Adoption Of Norms Research Articles

Application ofBehavioural Model toDisaster Preparedness inA Developing Country Malaysia: An Overview

The world was recently shocked by an outbreak of a deadly virus. The recent emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased societal stress levels through disruptions in daily work routines, adoption of new norms, low viral predictability, loss of source of income, death of loved ones, long-covid symptom, and subsequently being pushed to cope with a global economic crisis. It is believed that an endemic crisis will have a grave impact on everyone. Therefore, preparedness for disasters at individual, community and organisational levels are important to reduce disaster risk and minimising their impacts. The existing evidence on the application of behavioural coping models on disaster and emergency preparedness is predominantly from developed countries. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the existing behavioural models on the subject, and also to present cross cultural issues that may contribute to ways of understanding the community’s coping behaviour during a disaster. Following a discussion of their utility in developing countries such as Malaysia, this paper first discusses how cultural characteristics influence a community’s behaviour to cope with the unprecedented events. It then reviews how behavioural model can be applied to reduce risk-or to cope with the stress of a natural disaster. Future research on behavioural model addressing preparedness needs to focused on developing countries where there is a high probabilityof lacked coping capacity.

Legitimacy and effectiveness concerns in China’s private antitrust enforcement regime: a comparative analysis with the EU and US regimes

Abstract The year 2007 heralded a major advance in China’s entry to the global economy’s rules-based marketplace. Its Anti-MonopolyLaw 2007 (AML 2007) taking inspiration from European Union (EU) antitrust concepts contained internationally familiar key antitrust prohibitions. It appeared to satisfy key benchmarks, which any credible antitrust enforcement system should exhibit, namely Legitimacy and Effectiveness. However, in this original contribution, analysing 14 years of leading case law, the authors identify several key persistent Legitimacy and Effectiveness issues which arise when private parties attempt antitrust enforcement through the courts. On key issues such as: (i) Compensation awards inadequacy; (ii) Lack of rights for indirect purchasers; (iii) Absence of a passing-on defence; and (iv) Limitations of collective litigation mechanisms, deficiencies arising in each of these four areas are identified and analysed. Pathways to reform are set out. Comparative analysis with the corresponding EU and US jurisprudence is undertaken throughout, to illuminate the contrast in treatment for antitrust litigants facing similar antitrust situations. Recently enacted reform legislation (AML 2022) does not remedy the antitrust protection concerns identified by the authors. Private parties seeking antitrust redress in China will therefore continue to have weaker remedies in antitrust enforcement cases, in contrast with their EU and US counterparts. The absence of comprehensive reform means that Legitimacy and Effectiveness deficiencies will continue to undermine legal protection for China’s private antitrust enforcement litigants. Furthermore, the research demonstrates how norm adoption on its own cannot raise the propect of better outcomes, unless accompanied by corresponding evolution in the provision of more robust enforcement rights and remedies for antitrust litigants, as well as evolution in judicial interpretation to support antitrust norms acceptance.

How WEIRD Are We? How the Adoption of Certain Social Norms Altered Both Our Biology and Social Behaviour and, Ultimately, the Wealth of Nations

How WEIRD Are We? How the Adoption of Certain Social Norms Altered Both Our Biology and Social Behaviour and, Ultimately, the Wealth of Nations

Administrative law-making in public administration activities: essential characteristics

The article is devoted to highlighting the essence of law-making activity of public administration. The article draws attention to the fact that the law-making and law-enforcing activity of public administration is expressed in the adoption and implementation of legal acts, which are the main means of regulating relations in the field of public administration, this is one of the main forms of implementation of the tasks and functions of state authorities and local self-government. It is found that legal acts in the activity of public administration, on the one hand, serve the orderliness and stability of administrative-legal relations, on the other hand, they are the basis for changing the rights, freedoms and interests of individuals in the public sphere. The article states that the law-making activity of the public administration needs constant study and research in the aspect of modern processes of state-building and law-making that take place in the state, to meet the standards of law-making activity of the EU, to take into account the best domestic and European practices. It is emphasized that the administrative law-making of the public administration is embodied in the form of adoption of normative and individual acts. The purpose of such law-making is the creation of acts by means of which the rights, freedoms and interests of persons in the field of public-legal relations are implemented and ensured. Thanks to law-making, the state implements its functions of managing various spheres of public life. The author's definition is formulated that administrative law-making of public administration is a legal form (instrument) of the activity of authorized law-making subjects, which is implemented according to the established administrative procedure and is aimed at establishing, changing or terminating administrative-legal relations. It is proven that regardless of which act is adopted, the procedure for its adoption must be clearly regulated in the legislation, which will ensure the regime of legality in the state and make it impossible to adopt legal acts that contradict the Basic Law and legislation. It is noted that an important feature of administrative law-making is that it is carried out according to the procedure established in the legislation and which is a system of means, methods, logical and linguistic techniques, methods of law-making activity that determine and regulate the activities of authorized subjects in this area and which aimed at the development and adoption of legal norms.

The Distinguishing Federal and Regional Norms of Administrative Responsibility for Violation of “Coronavirus” Restrictions

. The measures taken by the state to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus are connected, among other things, with the adoption of norms establishing measures of administrative responsibility for violation of “anti-covid” rules of conduct. Within the framework of the federal structure and the existence of federal and regional administrative legislation in law enforcement practice, difficulties arise in determining measures of administrative responsibility in specific situations. There is no clear and reasoned position explaining and determining which norms (federal or regional) providing for liability for offenses in the field of prevention and non-proliferation of coronavirus infection should be applied. In this regard, there is a need to clarify this issue from the point of view of the current norms of administrative law concerning the introduction of a high-alert regime or an emergency situation on the territory of Russia, as well as the establishment of rules of conduct during these periods. The analysis of the current federal and regional legislation in the field of countering the spread of coronavirus infection allowed us to conclude that the regions have the authority to introduce additional rules of conduct in relation to those introduced by federal authorities during a period of high alert or emergency (Using the example of the administrative legislation of the federal city of St. Petersburg). The author established that the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation does not provide for liability measures for violation of the Rules established by the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. On this basis, a fundamental provision has been determined that allows to distinguish the norms on administrative responsibility for violations of “anti-covid” rules. This provision is related to the level of the authority that has established “anti-formative” prohibitions and rules of conduct, for violation of which the guilty person is brought to administrative responsibility.

Problems of reforming the domestic judicial system in the conditions of activation of european integration of Ukraine (theoretical and legal aspect)

The article, from the standpoint of a general theoretical analysis, reveals the main requirements for reforming the legal basis of the functioning of the judicial system of Ukraine as a candidate for joining the European Union. In particular, the prospects for reforming the organizational and normative foundations of the functioning of the domestic judicial system, taking into account European legal standards, are highlighted.
 The problems of reforming the judicial system of Ukraine as a state that has the status of a candidate for joining the European Union are systematically covered. In particular, taking into account the standards of the interstate legal system of the European Union, the requirements of European partners for reforming the system of selection of candidates for the position of judges nominated by EU states before Ukraine are given. Based on the analysis of the expert conclusions of the Venice Commission on legislative initiatives in the field of functioning of the system of courts of general jurisdiction and the Constitutional Court in particular, the shortcomings of an organizational and legal nature regarding the implementation of a transparent procedure for the formation and functioning of institutions for the selection of judges are systematically outlined.
 Separate attention is focused on the development, adoption and implementation of norms regarding the clear regulation of the procedure for the preliminary selection of judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the basis of a full assessment of their integrity and professional skills. It is substantiated that the improvement of the quality of development, the speed of adoption and implementation of a complex of normative constructions new for the legal system of Ukraine on the regulation of the legal status of state bodies, which influence the formation of the judicial corps, will contribute to the acceleration of judicial reform in Ukraine. Ultimately, this will contribute to the acceleration of Ukraine's implementation, in particular, of the "Copenhagen criteria", as well as the implementation of EU standards in the sphere of ensuring democracy, establishing the rule of law, and protecting human rights. It was also noted that in the context of innovative changes in the legal system, which should be perceived as a guarantee of deepening the processes of European integration, improving the quality of work of government institutions and, in particular, courts is of primary importance.

English

Agricultural technologies have been identified as one of the key ways to improve smallholder farmers' food security and livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the adoption of these technologies remains low. Previous studies have focused more on the agronomic and socio-economic aspects influencing agricultural technology adoption. The social and cultural dimensions of adoption have hardly been addressed. The main objective of this study was to establish the influence of social-cultural factors on the adoption of agricultural technologies. The study was carried out in Migori County. Multistage sampling was used by combining purposive and simple random sampling. Data were collected from 262 NERICA rice farmers selected using simple random sample; 22 key informants were purposively selected and interviewed, and eight focus group discussions (FGDs) consisting of 10 to 12 people were conducted from purposively selected NERICA rice-farming villages. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS computer software and results were presented in frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings show a statistically significant association between the adoption of NERICA rice technology and social cultural norms associated with agriculture, as indicated by the p-value of 0.001, which is way less than the significance level (α=0.05), hence important in adoption. Key words: Social, culture, adoption, agricultural technologies, NERICA rice.

“Almost Soviet Father”: An Experience of Microhistorical Research of Rural Confessional History in 1940s—1970s

The problem of the possibility of a fruitful study of the rural parish history of the Soviet period through microhistorical analysis is raised. For discussion, the experience of researching the fate of a small Old Believer community is proposed. Both archival documents and interview materials are used. The purpose of the publication is to show some factors of the reproduction of traditional religious culture on the Soviet collective farm of the 1940s—1970s and at the same time demonstrate the heuristic potential of combined archival and field work. The author focuses on the figure of a priest who managed to restore and strengthen his parish, despite the previous dispossession and destruction of the prayer house. The cohesion of the community, outstanding personal qualities, as well as the ability of believers to practically harmonize Christian and Soviet values became the conditions for his success is shown in the article. The adoption of Soviet cultural norms, excluding atheism, is considered in the work as the most important factor in the survival of the Old Believer community. The expediency of verifying the data of official Soviet documentation by referring to oral history is demonstrated in the study. It is pointed out that in the materials of the USSR civil servants devoted to confessional phenomena, strict facts could be combined with false interpretations.

Why are they eco-friendly? Attributing eco-friendly descriptive norms to intrinsic motivation increases pro-environmental purchase intention.

People perform pro-environmental behaviors not only out of intrinsic motivation, but also due to external factors such as expected social approval or financial gain. To the extent that people use their own motivations to infer the motivation of others, people may view descriptive norms favoring pro-environmental behavior as extrinsically motivated. This may in turn decrease the normative influence of the norm, as conformity can be negatively affected by perceptions that others are conforming mindlessly. While descriptive norms generally promote pro-environmental behavior change, the influential power of descriptive norms varies between studies. One possible explanation for these inconclusive findings is that people interpret others’ behavior as either intrinsically- or extrinsically motivated. We propose that pro-environmental descriptive norms will be more influential when attributing others’ pro-environmental behavior as intrinsically (e.g., pleasure of contributing to the environment) rather than extrinsically, motivated (e.g., fear of social disapproval). In two experiments (N = 1326), we compared participants’ intention to purchase pro-environmental products between four conditions: control condition vs intrinsic norm vs extrinsic norm (Exp. 1) vs injunctive norm (Exp. 2). Results consistently found a significant increase in pro-environmental purchase intention in the intrinsic norm condition compared to both extrinsic norm condition (Exp. 2) and no-information control condition (Exp. 1 & 2). These studies highlight that attribution of behavior is vital for the adoption of pro-environmental norms.

The ‘Expected Leadership’ in Indonesia’s Initiative to Form ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network

Various International Relations works of literature positioned Indonesia as one of the leading countries in Southeast Asia, both formally and informally. Indonesia is considered a driving force behind various regional cooperations that lead to regional progress. This paper also sees that Indonesia is capable of initiating and pushing for cooperation in the peacekeeping area. Peacekeeping cooperation is sensitive in Southeast Asia, considering that one of the norms that mutually agreed upon since the formation of ASEAN is the norm of non-interference. The non-interference norms hinder regional peacekeeping cooperation due to its adoption of interventionist norms. Despite these organizational obstacles, Indonesia has successfully initiated peacekeeping cooperation that in the form of the ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network (APCN). The APCN aims to increase the contribution of peacekeeping forces from the ASEAN Member States in the UN Peacekeeping Missions. By looking at the case, this paper aims to explain why Indonesia was successful in initiating the APCN when the regional norm of non-interference is still adopted. This explanation will refer to the role theory, first theorized in International Relations by Kaleevi Jakko Holsti. Although the initiation of the APCN was also driven by foreign policy aspirations from the policymakers, another contributing factor was the regional expectations for Indonesia to lead the regional peacekeeping cooperation. This expectation is in line with Holsti’s concept of role prescription. Further understanding of the expected leadership could be an alternative perspective in seeing the success or failure cases of regional cooperation – especially in Southeast Asia – in the future.

The science of trust: future directions, research gaps, and implications for health and risk communication

ABSTRACT ‘Trust is among the most important factors in human life, as it pervades’ all domains of society [1] and related decision-making processes. This includes people’s trust in science, and in clinical and public health solutions. Unequivocally, community and patient trust are foundational to the adoption and maintenance of health-related behaviors, social norms, and policies. Yet, trust has to be earned and developed over time and through multiple interactions. Trust is about dialogue and human connection. It’s about listening and knowing that one interaction will not be enough to build trust. It is also influenced by a variety of social, economic, cultural, and political factors, past experiences, and the history of specific communities and patient groups. It should be at the core of the health and social systems with which people interact. More recently, trust in evidence-based information has also been affected by misinformation, not only on social media but also in a variety of community, institutional, and patient settings. Ultimately, we are in the midst of a global trust crisis that precedes the COVID-19 pandemic and is often rooted in the health, racial, and social inequities many groups experience [2].

The idea of public administration responsibility: origins and evolution

Legal liability is rightly considered one of the central institutions of the law, as it is directly related to the purposes of the law, to their realization. It is known that the adoption of legal norms is not an end in itself, but only the first mandatory stage of the process of legal regulation of social relations. The next stage is the implementation of the provisions of the legal norms. Otherwise, legal norms would lose their meaning and social purpose. This article reflects a historical retrospective on the idea of the responsibility of the state and its organs, both under repressive and reparative aspects. The focus is on the origins of this idea, how it evolved in some European states, as well as in the territory of the Republic of Moldova. Finally, it is concluded that the idea of the responsibility of the state and its organs appeared simultaneously with the idea of the rule of law, since only under the conditions of such a state is it possible to realize the idea in question. At the same time, the lack of an effective mechanism to hold the state and its authorities accountable indicates the non-existence of the rule of law.

Hostage-Taking: Some Questions of Qualification

The authors examine hostage-taking as a crime that threatens the state of security of the society as a whole. This crime is often viewed as one of the ways to commit a terrorist act, and counteraction measures are carried out not only by separate countries, but also by the global community through the adoption of international legal norms. The article considers three main groups of questions. The first group is devoted to the concept of hostage-taking. It is noted that the lawmakers do not offer a definition of this term, and the disposition is wider than the title of the article. In this connection, it is considered important to define and fix in the law the concepts of «taking» and «holding». The authors also consider a special qualifying attribute of taking hostages (Part 4, Art. 206 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) that determines liability for causing death by intention during hostage-taking. They point out the legal positions of some scholars who believe that such a solution is not entirely correct. Besides, they examine the Degrees of the Plenary Sessions of the Supreme Court and conclude that it is necessary to introduce the corresponding amendments. The authors also analyze the special ground for exemption from liability in cases of hostage-taking formulated as a Note to Art. 206 of the CC of the RF. The authors conclude that it is necessary to partially reconstruct the article of criminal legislation under analysis, and the acts of court interpretation.

Concept of Lawmaking Process in the context of the Legal Doctrine

The article emphasizes that the legal doctrine in general and the doctrine of lawmaking in particular have an important place and role both in general theoretical science and in the practical sphere. The research characterizes the key scientifi c approaches to legal doctrine, more attention is focused on the doctrinal understanding of lawmaking and its features. It is noted that the process of forming of the lawmaking doctrine involves the search for new ideas, the nomination of relevant hypotheses, the verifi cation of their truth and reliability by time, the perception of them by the scientifi c community and ensuring the implementation of scientifi c provisions in the practical activities of law-making bodies. The particular attention is focused on the fact that lawmaking is considered from different sides, namely as: legal category, type of legal activity, objectively stipulated legal phenomenon. From the point of view of the legal category, lawmaking is a component of law formation and is aimed at adoption, changes and cancellation of legal norms. Moreover, lawmaking is characterized as a type of legal activity. It is emphasized that lawmaking as a legal phenomenon occupies an independent place and performs only its inherent role in the system of phenomena of legal reality, various types of legal understanding have a signifi cant infl uence on it, for which certain contradictions are also inherent, it is due to the laws of development of the legal sphere of life of society and the state. The research underlines that the concept of lawmaking is quite close to law formation, but not identical. Law formation is closely connected with the process of emergence, formation and action of law. Accordingly, law formation is a component of the process of lawmaking and can be carried out by both state bodies and civil society entities. Another aspect of the analysis of the problem of lawmaking is determined, namely its relationship with rulemaking, which has a social and legal component. In this correlation, lawmaking refers specifi cally to the legal component of law formation. It is emphasized that law-making activity is based on certain principles, ideas that together constitute the principles of lawmaking. They reproduce in a generalized form the peculiarities of law-making activity, are a criterion for its assessment, a value refl ection of the activities of the right-making subject, can be fi xed both by the norms of law and to be refl ected at the doctrinal level. In this view, the principles of lawmaking are defi ned as a set of scientifi cally based initial ideas, views, principles, which are the basic basis of the activities of legal entities and can be formalized in the norm of law. The opinion of most scientists is supported, that the principles of lawmaking can be classifi ed into basic and additional ones. The basic principles of lawmaking include and substantiate the principle of democracy, publicity, professionalism, legal legality, humanism, etc. Among the additional principles of lawmaking, the principle of scientifi c, legal certainty, stability and dynamism, the principle of interconnection with practice, timeliness and social demand are singled out and characterized. Key words: Legal Doctrine, Doctrine of Lawmaking Process, Lawmaking, Legal Formation, Factors of the Lawmaking Doctrine, Principles of Lawmaking Process.

The transition from a “weak state” to a “powerful state”: Ukrainian case

In the authors' previous studies of the state phenomenon with the status of "weak state" and signs of this type of political system, Ukraine was considered a vivid example of a state of this type. However, since the beginning of Russian military intervention in Ukraine on February 24, 2022, we have witnessed the rapid transition of the Ukrainian state and political system from weak state status to a powerful one. In this study, the authors consider differences in the definitions of "powerful" and "strong" states and prove that Ukraine, having left the ranks of weak states, has not yet acquired the status of a strong state, but has the signs of a powerful one. It is also noted that the conditions and terms of such a transit of the state and political system are unique. In the authors' opinion, three main requisites of the fast transit of Ukraine to the status of a powerful state have been substantiated: the presence of a strong political leader and a particular mentality of the Ukrainian people. The research by Guillermo O'Donneland Philip Schmitter with their idea of the resocialization of citizens, i.e., adoption and assimilation of new democratic values, norms, and behavior models by the population of the state as an essential factor in obtaining durability and democracy by the state, served as the methodological basis for choosing these categorical characteristics. Furthermore, therole of the "aggressive neighbor" factor in acquiring a new status by a political agent has also been substantiated.

Adoption, adaptation or chance? Inter-organisational diffusion of the protection of civilians norm from the UN to the African Union

Norms can be adopted without modifications or adapted to regional contexts for strategic or principled reasons. Norm adoption and adaptation can also happen by chance. When adoption takes place without consideration of the norm’s effectiveness or appropriateness, we speak about imitation. When adaptation takes place in such a manner, we lack conceptual tools to analyse it. We propose a novel concept of incidental adaptation – divergence between promoted and adopted norms due to fortuitous events. This completes the typology of scenarios leading to norm adoption and adaptation. We apply the typology to the transmission of the protection of civilians norm in peace operations from the United Nations (UN) to the African Union (AU). The AU adopted the UN’s approaches in pursuit of interoperability and resources, and out of recognition of the UN’s normative authority. It also happened incidentally when the AU temporarily followed the UN’s approaches. The AU engaged in adaptation to reflect the nature of its operations and normative orientations of AU member states. Incidental adaptation accounted for the presence of the rights-based tier in the AU’s protection of civilians concept. These findings nuance our understanding of norm diffusion, inter-organisational relations and the role of chance in international affairs.

Achieving Their Goals and Adopting New Norms: Polish Immigrant Women and American Institutions in Early Twentieth-Century and Interwar Chicago

Abstract This paper examines paradoxes and ambiguities in the interactions of Polish immigrant women with American institutions in early twentieth-century and interwar Chicago. I argue that these interactions were far more multi-faceted than described by William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki in The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Although American institutions did intervene within the Polish immigrant family, proposing “American” solutions to issues pervading immigrant family life, Polish women often requested these interventions in order to achieve individual goals or solutions they deemed best for their families and marriages. However, as this paper examines, assistance from American institutions did at times require adherence to disciplining and normative narratives and behaviors and adoption of certain new family, gender, and sexuality norms. The case study in this paper is the Northwestern University Settlement, established within the largest Polish community in Chicago in 1891, which cooperated extensively with the city's municipal courts, police, and various voluntary associations. This paper analyzes three types of case histories—those of mistreated wives, “wayward” daughters, and out-of-wedlock mothers—with a particular focus on gendered and family-related norms as well as the relations between Polonia mothers and daughters as showcased in their interactions with American private and public institutions.

Contextualities of gender in Eritrean immigrant households: Exploring empowerment through integration in Norwegian society

ABSTRACT The article presents a contextual understanding of immigration and integration in Norwegian society from a gender perspective by capturing the experiences of Eritrean immigrant households when adapting to social change and an unfamiliar gender regime. Theories of empowerment and social integration are used to interpret the gender dimensions, and to examine Eritrean families’ post-migration gender relations and the interaction between conventional and egalitarian norms in expectations regarding the roles and social participation of women and men. A qualitative research design was used, involving in-depth interviews, participant observation, and informal discussions. The findings revealed that Eritrean immigrants’ gender relations in Norwegian society were dynamic, due to the opportunities and constraints they faced in the private and public spheres. Women’s ability to challenge patriarchal power relations was due to their adoption of Norwegian mainstream norms that determined their agency and empowerment in society. Also, social inclusion for Eritrean immigrants wes often dependent on social networks that aided their integration into society and was differentiated by gender. The authors conclude that the realities of women’s empowerment were heterogeneous and subjectively influenced by male gender ideologies, relevant education and language skills, access to desirable social networks, satisfactory paid work, and decisive welfare regulations.

Review of Existing Standards, Guides, and Practices for Raman Spectroscopy.

Over the past decades Raman spectroscopy has been extensively used both on an industrial and academic level. This has resulted in the development of numerous specialized Raman techniques and Raman active products, which in turn has led to the adoption and development of standards and norms pertaining to Raman unit's calibration, performance validation, and interoperability. Purpose of the present review is to list, classify, and engage in a comprehensive analysis of the different standards, guides, and practices relating to Raman spectroscopy. Primary aim of the review is to consider the commonalities and conflicts between these standards and norms and to identify any missing aspects. Standardization in the field of Raman spectroscopy is dominated by the work of American institutions, namely, the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM or ASTM International), with several active standards in place pertaining to terminology, calibration, multivariate analysis, and specific applications, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), providing numerous certified reference materials, referred to as standard reference materials. The industrial application of Raman spectroscopy is dominated by the pharmaceutical industry. As such, pharmacopoeias provide not only important information in relation to pharmaceutical-related applications of Raman spectroscopy, but also invaluable insight, into the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy and important aspects that include calibration, validation, measurement, and chemometric analysis processes, usually by referring to ASTM and NIST standards. Given the fact that Raman spectroscopy is a modern and innovative field, the standardization processes are complex and constantly evolving. Despite the seemingly high number of existing standards, the standardization landscape is incomplete and has not been modernized according to the developments in Raman spectroscopy techniques in recent years. This is evident by the lack of protocols for numerous areas as well as by the fact that some of the existing standards have not been updated to reflect the advances in the technique. Therefore, it is important for the Raman community to actively engage in and contribute to a modernization process that will result in updating existing and introducing new terms, protocols, and guides. Indeed, the development of optimized common standards would be extremely beneficial and would further foster the development and application of Raman spectroscopy techniques, most notably those of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and low-resolution portable analyzers.

Migrant Citizenship: Race, Rights, and Reform in the U.S. Farm Labor Camp Program

Migrant Citizenship: Race, Rights, and Reform in the U.S. Farm Labor Camp Program