NOR Logic Operations Research Articles

Dual-Mode Reconfigurable Split-Gate Logic Transistor through Van der Waals Integration.

As silicon-based transistors approach their physical size limitations, two-dimensional material-based reconfigurable functional electronic devices are considered the most promising novel device architectures beyond Moore strategies. While these devices have garnered significant attention, they often require complex device fabrication processes and extra electric fields. Additionally, the device performance is usually limited by the metal-semiconductor interface properties. In this Letter, we have constructed a reconfigurable logic device based on a WSe2 transistor with a nanofloating gate and split-gates through van der Waals integration. This device achieves a small Schottky barrier height due to the van der Waals contacts. By varying the split-gate biases, we can realize volatile reconfigurable homojunctions as well as AND, OR, NOR, and NAND logic operations with just a single device. Furthermore, with the charge trapping effect of nanofloating gate, we can also achieve nonvolatile reconfigurable homojunctions, as well as AND and OR logic operations. The volatile and nonvolatile logic operations are similar to the short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity, respectively, of synapses in the human brain. This work offers a potential approach for creating novel reconfigurable functional electronic devices with a simple fabrication process and low cost.

All-Optical XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR Logic Operations Based on M-Shaped Silicon Waveguides at 1.55 μm.

Silicon waveguides are essential to integrated photonics, which is where optical and electronic components are coupled together on a single silicon chip. These waveguides allow for the integration of signal processing and optical transmission, which advances data centers, telecommunications, and other optical applications. Thus, our study involves the simulation of essential all-optical logic operations, namely XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR, and utilizes M-shaped silicon optical waveguides at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. This simulation is conducted through Lumerical FDTD solutions. The suggested waveguide comprises four identical slots, configured in the shape of the letter 'M', and all of which are formed of core silicon and silica cladding. These logic operations work based on constructive and destructive interferences that are caused by phase changes in the input optical beams. The contrast ratio (CR) is employed to quantitatively and comparatively assess the degree to which the target logic operations are efficiently executed. The simulation results indicate that, compared to other reported designs, the considered logic functions constructed using the proposed waveguide can be implemented with higher CRs. The outcomes of this paper can be utilized regarding the implementation of optoelectronic combinational logic circuits of enhanced functionality.

Harnessing Multistability: A Novel Approach to Optical Logic Gate Construction Using Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers

We present an innovative method harnessing multistability within a diode-pumped erbium-doped fiber laser to construct logic gates. Our approach involves manipulating the intensity of external noise to regulate the probability of transitioning among four concurrent attractors. In this manner, we facilitate the realization of OR, AND, NOR, and NAND logic operations, aligning with the coexisting period-1, period-3, period-4, and period-5 orbits. Employing detrended fluctuation analysis, we establish equilibrium in the probability distributions of these states. The obtained results denote a substantial advancement in the field of optical logic gate development, representing a pivotal stride toward the seamless integration of an all-optical logic gate within laser oscillator-based systems.

The Amplified DNA Logic Gates Based on Aptamer-Receptor Recognition for Cell Detection and Bioimaging.

A powerful and accurate method for identifying and isolating cells would be of great importance due to its sensitivity, gentleness and effectiveness. Here, we designed a receptor-based DNA logic device that allows Boolean logic analysis of multiple cells. For ease of expression, the molecules on the cell surface that can bind to the aptamer are referred to as "receptors". This DNA logic device sends signals based on cell surface sgc8c and sgc4f receptor expression by performing NOT, NOR, AND and OR logic operations, and amplifies and evaluates the signals using HCR. Meanwhile, the release of ICG from the endopore of HMSNs is controlled by affecting structural changes in the DNA logic device. This approach can accurately identify and treat multiple cells on demand based on the presence or absence of cell-specific receptors, facilitating the development of personalized medicine.

Low-Voltage Solution-Processed Zinc-Doped CuI Thin Film Transistors with NOR Logic and Artificial Synaptic Function.

Low-voltage Zn-doped CuI thin film transistors (TFTs) gated by chitosan dielectric were fabricated at a low temperature. The Zn-doped CuI TFT exhibited a more superior on/off current ratio than CuI TFT due to the substitution or supplementation of copper vacancies by Zn ions. The Zn-doped CuI films were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Zn-doped CuI TFTs exhibited an on/off current ratio of 1.58 × 104, a subthreshold swing of 70 mV/decade, and a field effect mobility of 0.40 cm2V-1s-1, demonstrating good operational stability. Due to the electric-double-layer (EDL) effect and high specific capacitance (17.3 μF/cm2) of chitosan gate dielectric, Zn-doped CuI TFT operates at a voltage below -2 V. The threshold voltage is -0.2 V. In particular, we have prepared Zn-doped CuI TFTs with two in-plane gates and NOR logic operation is implemented on such TFTs. In addition, using the ion relaxation effect and EDL effect of chitosan film, a simple pain neuron simulation is realized on such a p-type TFTs for the first time through the bottom gate to regulate the carrier transport of the channel. This p-type device has promising applications in low-cost electronic devices, complementary electronic circuit, and biosensors.

A multifunctional layered photonic structure with NOR logical operation and multiscale detection based on the PT-symmetry breaking

In this paper, a multifunctional layered photonic structure (LPS) with NOR logical operation and multiscale detection based on the parity-time (PT) symmetry breaking composed of magnetized yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is proposed in theory. The accurate NOR logical operation is completed by properly modulating the target resonant absorption peak (AP) by the external magnetic field and using the peak to ascertain the logical operation. Given the high-quality factor of the resulting APs, the proposed structure can be used to detect four important physical quantities, which are angle, magnetic field, the thickness of ferrite1, and refractive index (RI). YIG is a typical representative of ferrite. Due to the magneto-optical effect, the PT-symmetry is broken, resulting in a nonreciprocal phenomenon, thereby further realizing NOR logic operation and multi-physical quantity detection on the front and rear scales. Since the RI of YIG is modulated by the magnetic field, the change of the magnetic field can cause the AP generated by the resonance to shift, so that the magnetic field can be detected.

Computational investigation of all-optical NOR logic operation using carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers at 120 Gb/s

Computational investigation of all-optical NOR logic operation using carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers at 120 Gb/s

Testing of in-memory-computing memories with 8 T SRAMs

In-memory-computing (IMC) architecture has been proposed as an alternative to cope with the memory wall of von-Neumann computing architecture. The IMC architecture embeds logic into the memory array to reduce the data transfer between the processor and memory. An IMC memory can be operated in memory mode and computing mode, which increases the test complexity. Thus, the IMC memory need to be tested in memory mode and computing mode. In this paper, we propose a test strategy for IMC 8 T SRAMs with NAND and NOR logic operations. Possible functional faults caused by the isolated read port of the 8 T SRAM cell are analyzed. A 12N March C−8 test algorithm is proposed to cover functional faults in memory mode and process variation-induced faults in computing mode of an N-bit IMC 8 T SRAM. Extendibility of the proposed test strategy for 8 T SRAMs and multiple operands is shown as well.

Logic and in-memory computing achieved in a single ferroelectric semiconductor transistor

Exploring materials with multiple properties who can endow a simple device with integrated functionalities has attracted enormous attention in the microelectronic field. One reason is the imperious demand for processors with continuously higher performance and totally new architecture. Combining ferroelectric with semiconducting properties is a promising solution. Here, we show that logic, in-memory computing, and optoelectrical logic and non-volatile computing functionalities can be integrated into a single transistor with ferroelectric semiconducting α-In2Se3 as the channel. Two-input AND, OR, and non-volatile NOR and NAND logic operations with current on/off ratios reaching up to five orders, good endurance (1000 operation cycles), and fast operating speed (10 μs) are realized. In addition, optoelectrical OR logic and non-volatile implication (IMP) operations, as well as ternary-input optoelectrical logic and in-memory computing functions are achieved by introducing light as an additional input signal. Our work highlights the potential of integrating complex logic functions and new-type computing into a simple device based on emerging ferroelectric semiconductors.

Engineering Alternate Ligand Recognition in the PurR Topology: A System of Novel Caffeine Biosensing Transcriptional Antirepressors.

Recent advances in synthetic biology and protein engineering have increased the number of allosteric transcription factors used to regulate independent promoters. These developments represent an important increase in our biological computing capacity, which will enable us to construct more sophisticated genetic programs for a broad range of biological technologies. However, the majority of these transcription factors are represented by the repressor phenotype (BUFFER), and require layered inversion to confer the antithetical logical function (NOT), requiring additional biological resources. Moreover, these engineered transcription factors typically utilize native ligand binding functions paired with alternate DNA binding functions. In this study, we have advanced the state-of-the-art by engineering and redesigning the PurR topology (a native antirepressor) to be responsive to caffeine, while mitigating responsiveness to the native ligand hypoxanthine-i.e., a deamination product of the input molecule adenine. Importantly, the resulting caffeine responsive transcription factors are not antagonized by the native ligand hypoxanthine. In addition, we conferred alternate DNA binding to the caffeine antirepressors, and to the PurR scaffold, creating 38 new transcription factors that are congruent with our current transcriptional programming structure. Finally, we leveraged this system of transcription factors to create integrated NOR logic and related feedback operations. This study represents the first example of a system of transcription factors (antirepressors) in which both the ligand binding site and the DNA binding functions were successfully engineered in tandem.

Optimizing the Geometry of Chiral Magnetic Logic Devices

We investigated how geometry affects chiral magnetic logic devices, using micro-magnetic simulation. The logical NOT gate in the device was operated by current-induced domain wall (DW) motion in perpendicularly magnetized nanowires with a locally modulated in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) region, where the up-down DW is switched into a down-up DW by current. We modulated the width of the nanowires as well as the length of the IMA region and found that an optimized geometry exists which depends on the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction. Integrating the optimized NOT-gate, we then demonstrated NAND or NOR logic operations. Our results provide design guidelines for the magnetic logic device, paving the way to functional magnetic logic-inmemory devices.

Water soluble cationic porphyrin showing pH-dependent optical responses to G-quadruplexes: Applications in pH-sensing and DNA logic gate

A water soluble cationic porphyrin derivative 5,10,15,20-tetra-{4-[3-(1-methyl-1-piperidinyl) propoxy]phenyl}porphyrin (TMPipPrOPP), which showed attractive pH-dependent optical responses to G-quadruplexes, was synthesized and characterized. Under molecular crowding conditions, a stable TMPipPrOPP/G-quadruplex complex was formed in acidic pH range. Alkalization of the system to neutral and basic pH caused destruction of the complex due to reduced electrostatic interactions. The formation and destruction of the TMPipPrOPP/G-quadruplex complex was reversibly adjusted by pH, accompanied by repeated on-off switching of the colorimetric and fluorescent responses of TMPipPrOPP to G-quadruplexes. In comparison, no optical responses were observed for single-stranded, duplex and i-motif DNAs in the tested pH range (5.0–8.5). Besides highlighting the importance of designing novel drugs targeting G-quadruplexes in specific genome regions, this work may also provide a useful tool for G-quadruplex-based biosensing and nanomachine construction. One example is the design of colorimetric and fluorescent sensors for ratiometric pH-sensing. The proposed sensing platform can be used not only for highly sensitive pH-sensing in a narrow biological pH range, but also for pH detection in a broad range. Another example is the construction of DNA-based dual-output all-optical molecular logic gates that can perform basic AND, NAND, OR, NOR, INHIBIT and IMPLICATION logic operations.

NOR logic function of a bendable combination of tunneling field-effect transistors with silicon nanowire channels

In this study, we propose a novel combination of tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) with asymmetrically doped p+-i-n+ silicon nanowire (SiNW) channels on a bendable substrate. The combination of two n-channel SiNW-TFETs (NWTFETs) in parallel and two p-channel NWTFETs in series operates as a two-input NOR logic gate. The component NWTFETs with the n- and p-channels exhibit subthreshold swings (SSs) of 69 and 53 mV·dec−1, respectively, and the on/off current ratios are ~106. The NOR logic operation is sustainable and reproducible for up to 1,000 bending cycles with a narrow transition width of ~0.26 V. The mechanical bendability of the bendable NWTFETs shows that they are stable and have good fatigue properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the electrical and mechanical characteristics of a bendable NOR logic gate composed of NWTFETs.

Electronic circuit using magnetic tunnel junctions with normal and inverse magnetoresistive effects

CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB‐based magnetic tunnel junctions (CoFeB‐MTJs) with the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of 181% and Fe4N/MgO/CoFe‐based MTJs (Fe4N‐MTJs) with −66% TMR ratio were fabricated using a magnetron sputtering system. In this letter, we report the layout of an electronic circuit comprising both MTJs. Two independent external magnetic fields were applied to the MTJs, which worked as binary inputs as in present logic gates. The demonstrations reveal that the circuits behave like a three‐way switching device with NOR logic operation. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Design of an ultrafast all-optical NOR logic gate based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer using quantum-dot SOA

This paper proposes a design for all-optical NOR logic gate, based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) using quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA). In this regard, a theoretical model for an ultrafast all-optical signal processor is developed using QD-SOA to achieve high bit rate operation. We have demonstrated the NOR gate operation in two cases of with and without an optical control pulse. Simulations have been carried out at data bit rates 160Gb/s, 200Gb/s, and 250Gb/s for the case that control pulse is not applied, and also at data bit rates 1Tb/s and 2Tb/s in presence of control pulse which leads to improvement of gain recovery time and ultrafast NOR logic operation. In addition, quality factors of the output signals in presence and without the control pulse at different bit rates with different bias currents have been investigated for pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) of word length 28–1.

Analytical and simulative studies on optical NOR and controlled NOR logic gates with semiconductor optical amplifier

Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is used for different successful frequency based switching operations. In this paper the authors describe the simulation study of the performances of SOA in various optical switches like frequency conversion, add-drop multiplexer and frequency encoded optical NOR gate, which is one the most important gates in logic family as it is known as one of the universal logic gates. Again, the controlled optical NOR logic operation with semiconductor optical amplifier is also proposed in this paper.

Enzyme-amplified electronic logic gates based on split/intactaptamers

A series of enzyme-amplified electronic logic gates (OR, AND, NOR, and NAND) for one-spot simultaneous monitoring of small molecules and proteins has been constructed at the molecular level. This simple but universal system is based on target-induced self-assembly of split aptamer fragments or target-induced conformational changes of intact aptamers. For the OR and AND logic operations, the split aptamer fragments were used as the molecular recognition components, while for the NOR and NAND logic operations, the intact aptamers were used as the molecular recognition components. Using ATP and thrombin as inputs, the split/intact aptamers as molecular recognition elements, biotin as a tracer, and SA–HR as a reporter molecule, the electronic logic operations can be easily realized by generating amplified current signals as outputs. The logic system is robust and can be applied to human serum samples with excellent selectivity. Importantly, the reversibility of these logic gates makes the electronic system feasible to perform the set–reset function. Our work not only provides a “smart” and flexible logic platform for ATP and thrombin sensing, but also can be expanded for other ligands assay, such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), theophylline, and cocaine, by rationally splitting their aptamer sequences into two fragments.

Integrated Circuits and Logic Operations Based on Single-Layer MoS2

Logic circuits and the ability to amplify electrical signals form the functional backbone of electronics along with the possibility to integrate multiple elements on the same chip. The miniaturization of electronic circuits is expected to reach fundamental limits in the near future. Two-dimensional materials such as single-layer MoS(2) represent the ultimate limit of miniaturization in the vertical dimension, are interesting as building blocks of low-power nanoelectronic devices, and are suitable for integration due to their planar geometry. Because they are less than 1 nm thin, 2D materials in transistors could also lead to reduced short channel effects and result in fabrication of smaller and more power-efficient transistors. Here, we report on the first integrated circuit based on a two-dimensional semiconductor MoS(2). Our integrated circuits are capable of operating as inverters, converting logical "1" into logical "0", with room-temperature voltage gain higher than 1, making them suitable for incorporation into digital circuits. We also show that electrical circuits composed of single-layer MoS(2) transistors are capable of performing the NOR logic operation, the basis from which all logical operations and full digital functionality can be deduced.

Magnetic Tunnel Junction Logic Architecture for Realization of Simultaneous Computation and Communication

We investigated magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-based circuit that allows direct communication between elements without intermediate sensing amplifiers. Two- and three-input circuits that consist of two and three MTJs connected in parallel, respectively, were fabricated and are compared. The direct communication is realized by connecting the output in series with the input and applying voltage across the series connections. The logic circuit relies on the fact that a change in resistance at the input modulates the voltage that is needed to supply the critical current for spin-transfer torque switching the output. The change in the resistance at the input resulted in a voltage swing of 50-200 mV and 250-300 mV for the closest input states for the three and two input designs, respectively. The two input logic gate realizes the AND, NAND, NOR, and OR logic functions. The three-input logic function realizes the majority, AND, NAND, NOR, and OR logic operations.

A scheme of developing frequency encoded tristate logic operations exploiting nonlinear character of PPLN waveguide and RSOA

In binary logic the information is represented by two distinct states only (0 and 1 state). The major disadvantage of the binary or Boolean logic operation is due to its limitation of large information handling capacity. It is established that tristate operations can be accommodated with optics in data processing, as this type of operation can enhance the operation speed very much as well as information capacity. Here in this communication the authors propose a new concept to implement all-optical different logic gates with tristate mechanism using frequency-encoding principle. For this purpose, co-propagating beams having different frequencies in C-band have used for generating cascaded sum and difference frequency, exploiting the nonlinear response character of periodically poled LiNbO 3 waveguide (PPLN). The highly reflecting property of optical add and drop multiplexer (ADM) and high wavelength conversion property of reflecting semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOA) have been exploited here to implement the desired AND, NAND,OR and NOR logic operations with tristate. As NAND and NOR are the universal logic operation, so any other member of this logic family may be implemented with these.