Construction Of Norms Research Articles

Construction of non-direct product triangular norms on product lattices

In this paper, we focus on the construction of non-direct product triangular norms on product lattices. First, we give one class of non-direct product triangular norms on more general product lattices, which generalizes the previous results. Subsequently, we provide another class of non-direct product triangular norms on product lattices, which differ from others. Our work gives an alternative answer to an open problem proposed by Jenei and De Baets.

Construction of norms for selected game related physical fitness variables of girls kho-kho players

Construction of norms for selected game related physical fitness variables of girls kho-kho players

Public control over the activities of the State Bureau of Investigation: A comparative analysis

The purpose of this work was to analyze the adequate level of legal support for the implementation of public control over the activities of the State Investigation Bureau through the activities of the Public Control Council. To achieve the objective, general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition were used simultaneously, in particular dialectical, logical-formal, analysis and synthesis, systemic-structural, legal-comparative, legal-formal and prognostic. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the legal regulation of the issues of formation and activity of the Public Control Councils in a number of newly created law enforcement bodies, a system of blocks was highlighted, which were the subject of analysis, namely: 1) control over the activity of the body; 2) powers of the Public Control Council; 3) the name of the main area of activity of the Public Council; 4) the object of approval of the Regulations of the Public Council. Everything allowed to conclude which are the "bad" normative constructions, the contradictory norms in the related normative acts and to locate the need for unification of approaches according to the identified structural blocks, which were the object of analysis. In addition, attention is focused on those directions that require further scientific analysis and regulatory optimization.

Modal Sosial Dalam Manajemen BUMdes; Konsep, Antesenden dan Konsekuensi

Social capital is a concept that is still relevant and contextual in responding to the socio-economic dynamics that live and develop in society. The essence of the concept of social capital is the construction of beliefs, norms, and social networks, whose dimensions are cognitive, structural, and relational. The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of social capital from the aspects of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. To support this research, a literature review is used as a methodology, explaining the emergence of the concept of social capital, further developing the theory of social capital, and reviewing the results of previous studies. The purpose of this study is to provide a more comprehensive picture of the concept of social capital that can be used in the context of managing Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), taking into account its antecedents and consequences to provide research material on the relationship of social capital in BUMDes management.

Pedagogy of the “secluded” women and changing femininity in colonial India, 1830s–1930s

ABSTRACT Women missionaries who came to India with a superior Protestant religious imaginary were keen on critiquing Hindu cultural practices that created divergences and transfigurations. They blatantly proclaimed that the deep-rooted custom of women’s “seclusion” was a stumbling block to education, evangelisation and modernisation. This study demonstrates how missionary construction of “secluded” women’s femininity through civilisational, religious and pedagogical pretentions created conflicting emotions among a section of the orthodox Hindu and converted Christian women who defied the controversial missionary narratives that depicted women’s seclusion in a rather poor light. Nonetheless, the continued missionary encounters through education impelled a section of the secluded Hindu women to be critical of what is conveniently referred to by missionaries as orthodox femininity. This article takes a close look at and critiques how missionaries negotiated with both the conflicting emotions and orthodox femininity by constructing an alternative narrative – Christian femininity that sought to confront gender stereotypes in a more nuanced manner. It argues that the changing femininity in colonial India needs to be understood largely through missionary education, character-building zenana pedagogy and normative construction of femininity.

The eropolitical compound: immanence, transcendence and a parasitic operation of patriarchy in Sanskrit literature

Abstract This paper examines a pattern in Sanskrit literature, labelled for convenience the “eropolitical compound”. This is a formula whereby a male protagonist's claiming of a feminine figure is made instrumental to, or tied indissociably with, a political victory or reclamation of control over a public domain. This paper first reviews a number of examples of the motif in well-known works of drama, poetry, and eulogistic inscriptions largely of the fourth–seventh centuries ce, setting these against the particular historical and social contexts in which they occur. In a second step, the motif is identified at work in other genre and historic contexts of Sanskrit tradition, suggesting thereby that the figure also requires treatment at a broader level of analysis. The paper's third and final step is to adopt from Simone de Beauvoir the constructs of immanence, transcendence, and the woman as Other, in order to argue that the eropolitical compound is indeed a kind of formula or persisting theme that cuts across multiple historic and genre contexts, and that it should be seen as a normative construct reflecting and enacting a common strategy of patriarchal cultures.

Posting andTransfer: the experiences ofpublic sector doctors intwo Indian states.

Posting and Transfer (PT) refers to deployment of the health workforce in ways that ensure appropriate numbers and distribution. Although PT is a crucial aspect of health workforce governance, it remains under-researched from the viewpoint of implementation, health workforce and governance. The aim of this paper is to examine public sector doctors' experience of their initial postings, in the context of local policy from two Indian states. We carried out a review search for policy documentation. A total 61 in-depth interviews were conducted in both states with 33 doctors, as subjects of the study. There were 28 key informant (KI) interviews of health administrators and other policy actors to understand their perspectives of PT policies and implementation. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Job histories were constructed from the doctors' interviews to track their experience with the PT system, and analysed using location, duration and postings. Despite search for state policy for PT, we were unable to identify any policy documentation. However, participants referred to PT practices that suggested expectations of what the poliy meant to them. These expectations were corroborated by KI, and the job histories and interview data enabled the authors to construct a series of norms, interpreted as evidence of implied policy. The main norms identified relate to service need, native place, request, gender and posting duration. The norm related to state need had strong face validity, while other norms based on request, gender and duration were less consistent in application. In the absence of documented policies, the construction of norms from the qualitative data proved useful to examine the dynamics of health workers' interactions with the initial PT systems This construction of norms provides a methodological innovation allowing health policy and systems researchers to compensate for the absence of documented policy in exploring PT functions.

Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior

The social norm-based intervention is a frequently used tool for encouraging pro-environmental behavior. In designing effective interventions, however, both practitioners and researchers need more knowledge about the relationships between different norm constructs and pro-environmental behavior. In this study, we meta-analyze the predictive strength of injunctive, descriptive, and personal norms using meta-analytical structural equation modeling (MASEM). Data are extracted from 572 studies reported in 534 articles across 56 countries with a total sample size of N = 312,127. We find that internalized (i.e., personal) norms are consistently the strongest predictor of pro-environmental behavior and that personal norms mediate most of the impacts of injunctive and descriptive norms. Both injunctive and descriptive norms predict pro-environmental behavior, uniquely and with similar strengths. We find no significant moderations of collectivism or behavioral cost on the predictive strength of social norms on pro-environmental behavior.

The Art of Defense Diplomacy: How New Forms of Diplomacy are Shaping International Relations

<h1>Defense diplomacy has further developed into a new form of diplomacy in international relations, which is supported by various forms of technology and also the development of social media. This research study aims to explore how this new form of diplomacy shapes international relations more broadly, as well as to determine whether defense diplomacy effectively promotes cooperation and stability among states in the context of security and defense. Then find the challenges and opportunities of defense diplomacy in the modern era. The research used mixed methods research by analyzing 244 scientific articles based on the Scopus database, Google Sholar, and Web of Science. In addition, this research also analyzed the data obtained from the VOSviewer tool. This study reveals that defense diplomacy has emerged in various forms of diplomacy, also defense diplomacy affects interactions of international relations and influences the construction of norms, identities, and interests in the international system. In terms of norms, defense diplomacy can help promote international norms related to security and defense, such as human rights and international law. In terms of identity, defense diplomacy can shape national identity in terms of defense and security. In terms of interests, defense diplomacy can influence national interests and security through cooperation in defense and reaching regional and international security agreements. Defense diplomacy brings changes in the form of building cooperation, reducing tensions, improving defense capabilities, and promoting human rights principles and international law. Through defense diplomacy, countries can strengthen international cooperation in security and defense and build strong relationships between countries. In the long run, this can help reduce tensions between countries and promote stability around the world.</h1>

Study on the Impact of Social Capital on Agricultural Land Transfer Decision: Based on 1017 Questionnaires in Hubei Province

In building a market for the transfer of land contracting rights, it is crucial to clarify the influencing factors for farmers’ farmland transfer decisions to promote the orderly transfer of farmland. This article investigates the impact of social capital on farmland transfer and analyzes the moderating effect of marketization of farmland transfer using research data from 1017 farm households in Hubei Province. The results showed that social capital significantly contributes to farmers’ farmland transfer decisions; social networks and social trust have more potent effects on farmland transfer-in than farmland transfer-out and social norms have more substantial effects on farmland transfer-out than farmland transfer-in; and farmland transfer marketization plays a moderating role in the process of social capital’s influence on farmland transfer decisions. In terms of farmland transfer-out, marketization of farmland transfer plays a negative moderating role between social network, social trust, and farmland transfer decision, and a positive moderating role between social norm and farmland transfer decision. In terms of farmland transfer-in, marketization of farmland transfer plays a negative moderating role between social network, social trust, and farmland transfer decision, and no moderating role in social norm and farmland transfer decision. The study concludes that local governments need to strengthen the construction of social norms and the reconstruction of social trust and networks to create a favorable environment for agricultural land transfer while improving the construction of regional agricultural land transfer markets and promoting the development of market transformation.

“Boys are Allowed to be Drunk”: Exploring Gender Norms in Adolescents' Alcohol References Across Different Social Media Platforms and Message Types

With alcohol experiences increasingly shared on social media, this study investigated the construction and understanding of gender norms in alcohol posts: (a) whether stereotypical gender norms prevail across different platforms and message types (b) among adolescents. Focus group interviews with 47 adolescents (Mage = 16.21; SD = 1.22) indicated that social media are important outlets for reproducing stereotypical norms. While sharing alcohol depictions was deemed to be stereotypically female, there were gender differences in the acceptability of sharing certain types of alcohol depictions. As opposed to girls, it was more appropriate for males to depict extreme, negative alcohol behaviors. While girls acknowledged that ephemeral environments enabled them to feel comfortable sharing extreme alcohol behaviors, they carefully negotiated these references by limiting the number of these posts, highlighting female traits in them, and restricting this content to close friends only. Thus, alcohol-related social media posts are more stereotypical than actual drinking experiences, even in more deliberating message types including ephemeral ones.

Deconstructing Professionalism: Examining the Impact of New Professionals’ Social Identity

Using a constructivist paradigm, this qualitative study investigated the impact of social identities on how professionalism is learned, practiced, and challenged by new professionals in student affairs. Collaborators in this study included 25 recent graduates of a student affairs professional preparation program. Findings suggest race, gender, age, and sexual orientation were salient factors in the construction and deconstruction of traditional norms of professionalism, as well as in the reconstruction of professionalism that centers equity and authenticity.

Self-Identity Matters: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Decode Tourists' Waste Sorting Intentions.

Waste sorting is a practical way of handling the garbage and an effective strategy for facilitating sustainable waste management. This research extended the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with self-identity and moral norms to predict waste sorting intentions in a heritage context of tourism. A total of 403 valid self-administrated questionnaires were achieved at a heritage destination in China. The results indicated that: (1) TPB variables (i.e., attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), self-identity, and moral norms were all directly and positively linked to tourists' waste sorting intentions, respectively; (2) self-identity indirectly influenced tourists' waste sorting intentions through the mediation of moral norms; and (3) the integrated model exhibited better predictive utility than any single model. This research contributes to the literature on waste management in the context of tourism by extending TPB with identity and personal normative constructs. It also provides practical implications for destination managers to leverage tourists' self-identity and moral norms for sustainable management.

Does in with the new, mean out with the old? An extended theory of planned behaviour exploring the impact of vehicle technologies on intentions to not wear seatbelts

Approximately one in five Australians killed in motor vehicle crashes will not be wearing a seatbelt. A circulating lay theory suggests that drivers may be questioning the continued necessity of seatbelts given advances in other advanced vehicle technologies. This belief is deeply concerning given the implementation of advanced driver assistance systems in new cars is rapidly increasing. The objective of this research was to apply an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), including the additional constructs of trust in vehicle technology and perceived risk of death or injury in the event of a crash, to assess the influence of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), trust, and perceived risk on drivers’ intentions to engage in seatbelt non-use. The study also aimed to examine if the predictive utility of the extended TPB differed according to the presence of passive (e.g., airbags) active (e.g., lane keeping assist) technologies in vehicles, Further, the influence of underlying behavioural belief, control beliefs, and normative beliefs on driver’s intentions to engage in seatbelt non-use were also explored. Participants (N = 182, 83 males, Mage = 44.23 years) completed a 25-minute online questionnaire. The study was a cross-sectional, between groups design in which all participants were exposed to a baseline control scenario, then randomly allocated to one of four experimental scenarios which manipulated the type of vehicle technologies present in a hypothetical vehicle. Consistent with theoretical expectations of the standard TPB, a hierarchal regression revealed that the constructs of attitude, subjective norms, and PBC (self-efficacy only) significantly and positively predicted seatbelt non-use intentions. Of the extended constructs, trust, but not perceived risk, exhibited a significant effect, and positively predicted seatbelt non-use intentions in the control condition and the active technology condition. Additionally, a critical beliefs analysis found that discomfort was a significant positive predictor of seatbelt non-use intentions. Overall, the findings offer support for the use of the TPB to explain seatbelt non-use intentions and suggest that trust in vehicle technology may influence drivers’ decisions to not wear a seatbelt. This research offers a novel determinant of seatbelt non-use that may be more responsive behavioural change interventions.

A simple proof of reflexivity and separability of N^{1,p} Sobolev spaces

We present an elementary proof of a well-known theorem of Cheeger which states that if a metric-measure space \(X\) supports a \(p\)-Poincaré inequality, then the \(N^{1,p}(X)\) Sobolev space is reflexive and separable whenever \(p\in (1,\infty)\). We also prove separability of the space when \(p=1\). Our proof is based on a straightforward construction of an equivalent norm on \(N^{1,p}(X)\), \(p\in [1,\infty)\), that is uniformly convex when \(p\in (1,\infty)\). Finally, we explicitly construct a functional that is pointwise comparable to the minimal \(p\)-weak upper gradient, when \(p\in (1,\infty)\).

Concussion knowledge, attitudes, and norms: How do they relate?

Relationships between the constructs of concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, and norms and their influence on observed care-seeking behaviors have previously been examined. Current models posit that these constructs serve as potential mediators of care-seeking behaviors; however, the dynamics between them have yet to be reconciled. A cross-sectional, online survey explored relationships among the latent constructs of concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, and norms in parents of middle school children who participate in sports in multiple settings. A just-identified and two overidentified path models were explored and compared in an effort to understand such relationships. A total of 426 parents of United States middle school students were surveyed and included in analyses (mean age = 38.7±9.9 years; 55.6% female; 51.4% white/non-Hispanic; 56.1% with at least a bachelor's degree). All parents had middle school aged children who participated in sport in both the club and school settings. The best fitting model was a just-identified model with concussion-related norms influencing concussion-related knowledge and attitudes, and concussion-related knowledge influencing attitudes. This model accounted for 14% of the variance in attitude and 12% of the variance in knowledge. Study findings suggest that the constructs of concussion-related knowledge, attitudes and norms are directly related to one another, yet the dynamics of such relationships may be complex. As such, a parsimonious interpretation of these constructs may not be appropriate. Future research should work to further reconcile the dynamics between these constructs, and the impact these dynamics may have in influencing care-seeking behaviors beyond serving as mediators.

Nonlocal fully nonlinear parabolic differential equations arising in time-inconsistent problems

We prove the local well-posedness results, i.e. existence, uniqueness, and stability, of the solutions to a class of nonlocal fully nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs), where there is an external time parameter t on top of the temporal and spatial variables (s,y) and thus the problem could be considered as a flow of equations. The nonlocality comes from the dependence on the unknown function and its first- and second-order derivatives evaluated at not only the local point (t,s,y) but also at the diagonal line of the time domain (s,s,y). Such equations arise from time-inconsistent problems in game theory or behavioral economics, where the observations and preferences are (reference-)time-dependent. We first study the linearized version of the nonlocal PDEs with an innovative construction of appropriate norms and Banach spaces and contraction mappings over which. With fixed-point arguments, we obtain the solvability of nonlocal linear PDEs and establish a Schauder-type prior estimate for the solutions. Then, by the linearization method, we establish the well-posedness under the fully nonlinear case. Moreover, we reveal that the solution of a nonlocal fully nonlinear parabolic PDE is an adapted solution to a flow of second-order forward-backward stochastic differential equations.

“They’re Making It More Democratic”: The Normative Construction of Participatory Journalism

Based on the framework of discursive institutionalism, this study analyzes metajournalistic discourse about participatory journalism from 2002 through 2021. The focus is on how institutional actors sought to normatively position participatory journalism against the backdrop of technological, economic, and social changes transforming the institution. Participatory journalism was identified as a loose aggregate of practices cohered by a participatory “spirit.” Throughout the discourse, commentators treated participatory culture as an empirical given and one that journalists and news organizations had an obligation to respond to and embrace. Participatory journalism was legitimized as a means of both saving and adding value to journalism, with institutional actors drawing on familiar scripts to imbue a new practice with normative purchase. However, the analysis shows that discourse about participatory journalism has declined in recent years.

The role of gender equality in Iranian female tourism entrepreneurs’ success

ABSTRACT Gender (in)equality in entrepreneurship has been getting more attention in recent decades. The number of female entrepreneurs repeatedly reported less than males due to cultural issues, education, and lack of support. Moreover, launching start-up apiaries is more challenging for Asian women in tourism, and the likelihood of unsuccessful experiences is higher among them. Accordingly, the lack of empirical material on female entrepreneurs in tourism and gender equality issues, especially in middle east countries, are the two main gaps. Therefore, this paper tries to reveal the Iranian female entrepreneurship experience to fulfil these gaps. This research applied a qualitative research design leading with social constructivism and critical theory. 12 Iranian female tourism entrepreneurs participated in semi-structured online interviews. The snowball sampling technique was applied to collect data that was analysed thematically. The findings of this study highlighted that family responsibility, legal disparities, credit constraints, and the social construction of gender roles and norms are among the hurdles restricting females from engaging in social and economic opportunities. Moreover, the participants mentioned that the lack of social, government, and sponsors’ support and a platform for training and sharing peers’ experiences impact their businesses.

Exploring the pro-environmental behavioral intention of Generation Z in the tourism context: the role of injunctive social norms and personal norms

The present research attempts to understand whether the members of Generation Z are willing to opt for sustainable transportation modes or book an eco-friendly hotel while they are planning a journey. On the theoretical side, this research assumes a normative perspective to investigate the two-abovementioned pro-environmental behaviors. Specifically, the injunctive social norms construct is integrated with the norm activation model to evaluate both the effect of contextual factors and intrinsic/personal motivations. To collect data a survey was distributed online. A total of 785 young Italians aged between 15 and 24 participated in this research. Descriptive statistics, crosstabs, and structural equation modelling were performed to analyze data. Results show that personal norms constitute the main predictor. Injunctive social norms exert a positive effect on Generation Z’s intention to opt for sustainable transportation modes both directly and indirectly through personal norms. Injunctive social norms do not have a significant direct effect on the intention to choose an eco-friendly hotel. However, injunctive social norms influence Generation Z’s intention to choose an eco-friendly hotel indirectly through personal norms.