Norm Of Reciprocity Research Articles

How and why non-balanced reciprocity differently influence employees' compliance behavior: The mediating role of thriving and the moderating roles of perceived cognitive capabilities of artificial intelligence and conscientiousness.

Previous studies have paid more attention to the impact of non-balanced reciprocity in the organization on employees' behaviors and outcomes, and have expected that the reciprocity norm could improve employees' compliance behavior. However, there are two distinct types of non-balanced reciprocity, and whether generalized reciprocity affects employees' compliance behavior rather than negative reciprocity and its mechanisms has not been further explored so far. Building on the social exchange theory and cognitive appraisal theory, we established and examined a model in a scenario-based experiment across a two-stage survey of 316 participants. In this article, we propose that generalized reciprocity (relative to negative reciprocity) positively influences employees' compliance behavior, and thriving at work mediates its relationship. Furthermore, we argue that the positive association between generalized reciprocity and thriving at work is moderated by the perceived cognitive capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI). This association is amplified for people high in the perceived cognitive capabilities of AI. We also propose that the positive association between thriving at work and compliance behavior is moderated by conscientiousness, such that the association is amplified for people high in conscientiousness. These findings have theoretical and practical implications.

Formal and Informal Institutions in Farmers’ Withdrawal from Rural Homesteads in China: Heterogeneity Analysis Based on the Village Location

Withdrawal from rural homesteads (WRH) in China is mainly conducted under the guidance of government and follows the principle of farmers’ voluntary participation, in which both formal and informal institutions play essential roles. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the institutional factors in WRH. By introducing both formal and informal institutions into the analysis framework, the aim of this study was to explore the impacts of formal and informal institutions on farmers’ behavior to WRH, and the interaction between formal and informal institution in different villages. Based on survey data from farmers in Jinzhai, China, this study adopted a binary probit model and factor analysis. (1) The study revealed that farmers’ cognition of homesteads property rights and their trust in village cadres are the key formal institutional factors affecting farmers’ behavior to WRH, and farmers’ social networks, reciprocal norms, and trust in villagers are the key informal institutional factors affecting farmers’ WRH; (2) Both formal and informal institutions promote farmers’ WRH, and informal institutions play a more important role. However, there is no interaction between formal and informal institutions in the whole sample. (3) Furthermore, the effect of formal and informal institutions on farmers’ WRH have the heterogeneity of village location: there is a complementary relationship between formal and informal institutions in farmers’ WRH for villages with a medium proximity to the county seat, and a substitution relationship for villages far away from the county seat. Finally, this study discusses the implications of these findings on the new round of WRH policy.

Governance of the commons and social values: a dialogue between Elinor Ostrom’s work and the francophone theory of reciprocity

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the importance of reciprocity in the processes and procedures recorded in the management of common resources. First, it examines the role that Elinor Ostrom attributes to the norm of reciprocity in her approach to common property resources. Second, it interprets economic and social relationships in the management of common resources as seen by Francophone economic anthropology’s theory of reciprocity. The argument relies on the application of these two theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of common resources management systems in the Northeast of Brazil and in New Caledonia. The conclusion attempts to establish a dialogue between Ostrom’s proposals and the theory of reciprocity.

Social Capital, Political Efficacy and Chinese Residents' Willingness to Participate in Food Safety Governance.

Residents play an important role as one of the main actors in food safety governance. To build a pattern of food safety risk co-governance, the positive and effective participation of residents is vital. This study first establishes a comprehensive analysis framework combining social capital theory and political efficacy theory. Data from a survey of 714 residents in Shandong Province, China, were analysed through structural equation modelling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine the causal relationship between residents’ willingness to participate and its driving factors. The results indicated that: (1) reciprocity norm, institutional trust and social engagement have significant positive effects on willingness to participate; (2) political efficacy has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between social capital and willingness to participate; (3) fsQCA findings have four solutions to achieving residents’ strong willingness to participate; reciprocity norm, institutional trust and political efficacy are the core elements that affected residents’ high willingness to participate, whereas social engagement and sociodemographic variables are the non-core variables. Therefore, we put forward suggestions for improving residents’ willingness to participate in food safety governance, including improving the appeal expression and feedback mechanism, cultivating residents’ social capital and paying attention to the superposition effect of social capital and political efficacy.

Creating the Conditions for Intergenerational Justice: Social Capital and Compliance

Creating the Conditions for Intergenerational Justice: Social Capital and Compliance

Reciprocity versus Self-Interest in a Competitive Interaction Context: An Experimental Study.

In social interactions, the reciprocity norm implies to adjust one's behavior to that of the other agents. Conversely, behaving according to self-interest involves taking into account the reciprocity principle only if it does not hinder the achievement of one's goals. However, reciprocity and self-interest may conflict with each other, as when returning a kind action involves sacrificing the possibility to achieve a personal objective. The conflict could be exacerbated by some contextual factors, such as competitive pressures. This study investigated, in a competitive interaction context, which principle prevails when the two conflict. To this end, 276 unpaid participants (M = 138) took part in a two-stage experiment entailing a simulated interaction with a fictitious opponent, which behaved selfishly, fairly or altruistically toward them during the first stage. Participants had to decide whether or not to reciprocate the opponent's previous behavior, which in the critical experimental conditions conflicted with the goal to successfully complete the experiment. So, they were faced with a moral dilemma. Competition degree was manipulated to make the conflict between reciprocity and self-interest more or less harsh. Moreover, we tested whether the putative effect of experimental manipulation was mediated by changes in context-related affective states and personal beliefs about morality. Results showed that decision-making was principally influenced by reciprocity. Regardless of the competition degree, participants preferred to engage in reciprocal behavior even when this compromised their personal interest. Affective states and beliefs changed in response to the experimental manipulation, but they did not mediate the effect of the independent variable on decision-making.

Effects of intergenerational contact on social capital in community-dwelling adults aged 25–84 years: a non-randomized community-based intervention

BackgroundAccumulating social capital in urban areas is essential to improve community health. Previous studies suggested that intergenerational contact may be effective for enhancing social capital. However, no study has examined the effect of intergenerational contact on social capital through a population-based evaluation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a community-based intervention to increase the frequency of intergenerational contact on social capital among adults aged 25–84 years.MethodsThis study used a non-randomized controlled trial design to conduct a community-based intervention (from March 2016 to March 2019). The study area was Tama ward, Kawasaki city, Kanagawa, Japan. The area comprises five districts; one district was assigned as the intervention group and the other four districts as the control group. We provided the intervention to residents in the intervention group. The intervention comprised three phases: Phase 1 was the preparation term (organizing the project committee); Phase 2 was the implementation term (trained volunteer staff members, conducted the intergenerational greeting campaign, and held intergenerational contact events); and Phase 3 was the transition term (surrendering the lead role of the project to the city hall field workers). In the control group, field workers provided public health services as usual. We conducted mail surveys in September 2016 and November 2018 to assess the effects of the intervention on social capital during Phase 2. Eligible participants were randomly selected from community-dwelling adults aged 25–84 years according to age (10,620 control group individuals and 4479 intervention group individuals). We evaluated social trust, norm of reciprocity, and social support as outcome variables.ResultsIn total, 2518 participants completed both surveys and were analyzed (control group: 1727; intervention group: 791). We found that social trust (coefficient = 0.065; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.006, 0.125) and norm of reciprocity (coefficient = 0.084; 95% CI: 0.020, 0.149) positively changed in the intervention group compared with the control group.ConclusionsThis community-based intervention may contribute to sustaining and improving social capital among community-dwelling adults.Trial registration: UMIN000046769 (UMIN-CTR); first registered on January 28, 2022 (retrospectively registered).

How smart senior care can achieve value co-creation: Evidence from China.

With the rapid rise of artificial intelligence, smart senior care has become a new trend for future development. The collection of “Typical Cases of Chinese Elderly Service Industry Development” is selected by the script materials. The main purpose of this article is to investigate how smart senior care can achieve value co-creation by grounded theory. This study explores the phenomenon of value co-creation in the participation of multiple actors in smart senior care services. Findings show that institutional guarantee, technical intake, market empowerment, emotional support, service interaction, and reciprocity norm are identified as the driving factors for value co-creation. In addition, the behavioral processes of value co-creation include multi-actor value consensus, co-creation environment establishment, practical value co-creation, public value sharing, and diffusion of service added value in smart senior care. Finally, this study constructs a practical logic model of achieving value co-creation. It extends and enriches the scope of the value co-creation theory. This study confirms that value co-creation can be effectively achieved in smart senior care by the above-mentioned ways, revealing its driving factors and behavioral processes. The article expands on the application of value co-creation in the field of public healthcare. The results have important theoretical and practical significance for narrowing the public service equalization gap.

The dynamic efficiency of gifting

AbstractIn his Scroogenomics, Joel Waldfogel argues that gifting creates enormous deadweight loss, as individuals give one another gifts that they do not want or cannot use. He views efficiency as static, calculating the gains from trade (or gifting) at the moment of transaction. A puzzle arises, however, when one realizes that gifting has been a nearly ubiquitous institution throughout history. If gifting wastes valuable resources, why does it persist? We argue that gift giving is dynamically efficient despite the possibility of generating short-term deadweight loss. A well-functioning market economy requires expanded social networks and trustworthiness among anonymous and quasi-anonymous exchange partners. Gifting allows individuals to signal trustworthiness by offering ‘burnt sacrifices’. Gifting practices that include a willingness to sacrifice via reciprocity norms, public visibility and ritual will tend to promote generalized trust. We consider these four elements – sacrifice, reciprocity, publicness, and ritual – to be critical institutional design principles for fostering dynamic efficiency. Our essay contributes to the literature on institutional economics by prompting scholars to think about the long-term (dynamic) efficiencies generated by cultural practices that appear inexplicably inefficient.

The Ethics of Sharing: Does Generosity Erode the Competitive Advantage of an Ecosystem Firm?

Innovation ecosystems are formed by interconnected firms that coalesce in interdependent networks to jointly create value. Such ecosystems rely on the norm of reciprocity—the give-and-take ethos of sharing knowledge-based resources. It is well established that an ecosystem firm can increase its competitive advantage by increasing interconnectedness with partners. However, much research has focused heavily on the positive role of inbound openness or ‘taking’ resources from ecosystem partners. The positive role of outbound openness or ‘giving’ resources to ecosystem partners remained less explored and often misunderstood as eroding competitive advantage. We address this gap by first developing a conceptual model about the mediating role of inbound openness and outbound openness in the relationship between a firm’s ecosystem interconnectedness and competitive advantage. We then test this model on a large sample (n = 794 managers) from Silicon Valley (USA) and Macquarie Business Park (Australia). Results indicate that outbound openness is a more important mediator than inbound openness for ecosystem firms seeking competitive advantage. Our findings suggest that the effect of outbound openness goes beyond merely generating tit-for-tat reciprocity to generating strategic benefits in their own right. The study adds to knowledge about the ethics of innovation ecosystems by showing that outbound openness to partners improves competitive advantage. Ecosystem firms, thus, do well by doing good when they increase their outbound openness.

Factors affecting misinformation combating intention in Pakistan during COVID-19

PurposeMisinformation on social media has become a great threat across the globe. Therefore, the authors aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of social media users' misinformation combating behavior, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the authors merged the uses and gratifications theory, social cognitive theory and theory of prosocial behavior into one theoretical framework (e.g. information seeking, status seeking, entertainment and norms of reciprocity) to understand their effect on users' prosocial media sharing experience and misinformation self-efficacy to combat misinformation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from 356 social media users through “Google Forms” during the third wave of coronavirus in Pakistan. Further, the authors applied structural equation modeling for hypotheses testing.FindingsThe authors noted that entertainment and perceived norms of reciprocity positively affect social media users' prior experience and misinformation self-efficacy to enhance their misinformation combating intention. However, information seeking positively affects social media users' prior experience and insignificantly affects their misinformation self-efficacy. Similarly, status seeking was noted to be insignificantly associated with social media users' prior experience and misinformation self-efficacy.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors tested this model of misinformation combating intention in a developing country during the COVID-19 pandemic and noted that entertainment and status seeking motives are context-specific. Therefore, this study may likely benefit researchers, academicians and policymakers to understand the causal relationship between motivations and the behavior of combating misinformation on social media within a developing country.Originality/valueIn this study the authors merged three theories (e.g. uses and gratifications theory, social cognitive theory and theory of prosocial behavior) to understand information seeking, status seeking, entertainment and norms of reciprocity as the main motives for social media users' misinformation combating intention.

Mentors’ Motives and Mentoring Functions: Comparing Social and Commercial New Ventures

While entrepreneurial mentoring research points to the potential advantages of mentors for new ventures, they have received little or no academic attention. The present study employed a qualitative research strategy to explore why and how new venture mentors help founders to grow and succeed. A total of eighteen mentors supporting social and commercial ventures from ten accelerator and incubator programs located in Belgium participated in in-depth interviews regarding their experience as a mentor. Based on Social Exchange Theory and the norm of reciprocity, we identified (1) mentors’ motives, including gaining back that refers to mentors’ self-interest in benefits from their relationship, and paying back that refers to altruistic reasons toward new ventures, factors that drive mentors to help new ventures, (2) and mentor functions that include career-related supports provided to new ventures. Further, we found interesting similarities and differences in mentors' motivations and mentoring functions between social and commercial ventures.

CEO Compensation and Cronyism in Emerging Economies: Evidence from India

This study investigates the cronyism evidence in Indian listed firms and examines if excessive CEO and directors compensation reflect pay reciprocity impacting firm performance. Further the impact of CEO’s ties with the controlling owner on excess compensation, pay reciprocity and cronyism is also examined. OLS fixed effects regression on NSE 500 firms during 2002–2020 has been used for investigating the evidence of cronyism and the impact of CEOs’ ties with the controlling owner on cronyism. Based on the analysis it is observed that CEO compensation is strongly linked to CEO characteristics and corporate governance in addition to economic determinants. Consistent with reciprocity norms, we report a positive relationship between excess CEO compensation and excess director compensation, especially in firms where the CEO has ties to the controlling owner. However, pay reciprocity does benefit shareholders by improving subsequent firm value. Our findings indicate that excess CEO compensation increases subsequent firm value, especially in firms where the CEO has ties to the controlling owner.

Beyond targets and instigators: Examining workplace incivility in dyads and the moderating role of perceived incivility norms.

In the 2 decades since Andersson and Pearson (Academy of Management Review, 24, 452, 1999) suggested workplace incivility occurs in dyadic relationships between two employees, research has only studied incivility from the perspective of either the target or the instigator. In doing so, it implicitly treats experienced and instigated incivility as though they solely reflect (viz., dispositional and situational) characteristics of targets and instigators, ignoring that incivility is also attributable to the unique relationship between dyad members. The present study draws on the norm of reciprocity to examine workplace incivility in dyadic relationships and how it differs across individuals. Using dyads as the unit of analysis, we test our predictions among employees at a U.S. restaurant chain (Sample 1); a technology manufacturer in China (Sample 2); and across a range of industries, organizations, and jobs in the U.S. (Sample 3). We find that experienced and instigated incivility exhibit substantial variation at the dyad level, that the two are related within dyads after accounting for individuals' general tendencies to experience and instigate incivility, and that the within-dyad association between experienced and instigated incivility is moderated by perceived descriptive and injunctive norms regarding uncivil behavior. Implications and future research directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A Multilevel Intrateam Trust-Outcomes Relationship: The Mediating Role of Team Learning

Trust is one of the key factors in employee-employer relationships. Following recent recommendations for a multilevel perspective of trust, the current study investigates the role intrateam trust (trust within teams) plays in team processes as well as individual- and team-level work outcomes. Drawing from a data set of 282 team members, nested within 78 teams, and a multilevel design, I found support for the cross-level mediated effects of intrateam trust on outcomes (job satisfaction and job engagement) at both individual and team levels via team learning. I used the social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity as theoretical frameworks to develop the hypothesized relationships. Overall, this study not only responds to calls for multilevel trust research and provides evidence to extend trust research, but also makes specific recommendations to practitioners to maximize the limited resources in managing teams and individuals.

Factors Affecting Knowledge Sharing Behavior in The Virtual Teacher Community “Duta Rumah Belajar”

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social capital variables (social ties, social trust, and shared vision), individual motivation (self-efficacy, Altruism, and reciprocal norms), and technology (perceived ease of use and enjoyment of participation). On knowledge sharing intention variable, knowledge sharing intention variable on knowledge sharing behavior, and the relationship between individual characteristics and all variables. This study involved 128 respondents from the online community Duta Rumah Belajar who are outstanding teachers representing 34 provinces in Indonesia who PUSDATIN strictly selected, the Ministry of Education and Culture to promote the Rumah Belajar portal). Data analysis used the Chi-Square method and the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM PLS). The results showed that individual motivation had a significant effect on knowledge-sharing intentions. Social capital and technology had no significant impact on knowledge sharing intentions. Knowledge sharing intentions had a substantial effect on knowledge sharing behavior, and there were no differences in individual characteristics of all research variables.

Job Satisfaction as Antecedent of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Empirical Study Among Academicians

Purpose: Organizational citizenship behavior is significant for enhancing organizational effectiveness. Due to the importance of employee citizenship behaviors for organizations, it is necessary to analyze the impact of the antecedents of citizenship behaviors for promoting such behaviors among employees. This research work has examined the predictive ability of the different dimensions of job satisfaction in eliciting organizational citizenship behaviors among academicians working in private arts and science colleges. The dimensions of job satisfaction taken up for analysis include – salary, workload, physical work environment, interpersonal relationship, leadership style and job security. The dimensions of Organizational citizenship behavior include – altruism, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, civic virtue and courtesy. Methodology: Primary and Secondary data were used in this study. The primary data was based on the sample survey conducted among academic staff employed in private arts and science colleges. The sample size for the study is 112. Data was analyzed using Correlation and multiple regression methods using SPSS version 28. Findings: The results have established job satisfaction as a significant predictor of the organizational citizenship behavior dimensions of sportsmanship, civic virtue and courtesy. Workload was found to have the strongest antecedent ability. Practical Implication: The results of the study will help educational institutions to better manage the organizational factors that promote job satisfaction among academic staff. Satisfied staff will engage in citizenship behaviours that will strengthen the academic institution. Originality: This research work has examined and established the predictive ability of job satisfaction in eliciting organizational citizenship behaviours among academic staff. The reciprocity norm of Social Exchange theory which advocates that satisfied employee reciprocate their satisfaction by displaying citizenship behaviour is confirmed in this work.

Linking supervisors’ bottom-line mentality to workplace cheating behavior: examining the mediating and moderating role of organizational cynicism and moral identity

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how and when supervisors’ bottom-line mentality (BLM) influences workplace cheating behavior. Specifically, the authors draw upon social exchange theory (Blau, 1964) and the negative reciprocity norm (Gouldner, 1960) argument, to explain that supervisor BLM is likely related to organizational cynicism and subsequently those employees may engage in cheating behavior as a way to make things even with the organization. Furthermore, the authors theorized that organizational cynicism and supervisors’ BLM via organizational cynicism, increase cheating behavior among employees with a weak moral identity.Design/methodology/approachTo test the current model, the authors collected data from 232 employees working in various Pakistani firms.FindingsThe results affirmed the authors’ moderated-mediation model. The positive indirect effects of supervisors’ BLM on workplace cheating behavior, through organizational cynicism, are moderated by employees’ moral identity.Originality/valueThis is the first study that examine the mediating and moderating role of organizational cynicism and employees’ moral identity in the relationship between supervisors’ BLM and workplace cheating behavior.

Who Will Help to Strive Against the "Infodemic"? Reciprocity Norms Enforce the Information Sharing Accuracy of the Individuals.

In recent years, misinformation sharing has become the focus of public debate and academic research. We aim to explore whether individuals prefer to share accurate information or not, and discover what factors increase people’s preferences for sharing accurate information. Combining behavioral economics experiments and psychology experiments, we construct “an information search—information sharing—information feedback experiment” to examine individuals’ behavior of sharing accurate information and its influencing factors. A total of 210 students are recruited for the laboratory experiment. Our results show that when individuals can control the accuracy of the information they obtain through their efforts, they are more willing to share accurate information with others. We also find that positive feedback from information receivers can promote the accuracy of information shared by individuals, and this effect works through reciprocity norms. Individuals with higher reciprocity are more willing to share accurate information, especially in the treatment with the role of reciprocity norms enhanced by feedback. These findings indicate that individuals who are willing to obtain accurate information prefer to share information, and information feedback can enhance this preference through reciprocity norms. This study captures individuals’ behavior and preference characteristics with regard to the accuracy of the information they share in the era of highly developed network interaction.

The Local Economic Development Based on Social Capital through Farmer Community

This study aims to determine the contribution of social capital to farmer communities in the local economic development of aquaculture in Purworejo Village, Pasir Sakti Subdistrict, East Lampung Regency. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach. Observation and interviews were used to obtain the data needed in this study. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed using qualitative inductive analysis. The results show that the social capital of farmer communities in local economic development in Purworejo Village gave a substantial contribution. The contribution can be described in three aspects of social capital: horizontal network, reciprocity norms, and the principle of trust. Therefore, it is recommended that the fishery cultivation group looks at the opportunities and challenges of utilizing social capital in local economic development in Purworejo Village. Thus, local economic development will further improve the welfare of the people of Purworejo Village in the future.