Communication Norms Research Articles

Understanding the Importance of Email Etiquette and Addressing Email Communication Challenges Among BTVI Students

Email serves as a communication channel for students in higher educational institutions to interact with teachers on course materials, assignments, and impending tests and seek guidance on personal or academic concerns. The present research examines student-instructor email communication, explicitly identifying the problematic elements in students' emails that hinder effective communication. The study examines a sample of 50 email communications composed and sent by first-year students to their instructors at Bright Technical and Vocational Institute (BTVI) in Kurdistan. Textual analysis is a valuable method for investigating research inquiries across several disciplines. The study findings demonstrated that informal aspects of student email exchanges include the usage of slang, overuse of capitalization, unconventional spelling, symbols, and emoticons. Lack of adherence to email etiquette norms and grammatical errors. These elements indicate a need for more understanding of formality, professionalism, and the decorum expected in a university atmosphere. Thus, it is advisable to implement pedagogical intervention to develop the necessary abilities for composing and comprehending emails. Providing education and assistance on the protocols and norms of email communication may enhance students' capacity to effectively and professionally interact via email in (BTVI), hence fostering good practices and increasing future employment prospects.

Managing Pharmaceutical Promotion Mix in the Rise of Social Media

ABSTRACTA manufacturer of a branded prescription drug typically uses traditional promotional tools to communicate with consumers (i.e., direct‐to‐consumer advertising) and physicians (i.e., detailing, sampling, and journal advertising). These promotions seek to enhance brand drug visibility and, eventually, increase brand sales. As medical communication norms generally dictate how healthcare information is communicated, the emergence of social media challenges such norms and potentially inflates (or deflates) the efficacy of pharmaceutical marketing communication. In such situations, a crucial research question revolves around how marketers will adjust their promotional strategies. In this study, the authors analyze the longitudinal data of 41 brand drugs from 7 therapeutic classes between 2007 and 2014. Through the lens of signaling theory, they empirically show that the volume and valence of social media posts can enhance or hinder the sales impacts of different promotional activities. Specifically, the volume and valence of social media posts have the potential to amplify the sales impact of detailing and direct‐to‐consumer advertising, while diminishing the effects of sampling and journal advertising. The volume and valence of brand drug mentions as well as consumer passion toward the brand drug display similar effects on the efficacy of pharmaceutical promotions. The findings shed new light on conventional pharmaceutical promotion practices in the presence of social media and provide novel implications for promotion mix management.

Rural anthroponyms in the shchuchin dialect of the Voronezh region

INTRODUCTION. The study is carried out in the context of the anthropocentric paradigm and is devoted to the topic of “Man”. Nickname nominations and their unique characteristics are considered. The relevance of studying the thematic group is associated with the observed processes of decreasing the number of dialect speakers, interest in the study of folk speech and the importance of registering the information available to villagers to build a certain linguistic picture. The aim of the study is to analyze unofficial anthroponyms of the small village of Shchuchye in the Liski district of the Voronezh region, reflected in the local dialect.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The field material is used to study the names of village people, functioning in the sphere of informal communication in the Voronezh dialect. Experimental (survey and observation) and descriptive (description and comparison) linguistic research methods are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The rural nomenclature includes groups of nickname units, the classification feature of which is the method of nomination, motivational feature and the nature of the derivative base. The emergence of unofficial anthroponyms is associated with the established norms of village communication. The Shchuchin mosaic of onomastic units includes male, female and family nicknames. Male anthroponyms predominate. It is postulated that productive ways of forming names are suffixal, truncation and substantiation.CONCLUSION. The customs of interpersonal provincial communication are quite strong. The original village nomenclature of the Shchuchintsy, depicted through folk speech combining southern Russian and Ukrainian features, is presented by 100 nickname units and represented by 21 groups. It demonstrates the original linguistic imagination of rural residents and is important not only for the dialectal anthroponymy of the 21st century, but also for Russian onomastics in general. The study may be continued by features reflecting other characteristics of unofficial names and their motivational features.

Examining the escalation of hostility in social media: a comparative analysis of online incivility in China and the United States regarding the Russia–Ukraine war

Abstract Purpose This study examines and compares online incivility on China’s Weibo and the U.S.’s X (Twitter) amid the Russia-Ukraine conflict, aiming to unravel how different cultural and geopolitical contexts influence online incivility and identify factors that may influence the occurrence of online incivility in different national contexts. Design/methodology This study collected and analyzed over 80,000 social media posts concerning the Russia-Ukraine conflict. By employing machine learning methods and moderation tests, this study compares online incivility in different country contexts. Findings Twitter and Weibo show different level of online incivility across eight months in the discussion of Russia-Ukraine war. Conflict frame and negative sentiment both positively predict online incivility on Twitter and Weibo and these two factors both show higher prediction power on Twitter than on Weibo. Practical implication This study highlights the necessity for platforms like X (Twitter) and Weibo to refine their moderation systems to address the predictors of online incivility, particularly negative sentiment and conflict framing. Social implication This study provides evidence that cultural differences significantly impact online communication patterns and norms. It also finds that non-anonymous users might exhibit more uncivil behavior in politically charged discussions, seeking social approval. Originality/value This research is one of the few studies to compare online incivility and its impact factors between China and the United States social media platforms. It shows how cultural differences influence the prevalence and predictors of online incivility and distinguishes the roles of negative sentiment and conflict framing in fostering incivility, with novel findings that challenge conventional beliefs about the impact of user anonymity on online discourse.

Transforming Communication in the Wake of COVID-19: Overcoming Challenges and Shaping the Future

Aims: This study aims to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed communication practices, focusing on the challenges encountered, adaptive strategies employed, and future directions in communication. Study Design: This research employs a qualitative study design utilizing in-depth interviews to capture the experiences and perspectives of individuals and organizations. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted remotely, with interviews taking place from February 2024 to April 2024. Methodology: The research involved in-depth interviews with participants across various sectors to explore the impact of the pandemic on communication. Participants discussed technological barriers, emotional and psychological challenges, and their adaptive strategies. The interviews were analyzed thematically to identify key patterns and trends. Results: The study reveals that technological barriers, such as connectivity issues and difficulties with digital platforms, significantly affected communication quality. Participants reported increased anxiety and communication fatigue as major emotional and psychological challenges. Despite these issues, there was a notable shift towards digital tools, the establishment of new communication norms, and changes in work and social practices. The findings indicate a continued reliance on digital technologies, the rise of hybrid communication models, and an increased focus on digital literacy and emotional well-being. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for ongoing adaptation in communication practices and further research to address the evolving landscape of communication in a post-pandemic world. The findings underscore the importance of improving digital infrastructure, supporting emotional well-being, and fostering digital literacy.

Unraveling the Influence of Social Functions on the Success of Recent Graduates in Malaysian Job Interviews

The study aimed to explore how social functions impact the success of recent graduates in job interviews. It employed a qualitative research approach, conducting interviews with 10 recent graduates to gather primary data. Interviews provided a detailed examination of graduates’ experiences and interactions during job interviews. The analytical framework utilized was Halliday’s theory of social functions, which offers insights into how language operates in various social contexts, such as conveying information and establishing interpersonal relationships. Findings indicated that candidates demonstrated proficiency in experiential, interpersonal, textual, and ideational aspects. However, shortcomings were observed in phatic and esthetic functions, suggesting a prioritization of conveying information and facilitating interaction over social and esthetic elements in communication. Findings also underscore the importance of prioritizing informative and interactive communication strategies to enhance recent graduates’ success in Malaysian job interviews. By recognizing and adapting to prevailing communication norms in job interview contexts, recent graduates may navigate challenges more effectively and seize opportunities, thereby improving their employment prospects. This research illuminates the intricate dynamics of job interviews, offering valuable insights for both recent graduates and employers in Malaysia.

The Concept of International Relations in Taoist Thought

In today’s world, exchanges between different countries and regions are becoming more frequent. With the increase in exchanges, interests and disputes have also emerged. We have seen the beauty of mutually beneficial cooperation, but also the tragedy of war. Today’s international order is a sovereign state-centered system based on the Westphalian system and the final result of World War II. Various international cooperation organizations established after World War II have promoted exchanges and cooperation between different countries and regions, but we have to admit that most countries still treat each other as their competitors, and national strength is still the most important support for national behavior. With global warming, marine pollution, ecological disasters, transnational The emergence of a series of global problems such as crime requires us to reflect on whether this international exchange model centered on national interests can effectively deal with global problems, and whether we are too focused on human beings themselves and forget that we are part of nature. Taoist thought, especially the system with “Tao” as the core expounded by Lao Tzu in the “Tao Te Ching”, has great reference value for our understanding of nature and the relationship between man and nature. He expounded the way and norms of communication between countries with “Tao” as the core, opening up a new perspective for us to understand international relations. This article attempts to explore the concept of international relations in Taoist thought and provide reference for broadening the international relations theory based on Taoist ideas.

Spatial Narratives and Normative Communication: A Case Study of Radicalization Awareness Network

Spatial Narratives and Normative Communication: A Case Study of Radicalization Awareness Network

Фаббинг: стремление к поверхностным контактам с другими и избегание глубинных контактов с собой

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Analysis of the relationships between phubbing behavior and the characteristics of communication skills, sociability, escapism and existential fulfillment of people aged 18 to 50 years. <strong>Background. </strong>In the situation of digitalization of society, it is important to understand new types of communicative norms of human interaction. There is a demand to uncover the main factors and predictors of phubbing behavior in modern society, as well as to understand the role of phubbing in changing the nature of communication. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The study revealed the relationship between phubbing behavior and communication and sociability of an individual. The relationships between phubbing patterns and indicators of existential fulfillment and the depth of contact with oneself and other people were also examined. The study was conducted using correlation analysis. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>The study involved 316 people aged 18 to 50 years (54% women, 46% men). The sample was stratified by gender, age (youth/middle-aged people), and level of education (higher education/specialized secondary education). <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>The following methods were used in the study: General Phubbing Scale (Phubber) (Chotpitayasunondh, Douglas, 2018); The Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP) (Phubbee) (Chotpitayasunondh, Douglas, 2018); Sociability test (Bogacheva, 2021); Methodology for measuring the level of expression of escapism (Teslavskaya, Savchenko, 2019); Test of existential motivation (TEM) (V.B. Shumsky, E.M. Ukolova, E.N. Osin, Ya.D. Lupandina, 2016). <br><strong>Results. </strong>Phubbing behavior is interconnected with such personality characteristics as sociability, contact, social adaptability and ergicity. Escapism reduces the likelihood of phubbing behavior and is not a direct characteristic of it. Existential fulfillment, meaningfulness of life and one's future, satisfaction with one's life and oneself reduce the likelihood of phubbing in relation to a partner. Phubbing behavior is more pronounced in women. There is a connection between active phubbing and having a higher education. The vast majority of the sample (both young people and mature people) consider phubbing to be an acceptable social norm of modern communication. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The desire for quick, superficial and varied contacts increases the likelihood of phubbing in relation to a communication partner, and meaningfulness of one’s own life and deep contact with oneself reduces the likelihood of such behavior.</p>

Writing book reviews: Perceptions and experiences of Chinese novice scholars

Writing book reviews provides novice scholars with the valuable experience of critical engagement with their field and the development of academic writing skills, but it also confronts them with rhetorical and publishing challenges. Given the enduring value of the genre and its potential importance in English for Research and Publication Purposes courses, we investigate how academics view their experience of publishing this genre. Based on in-depth interviews with fifteen Chinese scholars of varied professional status, we find that authors participate in writing book reviews early in their careers and appreciate the opportunities it offers to develop their academic writing, gain an appreciation of reader needs, become familiar with publication practices, and advance their careers. Concerns were raised, however, about the extent to which institutions value book reviews for advancement. Despite varying opinions, the respondents saw book reviews as affording them tangible gains, especially early in their careers, in writing for publication and learning disciplinary norms of communication. Thus the genre merits respect from institutions and a more central place in ERPP training programmes and postgraduate writing courses.

FROM INNOVATION TO INCLUSION: AN OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY'S ROLE IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

The intersection between technology and social development has been a subject of interest for researchers and policymakers worldwide. India, with its rapidly growing economy and large population, with a complex social and economic landscape. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the adoption of technology in various sectors, including healthcare, education, agriculture, industry, and governance services. This paper examines the role of technology in promoting social development in India, with a particular focus on the journey from innovation to inclusion. The paper reviews the existing literature on technology and social development in India, identifies key themes and trends, and explores the role of government policies and initiatives in promoting technology-based development in the country. It highlights the challenges and potential drawbacks associated with technology adoption, such as growing inequality and job displacement. The paper also analyses the impact of technology on the social fabric of India, including changes in communication, socialization, and cultural norms. The paper argues that technology can play a transformative role in promoting social development in India, but only if it is implemented inclusively and equitably. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach in which technology is deployed. The paper also underscores the importance of public-private partnerships and collaboration among Stakeholders to ensure that technology is accessible and affordable for all. The paper concludes by suggesting that policymakers should focus on promoting inclusive growth and addressing the digital divide to ensure that the benefits of technological advancements reach all segments of society

ПОСТАТЬ МОВОЗНАВИЦІ В ОБ’ЄКТИВІ НАУКОВО-АКАДЕМІЧНОГО ДИСКУРСУ

The article presents reflections on the ideological and linguistic characteristics of the iconic figure of the collective portrait of the Ukrainian Language and Literature Department of the Sumy State Pedagogical University, named after A.S. Makarenko, in the second half of the XX - first decade of the XXI century, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor Nataliia Pavlivna Deinychenko in the institutional, in particular, scientific and academic discourse. The scientific and teaching activity of the linguist, who worked at the Ukrainian Language Department for more than 40 years (1973-2015), is devoted to the formation of language stability, language sense and language taste of students and pupils, as well as to the development of language culture of teachers in the Sumy region. The source base is the texts of various genres of Ukrainian scientific and academic discourse of teacher-researcher of linguistic (dialectological, cultural), linguo-methodological orientation, represented in written (scientific and popular articles, abstracts, dissertation abstracts, methodological instructions, manuals) and oral (scientific communication with researchers of Ukrainian dialectology, lectures for students, speeches to students of the Sumy Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, teachers of the Sumy Regional Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, the All-Ukrainian Society "Prosvita" named after Taras Shevchenko) forms, researched by means of general and specific scientific methods: analysis of scientific sources, descriptive generalisation (for general characteristics of the features of scientific and academic discourse), systematisation; biographical method - to clarify the facts of life and creative achievements, portrait method - to highlight the ideological and linguistic features of the linguistic personality of N. Deinychenko. The characteristics of scientific and academic discourse as an institutional form of communication, the functional basis of linguistic personality based on both scientific and linguistic, teaching and educational activities of the linguist are specified. The author emphasises the multidimensionality of the personality with a fine sense, understanding of the Ukrainian word, its origins, educational influence on the personality of young people and mastery of the whole complex of linguistic, communicative, moral and ethical norms of research. The scientific interests of the researcher include Ukrainian dialectology, history of the Ukrainian language, language culture, Ukrainian language teaching methods. The article pays attention to the formation of the researcher, professional on-scientific, teaching and educational activities and features of the linguistic personality: Ukraine-focused, dignity, diligence, versatile education, modesty, philosophical optimism, sense of humour, tact, professionalism, dedication, helpfulness, which corresponds to the mission of the Ukrainian-focused Department of the Pedagogical University, which is approaching its centenary. Key words: linguistic personology, linguistic personality, linguist, scientific and academic discourse, Nataliia Pavlivna Deynychenko, scientific activity, teaching activity, Ukrainian dialectology, teaching methods, culturally and linguistically diverse personality.

INTERACTION BETWEEN FAMILY AND PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT: PARTNERSHIP OR...?

The peculiarities of interaction between family and preschool educational organizations in the development of children aged 3-7 years are considered. The features of the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities by parents in the process of familiarization with the culture of using modern technical systems, norms of communication with different people are highlighted. The requirements of regulatory documents for the content and organization of children's education in preschool are analyzed, taking into account age and individual characteristics. The main requirements for the creation of partnerships between a family and a preschool educational organization are determined. It is noted that they arise on the basis of the use by parents and teachers of common mechanisms of child development and self-training in the process of growing up. Based on the materials of an empirical study, it is shown that, on the one hand, families are interested in the fact that the child acquires in kindergarten the knowledge and skills necessary for successful schooling. On the other hand, many parents do not show willingness to follow the recommendations of teachers when solving the tasks of forming children's curiosity, self-care skills, self-organization, compliance with norms, rules of behavior with peers, solving conflicts arising in play activities. The problem of developing partnerships in overcoming the child’s selfish motives through joint efforts, familiarization of children with the culture of cooperation that focuses on developing the ability to coordinate personal interests with the needs of others, is highlighted.

Autonomous communication with normative information facilitates positive spillover: promoting pro-environmental behaviors in a local setting

ABSTRACT A pro-environmental behavior (PEB) intervention may increase the adoption of other PEBs that were not targeted by the intervention, leading to a positive spillover effect. Communication that both support autonomy, as defined by self-determination theory, and compliance with descriptive norms may promote the targeted PEBs and positive spillover effect. Such communication may enhance autonomous motivation to adopt PEBs. A pilot study (N = 350) about waste management in a university campus found that autonomous communication supplemented by normative information influenced both targeted and non-targeted behavioral intentions, compared to autonomous-only and controlling communication. Findings were replicated in a main study (N = 629). An intervention combining autonomy support and descriptive norms increased the likelihood of a positive spillover effect in contrast to an intervention combining controlling communication and descriptive norms. In both studies, autonomous motivation mediated the positive spillover effect. Results suggest that communication that promotes autonomous motivation by fulfilling basic self-determination needs may have a broader effect on a wider range of PEBs.

Epistemic Trust in Scientific Experts: A Moral Dimension

In this paper, I develop and defend a moralized conception of epistemic trust in science against a particular kind of non-moral account defended by John (2015, 2018). I suggest that non-epistemic value considerations, non-epistemic norms of communication and affective trust properly characterize the relationship of epistemic trust between scientific experts and non-experts. I argue that it is through a moralized account of epistemic trust in science that we can make sense of the deep-seated moral undertones that are often at play when non-experts (dis)trust science.

Профилактика межнациональных конфликтов в современном воинском коллективе

The content of interethnic conflicts and the process of their prevention is revealed. The interethnic conflict in the social groups of military personnel is revealed as a type of social conflict that determines the growth of contradictions of values and interests, mutual misunderstanding of cultural priorities, hostility, inconsistency of service and labor behavior, conditions, as well as actions. It is proved that interethnic conflicts in the military team are the result of the deterioration of the level of interethnic culture of communication of military personnel. At the same time, the prevention of interethnic conflicts is the result of the targeted construction of the culture of interethnic communication of military actors. The latter can manifest itself both at the superficial level (characterized by the degree of understanding and assimilation in the consciousness of the peculiarities of various ethnic groups: the presence of necessary ideas, ethnic values, rules, as well as the norms of interethnic communication of military personnel), and at the practical service-labor level (the level of effectiveness of the practices of service implementation of interethnic communication). It is proved that the prevention of interethnic conflicts is the result of the project actions aimed at the formation of the effective culture of interethnic communication, as a result of which the conditions preventing the occurrence of ethnic conflicts among military personnel are created. The prevention of ethnic conflicts through political design determines the process of removing the conditions for the growth of tension, eliminating objective socio-cultural contradictions in the system of interethnic relations. It defines systemic transformations aimed at a temporary homeostatic conflict-free state of the modern military collective.

Semantic Finegrainedness and Poetic Value

This paper – first published with Oxford University Press in 2015 – argues that poetry is constituted by a practice, which is grounded in convention-governed expectations among poets and readers. To write a poem is to engage the practice and invite (one hopes also reward) certain kinds of interests and responses among readers; to read a poem ›poetically‹, seeking its poetic value, is to deploy the relevant interests and responses thereby making appropriate demands and one hopes achieving the valued experience on offer. It is part of the poetry game that in poetry we attend to the finegrainedness of language, its textures and intricacies, its opacity, in conveying thought processes, and we find value in the experience that affords, in precedence over the more humdrum norms of communication, such as transparency, the imparting of information, and the assumption of paraphrasability.

SignoSpeak: Bridging the Gap

Abstract: "SignoSpeak: Bridging the Gap" is an innovative software research aimed at transforming communication for the hearing-impaired. It converts sign language to text in real-time, breaking down communication barriers effectively. Besides text conversion, SignoSpeak interprets various gestures, enabling users to express their thoughts vividly. By translating hand and body movements into text and audio, it enriches communication and information conveyance. This device acts as a crucial link between sign language and written language, benefiting those dependent on sign language. Additionally, its ability to recognize gestures fosters inclusive cross-cultural communication. SignoSpeak signifies a significant milestone in promoting inclusivity and meaningful interaction for the hearing-impaired. Its potential lies in revolutionizing global communication norms and understanding the unique needs of individuals with hearing impairments.

NAVIGATING COMPLEXITIES: A REVIEW OF COMMUNICATION BARRIERS IN MULTINATIONAL ENERGY PROJECTS

This review paper examines the communication barriers encountered in multinational energy projects, focusing on the challenges posed by cultural differences, language barriers, and differing regulatory environments. It synthesizes existing literature on communication strategies and their effectiveness in complex project environments, providing a comprehensive overview of how project managers can overcome these barriers. The paper also discusses the role of cross-cultural training, language proficiency, and regulatory knowledge in improving communication and project outcomes. This paper will conduct a systematic review of existing research, case studies, and theoretical models related to communication in multinational project management. It will collate findings from various disciplines, including management science, communication studies, and international business, to propose integrated strategies for effective communication. Multinational energy projects, characterized by diverse stakeholders, geographically dispersed operations, and intricate regulatory environments, present a fertile ground for communication challenges. Language differences, cultural nuances, and varying communication norms often hinder seamless information exchange, impeding project progress and fostering misunderstandings. This review identifies several key barriers to effective communication in multinational energy projects. Firstly, linguistic diversity poses a significant hurdle, amplifying the risk of misinterpretation and miscommunication. Secondly, cultural disparities influence communication styles, decision-making processes, and conflict resolution mechanisms, necessitating cultural sensitivity and adaptability. Additionally, organizational hierarchies and power dynamics within project consortia can stifle open dialogue, hindering the flow of vital information across stakeholders. Moreover, technological barriers, such as inadequate infrastructure or incompatible communication platforms, further exacerbate communication challenges, particularly in remote or underdeveloped regions where many energy projects operate. Regulatory frameworks across different jurisdictions also introduce legal and compliance complexities, constraining information sharing and collaboration. The implications of these communication barriers extend beyond mere operational inefficiencies, impacting project outcomes, stakeholder relationships, and even the broader energy landscape. Delays, cost overruns, and quality issues resulting from communication breakdowns undermine project viability and investor confidence. Moreover, fractured relationships among stakeholders may lead to disputes, litigation, or reputational damage, tarnishing the industry's image and impeding future collaborations. Addressing communication barriers in multinational energy projects requires a holistic approach encompassing linguistic, cultural, organizational, technological, and regulatory dimensions. Embracing diversity, fostering inclusive communication practices, leveraging innovative technologies, and promoting cross-cultural understanding are essential strategies for navigating these complexities and fostering success in the dynamic realm of multinational energy ventures. Keywords: Complexities, Communication Barriers, Multinational Energy Projects.

Language-dependent reminiscing: Bilingual mother-child autobiographical conversations differ across Thai and English

Cross-linguistic differences in narrative patterns were examined in bilingual mother-preschooler dyads. Twenty-six Thai-English bilingual mothers and their four-year-old children completed a reminiscing task where they jointly recalled autobiographical memories in response to word prompts. Bilingual mothers and children exhibited different reminiscing styles in each of their languages. Specifically, bilinguals adopted high-elaborative and child-centered styles (e.g., use of evaluative feedback) when speaking English and low-elaborative and adult-centered styles (e.g., use of directives) when speaking Thai. Additionally, positive associations between maternal and child narrative patterns in both languages suggested that mothers’ scaffolding strategies influenced children’s own emerging linguistic skills. Findings from the present study show that bilingual mothers socialize their children differently across languages. In turn, children learn to present themselves in distinct ways depending on the linguistic and social contexts. We conclude that language can cue culture-specific communicative and behavioral norms as early as preschool.