Normative Conflict Research Articles

When Workplace Norms Conflict: Using Intersubjective Reflection to Guide Ethical Decision-Making

We address how to ethically evaluate workplace practices when workplace behavioral norms conflict with employees’ attitudes toward those norms, which, according to research on psychological contract violations, regularly occurs. Drawing on Scanlonian contractualism, we introduce the intersubjective reflection process (IR process). The IR process ethically evaluates workplace practices according to whether parties to a workplace practice have intersubjectively valid grounds to veto the practice. We present normative and empirical justification for this process and apply the IR process to accounts of workplace moral dilemmas. We end by identifying future directions for research related to the IR process.

KONFLIK NORMA ANTARA ISNTRUMEN EKSTRADISI DAN INSTRUMENT DEPORTASI DALAM HAL PENEGAKAN HUKUM DI INDONESIA

Abstract
 The extensibility of law enforcement, in the international arena, enters the modern worldview, which is influenced by the increasingly easy flow of human migration, causing many criminals to move to other countries to avoid punishment in the country where they committed the crime. So law enforcement requires that law enforcement be possible against crimes outside the territorial country where the crime occurred, or the return of the perpetrator to the country where the crime was committed by him. The formulation of the problem under study is how the conflict of norms between the extradition instrument and the deportation instrument in terms of law enforcement in Indonesia. The research method is normative research. The conclusion is that there is a conflict of norms between the extradition instrument and the deportation instrument in terms of law enforcement in Indonesia that in cases that should have been extraditioned but carried out deportation, English translation. so that it is inconsistent with the principle of Lex Superior derogat legi inferiori in terms of substanceThe Extradition Regulation is superior where in article 36 paragraph (2) of the Extradition Law the authority to carry out extradition is in the hands of the president, while in general immigration arrangements in the Immigration-Law including deportations are within the authority of the Minister. English translation. In the level of authority, of course, the authority of the President can be considered superior to the authority of the Minister.English translation. 
 Keywords: Norms, Conflagration, Extradition, Deportation,

Establishment of National Legislation of the State of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in Accordance with the Legal Ideals in the Constitution of 2002

The writing of this Dissertation, examines the "Establishment of National Legislation of the State of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in accordance with the Legal Ideals in the Constitution of 2002". Which outlines the issues of statehood in the State of Timor-Leste, The establishment of legislation is essentially aimed at realizing legal certainty and justice in accordance with the legal mind (rechtsidee). The legal ideal as stated in the opening of the RDTL constitution in 2002. The establishment of the RDTL State Legislation is derived from the provisions of Article 1 paragraph (1) and Article 2 paragraph (2) of the RDTL Constitution of 2002. It explicitly states that Timor-Leste is a State of Law and Democracy, thus resolving legal issues by ensuring legal certainty to the public. And produce views / thoughts in order to produce laws that guarantee legal certainty. In Timor-Leste there is no hierarchy of legal norms, so there is a conflict of norms vertically and horizontal, besides not yet a philosophy of the nation that can be used as a source of all legal sources, and also the absence of a National Legislative Body to produce a good and responsive legislation. There are formulated three There are formulated three main formulations of the problem, namely: (1) The Essence of the Establishment of National Legislation of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste related to the Legal Mind in the Constitution of 2002. (2) Establishment of National Legislation of the State of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste related to the Ideal of Law. (3) Criteria of Laws and Regulations under the Responsive Act. Of the three problems presented, the general objective to be achieved is to study and understand analyzing the Establishment of National Legislation of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste from the philosophical and philosophical perspective of the Timor-Leste nation, which is in accordance with theoretical conceptual thinking based on the 2002 Constitution, and to analyze the Criteria of Legislation / Regulations under a responsive Law. This research includes a type of normative legal research, with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a comparative approach and a historical approach. The legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. This research yielded several conclusions, namely, the Essence of the Establishment of National Legislature in Timor-Leste related to the Legal Mind (recht idee) then can use the Philosophy of Uma Lulik, as a basic norm (Groundnorm) and legal ideal, can be used as a basis, source and guideline or philosophy of Uma Lulik as the source of all legal sources, must be spelled out in the laws and regulations of the State of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. The two Timor-Leste do not yet have Hierarchy of Legal Norms which so there is still a conflict of norms both vertical and horizontal, thus the need for a Hierarchy of Legal Norms to avoid legal disputes. The three good laws and regulations are laws and regulations whose contents meet the expectations of the affected communities with laws and regulations that ensure legal certainty and justice, the need for the role of the National Legislation Agency in Timor-Leste, fourth, using ROCCIPI approach in designing a law. Keywords : Legislation, The Mind of the Law, philosophy of the nation. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/118-10 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Unilateral Sanctions: Kind and Degree; Long-arm and Strong-arm Jurisdiction; Real Intent and “Could-be” Intent

Abstract This paper sketches out a normal analysis of unilateral sanctions. This consists of three steps: first, whether the sanctions measures are authorised or prohibited or not as unilateral sanctions, or as a course of conduct under a different name; second, whether they may be legitimately couched as another kind of lawful action, almost or apparently as a kind of “defence”; and third, whether unilateral sanctions in any category are prohibited or not collaterally by some special legal regimes. In each step, there is a question of kind as well as a question of degree. The jurisdictional regime may be of importance in the analysis. Sometimes the assertion of the so-called long-arm jurisdiction to justify a measure is so weak and so oppressive at once that it is better called “strong-arm jurisdiction”. In any event, a possible jurisdictional justification does not for this reason alone make a sanctions measure lawful. In each step of the analysis, the real intent behind the measure at issue settles the question of “kind” and should be carefully identified. The particular real intent, which is unique, qualifies that act as a unique international act. This would debunk the argument that the intent involved in a sanctions measure also “could be” the one required for treating it as a lawful measure. If, for the sake of argument, two different kinds of intent are present in a measure so that the measure can be qualified as, for example, a countermeasure by the imposing State and, at the same time, as unlawful intervention in the sovereign affairs of the target State, there may exist a conflict of norms to be resolved. Ultimately, of great importance is the level of scrutiny or standard of review that a decision-maker would apply to the assessment of intent.

Effects of offering incentives for reviews on trust: Role of review quality and incentive source

Incentives are often used by businesses to motivate customers to post reviews of their products or services online. However, the impact of those incentives on customers who are on the receiving end of such electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) behaviors are rarely examined. This study explores the effects of incentive-driven eWOM on receivers’ trust (customer trust) utilizing norm conflict and stakeholder perspectives. The findings indicate that customers have less trust in incentive-driven eWOM than in organic eWOM, for two reasons. First, the sharing of eWOM follows social norms, whereas incentives fall under market norms. This creates a potential conflict of norms for the receivers of incentivized eWOM. Second, the offer and acceptance of incentives establish interest relevance between businesses and posters. The findings suggest that increasing the quality of eWOM and hiding interest relevance between posters and businesses by changing the incentive source can alleviate the conflict of norms and increase customer trust in those reviews. This study provides a theoretical basis and suggests practical strategies for businesses to actively manage their customers’ incentive-based eWOM behavior. • Receivers consider the incentive-motivated eWOM less trustworthy compared with organic eWOM. • Increases in eWOM quality can decrease the perceived norm conflict and increase receivers’ trust. • Source of the incentive source can influence receivers’ trust. • Source of the incentive source can influence the perceived interest relationship between the sender and the business.

Characteristics of the legal institution of co-ownership in Korea

The present article examines the legal institution of co-ownership in the Civil Code of the Republic of Korea (hereinafter — CC RK), with the center of focus being on joint and collective ownership. Unfortunately the Civil Code was prepared rather hastily in the aftermath of more than three decades of colonial rule under the Japanese Empire and the Korean War of 1950–1953. As a result the CC RK has no lack of legislative errors and shortcomings. One of the more serious of these is the conflict of norms on joint ownership. Similar, if not almost identical, provisions on joint ownership exist in Part II (Real Rights) and Part III (Claims) of the CC RK. It is necessary to resolve this conflict of norms by repealing the problematic provision, i. e. Article 704 (Partnership-ownership of Partnership Property), as well as amending provision, i. e. paragraph 2 Article 271 (Partnership-ownership of Property), so as to have the latter conform better to the whole structure of the Civil Code in general. The norms on collective ownership pose no less of a problem for the application of the Civil Code. Although the legal concept of collective ownership was born and developed in German jurisprudence, the institution never made it into the German Civil Code. It was at the opposite side of the globe in Korea that collective ownership was recognized and stipulated in the Civil Code. However such legislation cannot be deemed rational. The concept of collective ownership does not reflect the characteristics of the Korean society and the various transactions that are conducted therein, and therefore lacks practicality and applicability. The sole reason for including norms of collective ownership in the first place was to regulate the particular co-ownership form of unregistered incorporations. It would have been more desirable to include the relevant provisions not in Part II (Real Rights) but Chapter III (Juristic Persons) of Part I (General Provisions), and recognize the grounds for the provisions on juristic persons to apply to unregistered incorporations, unless registration is deemed essential for the application of such norms. Aside from legislative recommendations for addressing the current problems of the Civil Code, the author of the present paper provides a critique of the legal thinking and doctrines on various aspects of co-ownership in Korea.

АНАЛІЗ ТЕОРІЙ ЩОДО СОЦІАЛЬНО-ТРУДОВИХ КОНФЛІКТІВ ТА ПРИЧИНИ ЇХ ВИНИКНЕННЯ У ПРАКТИЦІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ

The article reveals the preconditions for the emergence of conflicts in modern organizations, which are primarily related to market conditions in which all enterprises and organizations are without exception. Changing the conditions of operation of enterprises in most cases lead to social and labor conflicts. The analysis of the existing scientific literature gives grounds to claim that this problem has worried not one generation not only scientists but also managers-practitioners. Since ancient times, scientists have paid considerable attention to the study of causes and sources that give rise to socio-economic conflicts in society. It was found that the problems of creating and resolving conflict situations were of concern to representatives of various fields and sciences. Among them are the approaches to this problem from the standpoint of psychoanalytic, sociocentric, entological, group dynamics theory, frustration-aggressive, behavioral, sociometric, game theory, as well as the theory and practice of negotiation and organizational systems theory. Scholars' views on the causes of social conflicts that arise in the process of interaction between individuals and groups have been studied. It was found that in the second half of the twentieth century, the emergence of social and labor conflicts are stated by scientists as a normal state of development of social and labor relations. The main causes of conflicts in the organization are studied, the main ones being the inconsistency of work performed with their socio-psychological characteristics, unclear division of responsibilities between employees, duplication of management functions at different hierarchical levels, insufficient qualifications of management staff and more. The types of conflicts that arise in the management system of organizations among them: conflict of goal setting, conflict of ideas, conflict of emotions, conflict of procedures, content conflict, emotional conflicts, administrative conflicts, functional conflicts, psychological conflicts, conflicts of norms, management conflicts, management conflicts with adaptation between norms and values.

Necessary Trade-Offs or Two-Faced Hypocrisy: Normative Conflicts in EU Policies

The European Union (EU) often tries to present itself as a normative leader in both human rights protection and climate change prevention. However, since emission reductions sometimes require investments in solar panels that are produced using forced labor, these two norms can conflict with each other. Based on two case studies of EU policies on Israel-Palestine and North Africa, this article shows how conflicts between different norms are nothing new to the EU. In its policies on Israel-Palestine, the EU has had to balance its historical responsibility to Israel with its commitment to international law. In its policies on North Africa, the EU has had to balance its push for good governance with respect for other countries’ sovereignty. Drawing on the academic literature, EU policies, and statements by EU officials, this article therefore argues that normative conflicts are an essential part of what makes the EU a normative actor.

The legal nature making amends and compensation for the damage caused by the crime under Russian and German law

The article examines the legal nature of complex intersectoral legal institutions for making amends and compensating for the damage caused by a crime under Russian and German law and reveals their content. The author’s definition of a complex intersectoral institution is given, and an algorithm for solving in case of a conflict of legal norms of various branches of law is proposed. Making amends for the damage caused by a crime, being the broadest form of voluntary compensation for harm in Russian law, is considered in comparison with a similar German legal institution — compensation for the damage caused to the victim by a person who has committed a criminal offense, which is also a form of voluntary compensation for harm. Both institutions contribute to the voluntary resolution of a criminal-legal conflict resulting from the commission of a criminal offense, and allow taking into account the real needs of the victim. Despite the presence of common principles in Russian and German criminal processes: both belong to the Romano-Germanic (continental) legal family, are based on the principle of legality, the functioning of such institutions as amending and compensation for the damage caused by a crime testifies to different models of justice in Russian and German criminal proceedings. Legal regulation and the construction of making amends for the damage caused by a crime reflect the general punitive direction of the Russian criminal proceedings. At the same time, legal regulation and the established practice of applying compensation for damage caused to the victim mean the introduction of the principle of expediency and an element of restorative justice into the German criminal process. Taking into account the German experience of compensation for the damage, proposals were made to improve the Russian institution of making amends for the damage caused by a crime.

Optimization of the Legal Regulation of the Activities of Customs Authorities under the Realities of Digitalization

The article analyzes some shortcomings of the legal regulation of the activities of customs authorities in the conditions of digitalization of customs affairs. The author has identified a conflict of customs law norms that hinders the development of electronic declaration and proposed a solution to it. The paper defines the possibility of adapting the experience of Russian legal proceedings to the solution of customs control tasks. The author has established the incompleteness of the legal regulation of the regulation of the procedure for appealing decisions, actions (inaction) of customs authorities and their officials in electronic format and proposed ways to optimize it.

Reform of Private International Law in the Republic Uzbekistan

In 2019, the Concept of Improving Civil Legislation was adopted in the Republic of Uzbekistan, according to which the process of modernization of the current Civil Code has begun. As part of this process, the reform of Private International Law is also being carried out. Developed a draft of Section VI of the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan “Application of the norms of Private International Law (conflict of laws norms) to private law relations”, which provides for a radical revision of the rules for choosing the law applicable to private relations related to foreign legal order. The article analyzes the most significant changes that are planned to be made to Chapter 62 “General Provisions” using comparative legal, dialectical and formal-logical methods. Among the most important novelties are: 1) establishing the priority of a unified substantive (direct) method of regulating relations in the sphere of Private International Law; 2) formulation of an independent norm “The basic principles of Private International Law”; 3) positioning the autonomy of will of the parties as an independent principle of Private International Law; 4) expansion of the possibility of extraterritorial application of foreign law in Uzbekistan or in its separate territories; 5) correction of the public policy clause; 6) development of a model of subsidiary reference for the application of the law of a country with a plurality of legal systems. All the changes proposed in the Draft radically transform the current regulation. If these changes are adopted, Uzbekistan will receive legally qualified, doctrinally sound and relevant legislation on Private International Law. At the same time, there are a number of issues that have not been reflected in the Draft or have not undergone the necessary innovations. In particular, it seems necessary: 1) to clarify the concept of “foreign element”; 2) to develop and legally consolidate a glossary of basic concepts and terms; 3) to update the regulation of such institutions as “legal qualification”, “establishment of the content of foreign law”, “renvoi”; 4) to elaborate independent normative regulation of adaptation problems, mobile conflict, preliminary and secondary conflict issues. The article concludes that, in general, the model of conflict of laws regulation proposed takes into account the main current trends in the development of Private International Law and contains quite flexible, but at the same time quite definite and predictable rules for choosing the applicable law that correspond to the legitimate expectations of the parties.

PECULIARITIES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF SUBJECTS OF POWER IN ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the subjects of power in administrative proceedings. The peculiarities of the legal regulation of the activity of the subjects of power in administrative proceedings are highlighted. It is stated that the decisive feature of the subject of power of legal relations, decisions, actions or omissions of which can be appealed in the administrative court, is the category of "power management functions". The position of focusing on "management functions" is unbalanced for some reason. In addition, analyzing the rules of the CAS of Ukraine (Articles 12, 19), we can say that the jurisdiction of administrative courts extends to legal relations, the emergence of which is not related to the exercise of the subject of power management functions. In this way we observe the conflict of norms of the CAS of Ukraine: on the one hand, the jurisdiction of administrative courts includes only those disputes involving subjects of power that are related to the implementation of the last management functions, and on the other – disputes arising from non-administrative relations with the participation of subjects of power. It is concluded that the administrative court should protect the rights, freedoms and interests of individuals (individuals and legal entities) in the field of public relations from any decisions, actions or inaction of the subjects of power in administrative proceedings. Therefore, the category of "managerial functions", which is key to determining the legal relationship to which the jurisdiction of administrative courts, in the legislation of Ukraine on administrative proceedings is more appropriate to replace with "executive and administrative activities and other government (public) powers". Emphasis is placed on the fact that the subject of power in the field of administrative justice is a person who is endowed by current legislation with relevant procedural rights and responsibilities (administrative-procedural status of the subject of power) and to participate in individual cases in administrative court , which carries out procedural actions aimed at achieving the purpose of the trial.

Of False Conflicts and Real Challenges: Trade Agreements, Climate Clubs, and Border Adjustments

Assessments of the relationship between trade agreements and the climate regime often focus on the potential for normative conflict. Concerns that trade commitments may prevent the adoption of measures to curb climate change, or at least that these are two regimes that “point in different directions,”1 are often voiced to suggest that taking climate action requires fundamentally modifying, and maybe getting rid of, current trade agreements. In this essay, we argue that allegations of conflict disregard longstanding World Trade Organization (WTO) jurisprudence on policy-justified trade measures. As a matter of principle, this alleged conflict has been essentially overcome since the 1998 Appellate Body report in United States – Shrimp.2 Focusing on potential conflict distracts from the real challenges and dilemmas involved in designing and implementing a global carbon regime, including through the trade instruments known as carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs and so-called “climate clubs”), for which the legal parameters provided by trade agreements may be instrumental.

La evolución de la relación normativa entre el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y los sistemas jurídicos nacionalesThe evolution of the normative relationship between the Interamerican System of Human Rights and national jurisdictions

Abstract The approach of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the relationship between international and domestic law has evolved into a form of supranational law, which was not envisaged at the time of the ratification of the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights. In its first decisions, the Inter-American Court accepted that it was for each state party to decide how its domestic legal system interacts with international law. However, in recent years the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has developed the theory of the “conventionality control,” according to which domestic judges shall afford primacy to the Convention over domestic law and, in cases of a conflict of norms, may set aside domestic legislation. It is to be seen whether or not domestic tribunals will implement this “conventionality control” and how the legislative powers of Latin American states will respond.

Resilience to crisis and resistance to change: a comparative analysis of the determinants of crisis outcomes in Latin American regional organisations

Latin American regionalism displays a long history of crises, which have affected almost all regional organisations (ROs) across different waves of regionalism. The article conducts the first comparative analysis of the outcomes of crises in Latin American ROs across time, tackling the following questions: What have been the outcomes of the crises faced by Latin American ROs? Under what conditions does a crisis result in the survival or breakdown of the affected RO in Latin America? We adopt a multi-method approach that combines QCA with process tracing to identify the causal pathways to the survival or breakdown of ROs across a universe of eight crises. The findings show that Latin American ROs have been resilient to crises, which resulted in RO survival in seven cases out of eight. The QCA reveals how the distributive nature of interstate conflicts and the availability of majority voting are both sufficient conditions for Latin American ROs to survive a crisis. Analysis of the outlier case of UNASUR shows that normative conflicts that take place in the absence of majority voting constitute a ‘perfect storm’ configuration that can lead to RO breakdown. The findings also show that Latin America ROs’ tendency to survive crises is associated with the preservation of the status quo in terms of institutional design, which in some cases is achieved through the temporary flexibilisation of existing rules. Differently from the case of the EU, then, the crises of Latin American ROs have not led to the deepening of regional integration, but rather to institutional inertia.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM DALAM PERJANJIAN KERJA LAUT BAGI PELAUT BERDASARKAN MARINE LABOUR CONVENTION

Seafaring is a profession that is full of challenges, the need for the profession of seafarers in the world is increasing in direct proportion to the rate of increase in the world economy. Indonesia is one of the members of the IMO (International Maritime Organization), with a number of seafarers of more than one million workers, which are expected to become a commodity for seafarers to be able to increase foreign exchange earnings for the State of Indonesia as a member of the IMO who attended the 2006 MLC conference which was held in Geneva, Switzerland. . With the presence of Indonesia as a member of the IMO at the 2006 MLC, the State is present in legal protection for the welfare of seafarers in Indonesia which is equivalent to the welfare of world seafarers regarding the arrangement of work contracts and seafarers' salaries, there are still salaries that are below the standard not in accordance with the rules of the ILO (International Labor Organization). ) a minimum of $ 614 or Rp. 8,643,769,- (exchange rate of $1 = Rp. 14,077,-). The government is still implementing regulations regarding the wages of Indonesian seafarers in accordance with the UMR of the area where the domicile of the shipping company is located. This discrepancy creates a conflict of legal norms. Legal protection for seafarers, especially regarding welfare, needs to be applied referring to Government Regulations and Legislation and supervised by a body formed by the government for the sake of the principle of justice in the world of work for the seafaring profession

Legal Implications of Regulating the Authority of The Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DPD RI) in Supervising Draft Regional Regulations and Regional Regulations

This article aims to analyze the legal implications of regulating the authority of the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DPD RI) in supervising the draft regional regulations and regional regulations in Indonesia. This is based on the existence of a conflict of norms in Article 249 paragraph (1) letter j of Law Number 2 of 2018 with the Constitution, especially regarding the authority of the DPD RI itself. This study uses a normative juridical research method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The result of this study is the existence of legal uncertainty in the supervision of draft regional regulations and regional regulations. Because Article 22D paragraph (1) to paragraph (3) of the Constitution does not provide and does not mention the authority to monitor and evaluate draft regional regulations and regional regulations as stipulated in Article 249 paragraph (1) letter j of Law N 2 of 2018.

Hegel’s Antigone: The Birth of the Constitution from the Spirit of Tragedy

Abstract Sophocles’ Antigone has been studied intensely for more than two thousand years, but it was especially Hegel’s allegorical use of this tragedy in several of his works (first and foremost the Phenomenology of Spirit) that added yet another fascinating facet to its possible reading: the birth of the legal order and therewith a constitutional system from the conflict between two normative orders. In this contribution, I interpret the dialectic structure of Antigone in a manner in which each normative position – both Antigone’s and Creon’s – are equally justified and thereby antithetic in the ethical world of the Greek polis. It is therefore only by transcending this tragic conflict between the human and the divine orders that we can transform necessary externalities (‘fate’) into a process of a legal status which eventually allows individuals to become the authors of the law itself and thus to guarantee their freedom. I denote this reading of Hegel’s Antigone as ‘symmetrical’, since it accepts both positions – Antigone’s divine law and Creon’s human law – as equal and makes freedom and justice only possible through the law. This means that an ‘asymmetrical’ reading, giving prevalence to either position (for instance, found in Goethe or Habermas) and localizing freedom and justice beyond the law, can never effectively result in a legal status that would allow individual persons to become legal persons.My principal argument consequently is that only a symmetrical view of this normative conflict can justifiably be regarded as making a constitutional order possible in the first place. It is feasible only in a dynamic-genealogical fashion (ie, by constantly generating this order through conflict and the transcending of this conflict through mutual recognition) that concurrently also respects individuals as particular individuals, not just as formal equals among equals, by allowing them to realize their personalities and to find themselves through the arts, science, and philosophy. This is more than a merely formal or negative constitution which recognizes every person as equal and free, but disregards their particularities; this is a material and positive constitution that can guarantee both equality and self-actualization. Such a constitutional order guarantees an identity of universal laws and individuality, and accordingly offers individuals a solution to the conflicting ethical orders of the ancient polis in which they would otherwise remain trapped.

Pro-Environmental Behaviours at Work: The Interactive Role of Norms and Attitudinal Ambivalence

The environmental costs arising from unsustainable production patterns have increased to the point that organisations are now expected to adopt more responsible practices. Pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in the workplace can significantly contribute to bettering companies’ environmental performance and sustainability transition. This research investigated the interactive role of norms and attitudes in predicting voluntary energy conservation behaviours, based on a correlational study of 189 Portuguese workers. The study examined whether perceived norm conflicts involving co-workers, closer colleagues and leaders’ behaviours promote or hinder workers’ own PEBs and whether attitudinal ambivalence towards their organisation’s pro-environmental initiatives is a moderator of this relationship. Controlling for the effect of the pro-environmental organisational climate, the ages of employees and organisation size, the results confirm that felt ambivalence moderates the relationship between norm conflict and reported energy conservation behaviours. The findings indicate that ambivalent workers are less likely to engage in PEBs if they perceive norm conflict, that is, if other staff members are not equally motivated to adopt those behaviours. Conversely, norm conflict had an energising effect on non-ambivalent workers. The results thus indicate that organisations could benefit from promoting their environmental policies more explicitly, encouraging their employees to discuss these initiatives and making voluntary PEBs more visible in the workplace.

ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

This article examines the possibilities of using machine-readable law technologies in criminal procedural legislation and criminal proceedings; the analysis of the Concept of development of technologies of machine-readable law is carried out in order to determine the possibility of applying its provisions in the context of criminal procedural law. According to the author, the development of the technology of machine-readable law sets the legislator the task of starting the process of adapting the norms of the criminal procedure law to their subsequent presentation in formal language. Legislative acts should be structured as much as possible, within the acts, norms are more clearly divided into certain categories and groups with the building of logical connections between them. The norms of legislative acts need to be formalized, their content should not have legal and linguistic uncertainties, normative conflicts and broad discretionary powers. The conclusion is made about the need for legal transformations, formalization of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, based on the principle of legal certainty. If the adaptation of legislation to machine-readable norms is the future in the development of science and the system of legal regulation of the state, then the use of digital technologies in criminal proceedings is a matter of the present. It seems that modern digital technologies are sufficiently developed to start developing an automated information system at the state level that meets the formal requirements of the Criminal Procedure Code, within the framework of which a preliminary investigation will be carried out. Moreover, we are talking not only about the «electronic criminal case» in its generally accepted understanding. The author proposes the creation of a comprehensive universal program that provides for the automated application of the ontology of machine-readable law (descriptions in the formal language of many objects in the field of law and the connections between them) in the investigation of criminal cases using the method of teaching artificial intelligence based on a large array of data (including data, constituting the empirical base of research, which was studied in the development of private methods for investigating certain types of crimes).