for solving separable convex minimization model with linear constraints, where the objective function is the sum of m individual functions without coupled variables. With a full Jacobian decomposition, we decompose the subproblem associated with the augmented Lagrangian method into m smaller subproblems and then add a quadratic proximal term to each decomposed subproblem, which makes the resulting ones easier to solve for many applications. In order to accelerate the numerical performance, we attach a positive relaxation factor to update the Lagrange multiplier, which also allows more flexibility in the design of algorithms. Moreover, we refine the step size of the underrelaxation step, which enlarges several existing ones in the literature. We prove that the proposed method is globally convergent, and show the worst-case O(1/k) convergence rate in a nonergodic sense. Finally, the efficiency and robustness of the proposed method are also demonstrated by solving the ℓ1 norm problem, the ℓ1-regularized least squares problem, the exchange problem and the total variation image restoration problem.

Data-Driven Spectrum Allocation and Power Control for NOMA HetNets

Towards a green communication discipline, more energy-efficient wireless networks are needed. In this paper, an energy-efficient interference management technique is proposed for heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with downlink nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) operating in millimeter (mm) waves. The proposed technique utilizes data-driven-based power and resource blocks (RBs) allocation scheme to maximize the energy efficiency of the entire network while managing inter-user, co-tier, and cross-tier interference. The studied interference management problem is mathematically formulated as maximizing the energy efficiency of NOMA-HetNets under constraints; quality of service (QoS), successive interference cancelation condition (SIC), maximum power allocation, and the maximum capacity of each RB, which is a non-convex and combinatorial NP-hard problem that needs exhaustive search for an optimum solution. The formulated problem is relaxed into a minimization of a linear <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm problem. Then, a lowcomplex model-free data-driven based approach is proposed to find a near-optimum allocation for power and RBs based on a dynamic linearization representation of a time-varying pseudogradient parameter estimation procedure. Numerical analyses show that the proposed scheme achieves higher network energy efficiency with lower computational complexity compared to the benchmark schemes.

Masalah Sosial dalam Novel Surga Anjing Liar karya Adimas Immanuel

The purpose of this study is to describe the forms of social problems, the causes of social problems, the impact of social problems contained in Adimas Immanuel’s Surga Anjing Liar novel. The subject of this research is Adimas Immanuel’s Surga Anjing Liar novel, published in 2020. This research is a type of literary research the uses a descriptive method. The research instrument is the researcher who uses instrument tools in the from of recording sheet and data analysis. The result of the study are the form of social problems include; poverty, crime, family disorganization, war, violation of societal norm, environmental and bereaucratic problems, factors that cause social problem are caused by economic, biological, and psychological factors, the impact of social problems can be in the form of increased crime, gap between people rich dan poor, group divisions, emergence of deviant behavior dan rising unemployment.

Resource-Aware Video Delivery in Fog Radio Access Networks: A Joint QoE and QoS Perspective

In this paper, the video delivery strategy is studied under the cooperative framework of cache-enabled fog radio access networks (F-RAN), where multicast beamforming and video-quality selection are both taken into account in terms of different scenarios. In the user-centered scenario, an optimization problem regarding to the network quality of experience (QoE) improvement is first formulated under the essential quality of service (QoS) requirements of the users. Furthermore, an energy efficiency maximization scheme is proposed in the user-dense scenario to improve the resource utilization when network resources may be insufficient to guarantee the QoS requirements of all the users. In particular, a user scheduling scheme is studied in this case. More specifically, the non-convex constraints and fractional object functions in the aforementioned problems are dealt with by successive convex approximation (SCA) technique and the Dinkelbach approach. In order to solve the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -norm problem caused by user scheduling, we introduce the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$l_{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -norm approximation to improve the sparsity of the solution. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed schemes is validated by extensive simulations.

Least Squares Polynomial Chaos Regression for Stochastic Analysis of Transmission Lines Without and With Noise

Stochastic transmission line (TL) analysis is often challenging due to the difficulty of fully identifying the probability distributions of all randomly varying parameters, especially in the presence of noise. These problems cannot be directly addressed by the existing polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) framework. To overcome the limitations, this paper proposes an improved PCE method for analyzing the stochastic TL model with noise. A regression-based non-intrusive approach termed least squares polynomial chaos regression (LSPCR) is employed to determine the PCE coefficients. Six algorithms for LSPCR are developed by respectively combining three sampling strategies, i.e., standard sampling (SS), asymptotic sampling (AS), and coherence-optimal sampling (COS), with two types of norm problems: the least-squares optimization problem (LSO) and the l1-minimum problem (l1-M). Numerical experiments are conducted on noiseless and noisy problems. The results reveal that the LSO-based algorithms (LSOs) are much faster than the l1-M-based algorithms (l1-Ms), regardless of the sampling strategy. In the absence of noise, these six algorithms require only a relatively small number of samples to achieve higher accuracy in solution moments compared to the Stochastic Galerkin (SG) method. When the sample size is large, the AS-based algorithms (ASs) and the COS-based algorithms (COSs) yield more accurate results than the SS-based algorithms (SSs), regardless of the norm problems. In the presence of noise, the LSOs outperform the l1-Ms for small sample sizes. However, no evident differences are observed among the six algorithms with large sample sizes.

Deep anti-corruption blueprint mining, mineral, and coal sector in Indonesia

Changes in mining, minerals, and coal regulations through Law Number 3 of 2020 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining have drawn critical notes from many parties. One of the controversial norms examined is many normative substances contrary to anti-corruption principles. So the focus of this study is on How the Problems of Norms in the Minerba Law are considered to hinder efforts to eradicate corruption in the Mineral and Coal Mining sector. Second, designing the blueprint for the Minerba Law so that anti-corruption principles can be appropriately adopted, this study uses normative legal research methods with descriptive research specifications. The results of this study are as follows. The Minerba Law regulation dramatically hinders efforts to eradicate corruption, as it centralizes the mineral and coal management authorities and is full of conflicts of interest. The blueprint design for the Minerba Law on Mineral and Coal Mining rearranges norms that are considered to ignore anti-corruption principles in the Minerba Law.

Extreme Sparse-Array Synthesis via Iterative Convex Optimization and Simulated-Annealing Expanded Array

Sparse-array synthesis can considerably reduce the number of sensor elements while optimizing the beam-pattern response performance. The sparsity of an array is related to the degrees of freedom of the array elements. A sparse-array method based on iterative convex optimization and a simulated-annealing expanded array is proposed in this paper. This method transforms the sparse-array problem into a minimum l1 norm problem and obtains the sparse array by solving the convex optimization problem using the primal-dual algorithm. Meanwhile, to improve the degree of freedom, array elements are expanded using stochastic perturbation. According to the simulated-annealing algorithm, the closed array elements are reopened with a specific probability, which is iteratively thinned and expanded. The results show that the proposed method can obtain an extremely sparse array, which is better than that obtained using the existing methods.

Identifying approximate proper efficiency in an infinite dimensional space

The main idea of this article is to characterize approximate proper efficiency that is a widely used optimality concept in multicriteria optimization problems that prevents solutions having unbounded trade-offs. We analyze a modification of approximate proper efficiency for problems with infinitely many objective functions. We obtain some necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for this modification of approximate proper efficiency. This modified version of approximation guarantees the general characterizations of approximate properly efficient points as solutions to weighted sum problems and modified weighted Tchebycheff norm problems, even if there is an infinite number of criteria. The provided proofs concerning the modified definition show that if the number of the objective functions is infinite, then these results become invalid under the primary definition of approximate proper efficiency.

Sanctioning violations of free honorarium services by notary: Is it allowed?

The purpose of this writing is to understand how the standardization of notary honorarium is regulated in the legislation and how sanctions are imposed by the Notary Supervisory Council on violations committed by Notaries related to the provision of free honorarium to their clients. This normative legal research method contains norm problems that occur from the blurring of norms in the Notary Position Law with the Notary Code of Ethics in matters related to notaries being obliged to provide services free of charge to parties who are unable, while there are norms from the Notary Position that do not allow obtaining honorarium below the minimum limit of association regulations. This research contains legal sources, namely; primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study found that the regulation on honorarium that applies to notaries is Article 36 of the UUJN related to the maximum amount of honorarium received by the Notary and Article 37 of the UUJN related to notaries being obliged to provide legal services free of charge, but on the other hand notaries can be subject to code of ethics penalties if they violate the provisions contained in Article 4 number 10 of the KEN related to the lowest limit of honorarium set by the association, Violations related to the honorarium for preparing deeds trigger Notaries to receive Code of Ethics sanctions.