Nonwhite Men Research Articles

Pedro and Pita Built Peter Priesthood's Mansion and Now They Work the Grounds: Whose Masc Does “the Lamanite” Wear?

Pedro and Pita Built Peter Priesthood's Mansion and Now They Work the Grounds: Whose <i>Masc</i> Does “the Lamanite” Wear?

(Invited) Social Justice & Global Electrification: Diversifying & Distributing Power Through Antiracist Feminist Leadership on Climate and Energy

Trained in environmental science and engineering, I have been working on climate and energy for over 25 years. My professional experiences as a woman in this technical field have taught me that the inadequacy of our efforts to respond to the climate crisis -- our inability to end fossil fuel reliance and transition to a renewable-based society -- is not due to a lack of technological innovation or scientific expertise. Rather, our ineffectiveness results from a lack of investment and attention to social innovation and social justice. To fix that, we need an inclusive and integrative approach to climate and energy policy.Rather than continue to perpetuate the inadequate, narrow, exclusive, male-dominated technocratic approach that I call “climate isolationism,” it is time for a new kind of leadership that embraces antiracist and feminist principles and prioritizes transformation toward an equitable and just future that strives for inclusive prosperity for all.At this critical time of interconnected crises of health, climate, housing, growing economic inequities, racial disparities, and structural racism, I believe we will not be effective until social justice, racial justice, and economic justice are at the core of all climate and energy policies. This realization led me to write my new book – Diversifying Power: Why We Need Antiracist, Feminist Leadership on Climate and Energy (Island Press, 2020) A New Kind of Leadership Despite our nation’s ideals of freedom and equality, the political culture in the United States continues to embrace patriarchal leadership (based on domination, exclusion and control) and reinforce white supremacy (systemic and historical privileges for white Americans). This means that wealth and power is concentrated among white Americans, mostly men. The culture of science and scientists is part of this exclusive culture, and those advocating for technocratic climate and energy policies are all-too-often white men. Until power is redistributed, and until we have more diverse leadership on climate and energy, we can expect to continue the legacy of narrow, ineffective climate policies.When women, people of color and indigenous leaders join leadership spaces where they have been historically excluded, they bring different life experiences, different priorities, different perceptions of risk and a different capacity to center social justice. Research on risk perceptions shows that white American men see all kinds of threats — from climate change to automobile accidents to cancer — as less risky than non-white American men and women. Diversifying leadership is essential to effectively balance risk perceptions and center social justice in our policies. Distributing Power to the People As the world electrifies, we need to pay more attention to social justice and seize the opportunity to redistribute power back to people. Antiracist, feminist leadership is focused on resisting and restructuring so that power is distributed rather than concentrated. This kind of leadership requires constant resistance to practices, processes and policies that perpetuate economic inequities and racial disparities. We need leaders who acknowledge who currently has power, and who understand the priorities of those who want to concentrate their own wealth and power. Importantly, we need leaders who understand who has been -- and continues to be -- excluded from positions of power.As the power and influence of the polluter elite continues to grow even during the pandemic, we need more leaders, including scientific leaders, who can stand up for structural and transformative change. We need scientists to recognize the constraints of “climate isolationism” and expand their advocacy to integrate all the opportunities for advancing social justice while transforming to a renewable-based society. I am optimistic for this shift in leadership, mostly because of the power of youth – I have two daughters who are 20 and 21. Through them I see both the passionate concern about the future, and also their deeper understanding of the problematic power dynamics and the interconnectedness of the world’s biggest problems. Young leaders, including those involved in Sunrise and the Movement for Black Lives, offer us all inspiration and hope.

MP23-17 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS PREDICT DELAY IN PROSTATE CANCER TREATMENT DECISION AND INITIATION

You have accessJournal of UrologyHealth Services Research: Practice Patterns, Quality of Life and Shared Decision Making III (MP23)1 Sep 2021MP23-17 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS PREDICT DELAY IN PROSTATE CANCER TREATMENT DECISION AND INITIATION Patrick Probst, Hunter Kraus, Will Fry, Aditya Sathe, Jackson Eber, Jay Fowke, Patricia Goedecke, Maurizio Buscarini, Christopher Ledbetter, Anthony Patterson, and Robert Wake Patrick ProbstPatrick Probst More articles by this author , Hunter KrausHunter Kraus More articles by this author , Will FryWill Fry More articles by this author , Aditya SatheAditya Sathe More articles by this author , Jackson EberJackson Eber More articles by this author , Jay FowkeJay Fowke More articles by this author , Patricia GoedeckePatricia Goedecke More articles by this author , Maurizio BuscariniMaurizio Buscarini More articles by this author , Christopher LedbetterChristopher Ledbetter More articles by this author , Anthony PattersonAnthony Patterson More articles by this author , and Robert WakeRobert Wake More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002014.17AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Although prostate cancer is typically a slow-growing malignancy, pathology and risk stratification can progress in as quick as 3 months. Socioeconomic status (SES) and health disparities have been identified as predictors of worse oncologic and survival outcomes in men with prostate cancer. We sought to identify specific SES characteristics that contribute to delayed treatment decision (TD) and initiation (TI) in a majority black patient population. METHODS: After receiving IRB approval, men with a positive prostate biopsy between Jan. 2013 and Dec. 2019 at the Memphis VA Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. Those with a known prostate cancer diagnosis or metastatic disease were excluded. Demographic data was compiled using census information corresponding to patient zip codes at time of biopsy. Time from biopsy to TD and time from TD to TI, were recorded (Table 1a.) Univariate chi-square analyses were performed to determine predictors of treatment selection while multivariable logistic regression analysis determined predictors of delayed TD and delayed TI. Delayed TD was defined as >100 days while delayed TI was defined as >150 days. RESULTS: 630 men with mean age of 63.3 years (41-79) and predominantly black (71.9%) met inclusion criteria. Race, age group and cancer risk stratification were strongly associated with type of therapy selected (p <0.0006). When controlling for age and risk, no demographic or socioeconomic factors were significantly associated with delayed TD. However, race and income approached statistical significance. Non-white men were 39% more likely to have a delayed time to decision (p=0.0633). Patients with average income <$40,000 were 78% more likely to have delayed TD (p=0.0769). Men <60 years old were 38% less likely to have delayed TI (p=0.0418). Those with low risk disease and poverty level >30% were 7.4x (p <0.0001) and 2x (p=0.0132) more likely to have delayed TI, respectively. Finally, white men were 67% more likely to have a delay in treatment initiation (p=0.0411). CONCLUSIONS: Individualized patient-specific education and adequate time to consider all therapies should be given to men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. However, particular attention to those with lower SES is needed to avoid delays in therapy decision and ultimately treatment initiation. Source of Funding: None © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e408-e409 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Patrick Probst More articles by this author Hunter Kraus More articles by this author Will Fry More articles by this author Aditya Sathe More articles by this author Jackson Eber More articles by this author Jay Fowke More articles by this author Patricia Goedecke More articles by this author Maurizio Buscarini More articles by this author Christopher Ledbetter More articles by this author Anthony Patterson More articles by this author Robert Wake More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

PD03-12 LONG-TERM DECISIONAL REGRET FOR MINORITY MEN DIAGNOSED WITH PROSTATE CANCER: RESULTS FROM A MULTI-CENTERED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL OF DECISION AID

PD03-12 LONG-TERM DECISIONAL REGRET FOR MINORITY MEN DIAGNOSED WITH PROSTATE CANCER: RESULTS FROM A MULTI-CENTERED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL OF DECISION AID

Gender diversification in police agencies: is it a zero-sum game?

PurposeThe article first examines whether police hiring decisions represent a zero-sum game where hires from one under-represented group (e.g. White women) reduce the number of hires made from other under-represented groups (non-White men and/or non-White women). Second, we explore whether agencies that hire more members of underrepresented groups achieve more diverse applicant pools in future hiring cycles. Negative binomial regression techniques are used in both analyses.Design/methodology/approachData for this study come from the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEAs) from 2011 to 2016. These data are divided into two periods: Period A (2011–2013) and Period B (2014–2016). The two periods are combined to assess a zero-sum effect. Then, Period A data on hiring decisions is used to estimate the diversity in applicant pools in Period B.FindingsResults from this study provided little evidence of a zero-sum effect. It does not seem that agencies that hire from one under-represented group are less likely to hire from others. Instead, agencies that have shown a commitment to diversification are more likely to make additional hires from under-represented groups. We also found evidence of a relationship between Period A hires and Period B applicant pools for Hispanic women, but not for other groups. Broadly, we found that agencies where a larger share of officers are women were more likely to hire more women applicants.Originality/valuePrevious research examining zero-sum effects in hiring rely on officer rosters rather than specific applicant and hiring data. The data used in this study allows for a more precise examination of hiring decisions, and allows us to link hiring decisions to future applicant pool composition.

Walking While Indian, Walking While Black: Policing in a Colonial City

Abstract This article focuses on policing reforms that took place during the last decades of colonial rule in Guatemala City. Based on an examination of criminal cases and legislation, it argues that these changes prompted a policing wave—rather than a crime wave—at the end of the colonial period. In this critical moment, police placed particular emphasis on arresting nonwhite men for crimes related to vagancia (being unemployed) and carrying weapons. Broadly written bans ensured that all manner of instruments—even work tools—could be construed as instruments of violence. The result of this targeted policing was the creation of a criminal profile inflected by race, gender, and class; criminals, the new policing regulations argued, were nonwhite, laboring men. This article argues that there is a longer history of racialized policing, starting in the late eighteenth century, and methods and mindsets developed then have created a legacy of colonial policing into the present.

Racism in Pain Medicine: We Can and Should Do More

Racism in Pain Medicine: We Can and Should Do More

Investigation of a 22-gene genomic classifier (GC) for risk stratification and molecular subtyping in an Asian prostate cancer (PCa) cohort.

249 Background: A 22-gene GC has been proposed to refine risk stratification of localized PCa by conventional NCCN criteria, and this may potentially influence treatment recommendations. Nonetheless, majority of studies looking at the utility of GC were conducted in White and non-White men from Western cohorts. We therefore investigated the association of GC with NCCN risk groups (RG) in an Asian PCa cohort. Additionally, we examined for inter-racial differences in molecular subtyping between Asian and White/non-White PCa. Methods: GC (Decipher Biosciences Inc., CA) was performed on diagnostic biopsies of men who were treated with radiotherapy +/- hormonal therapy at a single institution (N = 75). ISUP Gleason’s grade (GG) and tumor cellularity were reviewed by an expert GU pathologist. RNA was extracted from 2 x 2.0-mm tumor cores using Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit (Qiagen, Germany) and gene expression was performed on Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST Array (ThermoFischer, CA). PAM50 molecular subtyping was derived using the DecipherGRID database. Results: We profiled 80 tumors from 75 patients, comprising of 18 (24.0%), 9 (12.0%), 21 (28.0%), and 19 (25.3%) NCCN low-/favorable intermediate-, unfavorable intermediate-, high- and very high-RG, respectively; of note, 8 (10.7%) patients had regional/metastatic disease at diagnosis. Using the GC, 27 (33.8%), 14 (17.5%) and 39 (48.8%) were classified as low- (&lt;0.45), intermediate- (0.45-0.6) and high-RG, respectively (&gt;0.6). When stratified using a three-tier clinico-genomic (CG) classification system (Spratt et al. 2017), 6 of 21 (28.6%) NCCN-defined high-risk and 4 of 19 (21.1%) very high-risk patients were downgraded to CG-defined intermediate-/low-risk, while 2 of 27 (7.4%) NCCN low-/intermediate-risk patients were in fact upgraded to CG high-risk. Next, we interrogated the PAM50 basal-luminal signature in our cohort. Interestingly, when matched to White (N = 5762) and non-White (N = 155) for NCCN RG, ISUP GG and age, we observed a high proportion of basal subtype (62.7%) in Asians, which contrasted the prevalence observed in White (16.7%) and non-White (15.9%) North American patients (Chi-sq P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Here, we demonstrated the utility of the 22-gene GC for refining the NCCN risk stratification in a largest Asian PCa dataset to-date. An unexpectedly high proportion of PAM50 basal-subtype was observed, suggesting race-specific differences of the tumor transcriptome.

Does the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and bone mass vary according to skin color in adults? Results of a Brazilian population-based study.

To analyze the association of 25(OH)D with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD); and to investigate the presence of interaction with skin color in Brazilian adults. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted with adult individuals (20-59 years) of both genders. Bone health was assessed by dual energy radiological absortometry. Vitamin D status was measured using serum 25(OH)D. Skin color and other variables in the adjusted model were collected using a questionnaire and anthropometric assessment. Associations and interactions were evaluated using linear regression models stratified according to gender. Non-white men with vitamin D deficiency (< 20.0 ng/mL) have less bone mass than those with insufficiency and sufficiency for the femoral neck and hip sites. According to the adjusted regression analysis, the deficient status of 25(OH)D in men was associated with worse bone health for the lumbar spine sites (β = - 0.1; p = 0.006), femoral neck (β = - 0.08; p = 0.006), and hip (β = - 0.08; p = 0.009). No statistically significant associations were observed between 25(OH)D and bone health in women. In addition, no statistical interaction was identified between skin color and vitamin D status in relation to bone health (p > 0.05 for all tests) in either gender and for all bone sites evaluated. Deficient vitamin D status is associated with lower bone mass in adults with differences observed according to gender, but not according to skin color.

In Internet we trust: intersectionality of distrust and patient non-adherence

ABSTRACT The socio-technological context of health care wherein patient-consumer involvement is central increases the importance of examining the impact of Internet information on health-related attitudes and behavior. This paper examined the extent to which deployment of e-health information is associated with patient distrust and non-adherence. We examined the hypothesized associations in gender-stratified subsamples to uncover whether any differential patterns of associations exist among women and men. Our analyses allowed for estimation of significant covariate effects at the composite index and item level for both men and women while controlling for the moderation effect of race/ethnicity. Results indicate differential outcomes for patient distrust and non-adherence depending on socio-demographic characteristics. Findings suggest that it is not just health-related information that influences health-related behavior, but also mechanisms through which socio-demographic characteristics shape whether Internet use is associated with distrust and patient non-adherence. e-Health information consumers are overall less trustful and more likely to deviate from health care provider treatment. Non-adherence among those who consume e-health information is more pronounced for non-white women. Highly educated non-white men were more likely to diverge from their medical care provider’s treatment recommendations than White men. Given the increasing diversification of the demographic profile of the U.S. population, understanding the dynamics though which health-related Internet use becomes racialized and gendered represents a critical contribution to the literature on Internet and health.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and grade group progression in localized prostate cancer: An active surveillance cohort.

The Mediterranean diet (MD) may be beneficial for men with localized prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) because of its anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, and chemopreventive properties. This study prospectively investigated adherence to the MD with Gleason score progression and explored associations by diabetes status, statin use, and other factors. Men with newly diagnosed PCa on an AS protocol (n=410) completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire, and the MD score was calculated across 9 energy-adjusted food groups. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to evaluate multivariable-adjusted associations of the MD score with progression-free survival; progression was defined as an increase in the Gleason grade group (GG) score over a biennial monitoring regimen. In this cohort, 15% of the men were diabetic, 44% of the men used statins, and 76 men progressed (median follow-up, 36 months). After adjustments for clinical factors, higher adherence to the MD was associated with a lower risk of GG progression among all men (hazard ratio [HR] per 1-unit increase in MD score, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.01), non-White men (HR per 1-unit increase in MD score, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.92; P for interaction=.07), and men without diabetes (HR per 1-unit increase in MD score, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71-0.96; P for interaction=.03). When joint effects of the MD score and statin use were examined, a similar risk reduction was observed among men with high MD scores who did not use statins in comparison with men with low/moderate MD scores with no statin use. The MD is associated with a lower risk of GG progression in men on AS, and this is consistent with prior reports about the MD and reduced cancer morbidity and mortality.

In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940 by Elliott Bowen

Reviewed by: In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940 by Elliott Bowen Sean Morey Smith In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940. By Elliott Bowen. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv, 217. $49.95, ISBN 978-1-4214-3856-6.) In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940 intervenes in the historiography of both medical tourism and venereal disease (VD) by examining these subjects in one location: Hot Springs, Arkansas. For half a century, more sufferers of syphilis traveled to Hot Springs than to all other treatment destinations in the United States combined. As Elliott Bowen argues, Hot Springs' unique location "played a key role in determining treatment norms, attitudes, and parameters around syphilis" (p. 2). Using sources written by patients and doctors, especially patient letters and case files, allows Bowen to write a bottom-up history of VD and its connection with health tourism. This perspective, Bowen argues, emphasizes the largely unexamined therapeutic aspects of medical tourism and also decenters government action in the history of VD treatment. Most crucially, this therapeutic perspective enables Bowen to demonstrate that the historiographical view of VD treatment as "'sin vs. science'" has overstated the separation between these positions (p. 15). This perspective also showcases the importance of medicine and therapy as located in a specific place. Bowen shows that, starting in the late nineteenth century, syphilis treatments in Hot Springs did not fit neatly into a medicine or morals binary. Though white men were generally the only people able to participate in such medical tourism, they received therapies alongside faith cures and hygienic behavioral regulations. The unique environment at Hot Springs also allowed for particular variations on the nationally accepted treatment for syphilis: mercury rubs. In Hot Springs, the heat of the spring waters allowed physicians to prescribe greater doses of mercury without them being fatal. Doctors continued to stress the importance of the local waters after the development of the first syphilis drug, Salvarsan. From the 1910s, they stressed both that the water cure was a time-tested tradition and that Hot Springs' waters worked best because they contained radium. Bowen also uses patient narratives from Army and Navy Hospital, which opened in Hot Springs in 1887, to demonstrate that syphilis diagnosis changed [End Page 541] less in the early twentieth century than previously believed. He traces greater patient openness in sharing sexual histories after 1910 to a change in policy, rather than a change in morality, and he rejects the common assumption that a "'laboratory revolution'" altered VD diagnosis (p. 77). Specifically, he shows that the Wassermann blood test, used to detect syphilis, was predominantly ordered only after patient histories pointed to a syphilis diagnosis. How physicians used syphilis to reinforce existing forms of racialization is a major theme running throughout In Search of Sexual Health. Bowen demonstrates that white doctors "carve[d] a color line through VD" in order to separate their mostly white clientele from stereotypes of African Americans as a "'syphilis-soaked race'" (pp. 53, 64). Physicians treated syphilis in African Americans solely as a physical disease and argued that African Americans' natural amorality rendered hygienic treatment inapplicable to them. White doctors, meanwhile, positioned their own work in terms of treating a disease caused by urbanism and over-civilization and thereby preventing the destruction of the white race. Race also affected the Depression-era VD efforts of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). For instance, the PHS opened Camp Garraday in 1935 solely for white men, a site where they could receive food, shelter, and medical care in an environment isolated from outside prejudice. While women as well as nonwhite men could receive aid, they were not granted the privacy of an isolated camp. Despite Bowen's emphasis on locality, the book perhaps engages less with the South than readers of this journal might expect. Jim Crow is mentioned, and race is an important theme. However, given that racial segregation existed in many forms throughout the country, Bowen could explicitly consider whether it took an especially southern form in Hot Springs...

North Carolina’s Free People of Color, 1715–1885 by Warren Eugene Milteer Jr

Reviewed by: North Carolina’s Free People of Color, 1715–1885 by Warren Eugene Milteer Jr Christy Clark-Pujara (bio) North Carolina’s Free People of Color, 1715–1885. By Warren Eugene Milteer Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2020. Pp. 301. Cloth, $45.00.) Using court records, census data, church meeting minutes, wills, deeds, newspapers, letters, pension files, oral histories, and an array of additional secondary sources, Warren Milteer reconstructs the varied experiences of free people of color in North Carolina from the colonial period through Reconstruction. He convincingly demonstrates that the free “colored” population was much more varied, layered, and complex than historians have acknowledged. Milteer asserts that their lives were shaped by more than a single racial category; the lived experiences of free people of color in North Carolina varied according to their wealth, gender, work, and reputation. For example, a freeborn property-holding man of color lived a fundamentally different life than a formerly enslaved free woman of color who struggled to support herself. Milteer examines the daily lives of free people of color in North Carolina and their interactions with each other, their white neighbors, and the state. Many free people of color lived in poverty and were socially and politically marginalized; however, their status as free people had the potential to place them above white women and poor white men. North Carolina’s Free People of Color is both chronological and narrative. Milteer uses the personal stories of propertied, well-connected, and prominent free people of color and their poverty-stricken marginalized counterparts to illuminate how their lives were profoundly shaped by, but not entirely restricted by, racial category. He contends that free people of color held a legal status closer to that of whites than of enslaved people. Their personhood was legally recognized, as were their familial relationships; until 1835, propertied free men of color could vote. Milteer highlights that proslavery radicals were unsuccessful in their attempts to enslave or expel free people of color after the American Revolution, and it took them decades to disenfranchise free men of color. Milteer illuminates the varied racial compositions of the people categorized as free people of color. They were of African, Native, East Indian, [End Page 414] white, and mixed heritage and ancestry. He also reminds readers that racial classifications collapsed after the American Revolution; people who had been referred to as “Indian,” “mulatto,” or even “white” became “free people of color” in the early American republic. Moreover, Milteer reveals how important community memory was to recognized racial identity and status. If your neighbors remembered your mother was white or a free woman of color, then you were free. Milteer also details the myriad restrictions placed on free people of color as the colonial period progressed and the American republic came into being; they had to pay race-based taxes and bonds for “good” behavior, had curfews, could not testify against whites in court, and were fined for, and later banned from, marrying whites. White women who had children with nonwhite men were fined or bound out, and their children were apprenticed by the state well into adulthood. Nevertheless, Milteer reminds us that propertied free men of color could and did hold slaves, apprentices, and servants. Milteer also carefully reveals that the families of free people of color “regularly disrupted the boundaries that racial categories were supposed to create” (127). Some free people of color were emancipated and had close relationships with enslaved people. Others were descended from Native people, white mothers, or those who had been free so long that they did not share close bonds with enslaved people. These free people of color often lived in “colonies” together, intermarried, and had close associations with their white neighbors. Often, free people of color who did not have close association with enslaved people tended to be the wealthy few or middling small landowners and artisans. Poor free people of color, especially women, often struggled to support themselves and keep their children from being bound out by the state. Milteer contends that because scholars have spent so much time examining the restrictions placed on free people of color, they have not acknowledged how free people...

From Impropriety to Betrayal: Policing Non-Marital Sex in the Early Modern Dutch Empire

Abstract The policing of illicit sex formed a key mode of social control in early modern Europe, where reproduction in legally sanctioned marriage was the primary means through which property and status was passed. When Europeans formed overseas colonial settlements sustained by slave labor and populated by people of a broad variety of ethnic and religious backgrounds, this concern with sexually transgressive behavior took on new dimensions. This article takes the case of Dutch trade-company-led colonialism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to examine how colonial visions of social order in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean shaped authorities’ responses to different types of non-marital sex. To facilitate comparison, these acts are read through narratives of criminalization, comprised of both conceptualizations of crime and prosecution practices. Through an analysis of legislation issued across the Dutch empire, most notably bylaws, combined with a selection of case studies from the juridical practice, we show that a concern with keeping different ethnic, religious, and status groups separate and maintaining European dominance shaped the policing of sexuality in such a way that the distinction between relatively benign sexual “improprieties” and a more serious criminal narrative of sexual “betrayal” was re-arranged along gendered and racialized lines. Conceptualizations and prosecutions alike show a considerably more stringent treatment of sex between non-Christian or non-white men and women of European status than between European men and enslaved or free local women, even when the latter scenario was coercive or violent.

Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccination Among Older African American and Hispanic Men With Chronic Conditions

The CDC estimates that 70% of adults ages 65 years and older received the pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination (PPV). However, documented PPV rates are substantially lower for men, especially non-white men. This study examined common and unique factors associated with PPV among racial/ethnic minority men age 65 and older with one or more chronic conditions. Data were analyzed from a national sample of 470 African American (n=267) and Hispanic (n=203) males using an internet-delivered questionnaire. Two binary logistic regression models were fitted to compare factors associated with PPV. On average, participants were age 70.1(±4.5) years and reported 3.9(±2.6) chronic conditions. PPV rates were 56.8% and 43.2% among African American and Hispanic males, respectively. Across models, men who received vaccines for influenza (P<0.001) and shingles (P<0.01) were more likely to receive the PPV; whereas, those who reported more disease self-care barriers were less likely to receive the PPV (P<0.05). Among African American males, those who were widowed (OR=3.80, P=0.022) and had an annual eye examination (OR=3.10, P=0.001) were more likely to receive the PPV; whereas, divorced/separated men were less likely to receive the PPV (OR=0.33, P=0.003). Among Hispanic males, those who took more medications daily (OR=1.36, P=0.005), reported higher disease self-management efficacy (OR=1.15, P=0.011), and had a colon cancer test in the past 12 months (OR=3.55, P=0.007) were more likely to receive the PPV. Findings suggest the need for culturally tailored education and self-management interventions to increase PPV and preventive healthcare service utilization among older racial/ethnic minority men.

What Was History Painting and What Is It Now? Edited by Mark Salber Phillips and Jordan Bear (Montreal, McGill Queen’s University Press, 2019) 320 pp. $135.00 cloth $44.95 paper

Phillips and Bear’s volume about history painting, past and present, opens with an epigraphical quotation from the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer: “History is only present to us in light of our future” (3). The choice is apt. With Gadamer in tow, Phillips and Bear, too, collapse time through their rhetorical framing and commitment to uniting a remarkably wide range of visual material. In their view, the concepts of narrative and history have dictated and delimited understandings of the genre. By revisiting these frameworks, they suggest that history painting in fact escapes definition—and that this elusive quality has long enhanced its appeal to artists and audiences alike.What Was History Painting and What Is It Now? is not only unprecedented in its timespan, beginning in the fifteenth century and ending in the twenty-first. Few macro-studies and even fewer transnational works about history painting as a genre exist.1 Its position atop the Western hierarchy of genres has so long been accepted as historically entrenched that most meta-analyses are devoted to its inevitable twentieth-century fall—a tale of decline that the volume’s authors explicitly challenge, proposing instead a narrative of change. They do so, in part, through the concept of “distance” as a “dimension of representation” (11). In the introduction, Phillips proposes “four fundamental distances that shape our experiences of history and time” in works of narrative art—“form, affect, summoning, and intelligibility” (11). Over the centuries, he argues, artists’ evolving engagement with these facets of distancing helped to shape the genre in unpredictable ways.Arranged chronologically and thematically, the book is divided into three parts, each introduced by Bear. Part I, “Human Figures and Human Viewers,” begins in 1435 with the concept’s birth—Leon Battista Alberti’s use of the Latin word historia (“story”) to describe “a narrative image with many figures” (27). This fundamental ambiguity between history and story interweaves the section’s chapters, from Stuart Lingo’s examination of Agnolo Bronzino’s Martyrdom (“such distinctions were contested from their inception”), to Susanna Caviglia’s study of premodern France and Phillips’ account of secular “re-distancing” in nineteenth-century Britain.Part II, “History Painting in the Marketplace,” details how history painters increasingly produced subject matter for public audiences and art markets. Cynthia Roman’s analysis of the satirical printmaker James Gillray’s academic background and enduring narrative aspirations provides an incisive model of an artist’s “re-distancing” from elevated to “more immediate national and secular concerns” (90–91). Additional essays by Bear and Tim Barringer illustrate the genre’s evolving fluidity.Part III, “History Painting after Modernism,” dispels the notion that history painting ended with modernism. Instead, it shows “how many of history painting’s constitutive features endured in unexpected, often mutated, forms” (154). One forceful example is Michael Godby’s assessment of William Kentridge’s Triumphs and Laments (2016), a work of reverse graffiti on the Tiber riverfront in Rome; another is Elizabeth Harney’s discussion of Julie Mehretu’s Mural (2009), created for the Goldman Sachs lobby after the 2008 economic crash. The mutability of the genre is encapsulated in Dexter Dalwood’s treatment of Rita Donagh’s Reflection on Three Weeks in May 1970 (1971), an abstract painting that references both Henry David Thoreau’s Walden and the 1970 Kent State shootings and is intended to document her performance with her students as part of the narrative that she presents.The question arises whether works such as William Kentridge’s ephemeral frieze or the Icelandic artist Rúri Fannberg’s interactive, sonic Archive: Endangered Waters (discussed in Chapter 13, by Mark A. Cheetham) overextend the mandate of history “painting” and might be better described as narrative art. But part of the volume’s power is its insistence on placing these works in the Albertian tradition. Less successful, however, is its attention to gender. No women artists appear until discussions of the twentieth century, when they emerge as creators of some of the volume’s most abstract works. Aware of this male focus, the editors have gendered all viewers female. Yet such rhetoric implies, problematically, a story of male artists creating for female audiences, whereas the chapter structure suggests that only as history painting unmoored itself from traditional structures could women, and non-white men, enter the profession. This absence is not for lack of potential material. Earlier instances abound, including Angelica Kauffman’s classical narrative canvases and Marie (Mme.) Tussaud’s wax displays. Such examples would have buttressed the volume’s overarching argument for the perpetual accessibility and commerciality of historical art—the themes that otherwise anchor the chapters so effectively, by reconstituting “history painting” as a protean genre that artists continue to mold to their own means, patrons, politics, and times.

Race/ethnicity, sex, age and fines: a focal concerns approach

ABSTRACT The focal concerns approach has been applied broadly in the sentencing literature. Research that has relied on this perspective generally finds that young, non-white men tend to receive the most punitive criminal sanctions. This perspective has less often been applied to non-custodial types of punishments, such as fines. Using data from the State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) database from 2009, we examine the effects of defendant characteristics on fine imposition and amounts. In contrast to other sentencing research, we find that Black men under 50 and Black women over 50 are least likely to receive fines. Additionally, Hispanic men 31–49 receive fines of the greatest amounts. The current study contributes to sentencing research by focusing on fines as the sentencing outcome instead of the commonly used sentencing severity and our findings are unique to this area of research.

Population-Based Analysis of Differences in Gastric Cancer Incidence Among Races and Ethnicities in Individuals Age 50 Years and Older

There are racial and ethnic differences in the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma worldwide and in the US. Based on a decision analysis, screening for noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma might be cost-effective for non-White individuals 50 years or older. However, a lack of precise, contemporary information on gastric adenocarcinoma incidence in specific anatomic sites for this age group has impeded prevention and early detection programs in the US. We aimed to estimate the differences in gastric adenocarcinoma incidence in specific anatomic sites among races and ethnicities in individuals 50 years or older. We analyzed California Cancer Registry data from 2011 through 2015 to estimate incidences of gastric adenocarcinoma in specific anatomic sites for non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and the 7 largest Asian American populations. We calculated the differential incidence between non-White groups and NHW using incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with NHW subjects, all non-White groups had significantly higher incidences of noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma; the incidence was highest among Korean American men 50 years and older (70 cases per 100,000). Compared with NHW subjects 50 years and older, the risk of noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma was 1.8-fold (95% CI, 1.37-2.31) to 7.3-fold (95% CI, 5.73-9.19) higher in most non-White groups and 12.0-fold (95% CI, 9.96-14.6) to 14.5-fold (95% CI, 12.5-16.9) higher among Korean American men and women 50 years and older, respectively. Compared with NHW men 50 years and older, all non-White men, except Japanese and Korean American men, had a significantly lower risk of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. We identified several-fold differences in incidences of gastric adenocarcinoma in specific anatomic sites among racial and ethnic groups, with significant age and sex differences. These findings can be used to develop targeted risk reduction programs for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy in PSA-detected clinically localised prostate cancer: the ProtecT three-arm RCT.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. Prostate-specific antigen testing followed by biopsy leads to overdetection, overtreatment as well as undertreatment of the disease. Evidence of treatment effectiveness has lacked because of the paucity of randomised controlled trials comparing conventional treatments. To evaluate the effectiveness of conventional treatments for localised prostate cancer (active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy) in men aged 50-69 years. A prospective, multicentre prostate-specific antigen testing programme followed by a randomised trial of treatment, with a comprehensive cohort follow-up. Prostate-specific antigen testing in primary care and treatment in nine urology departments in the UK. Between 2001 and 2009, 228,966 men aged 50-69 years received an invitation to attend an appointment for information about the Prostate testing for cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study and a prostate-specific antigen test; 82,429 men were tested, 2664 were diagnosed with localised prostate cancer, 1643 agreed to randomisation to active monitoring (n = 545), radical prostatectomy (n = 553) or radical radiotherapy (n = 545) and 997 chose a treatment. The interventions were active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy. Definite or probable disease-specific mortality at the 10-year median follow-up in randomised participants. Overall mortality, metastases, disease progression, treatment complications, resource utilisation and patient-reported outcomes. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for 17 prostate cancer-specific (p = 0.48) and 169 all-cause (p = 0.87) deaths. Eight men died of prostate cancer in the active monitoring group (1.5 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 3.0); five died of prostate cancer in the radical prostatectomy group (0.9 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 0.4 to 2.2 per 1000 person years) and four died of prostate cancer in the radical radiotherapy group (0.7 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 2.0 per 1000 person years). More men developed metastases in the active monitoring group than in the radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy groups: active monitoring, n = 33 (6.3 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 4.5 to 8.8); radical prostatectomy, n = 13 (2.4 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.2 per 1000 person years); and radical radiotherapy, n = 16 (3.0 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 4.9 per 1000 person-years; p = 0.004). There were higher rates of disease progression in the active monitoring group than in the radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy groups: active monitoring (n = 112; 22.9 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 19.0 to 27.5 per 1000 person years); radical prostatectomy (n = 46; 8.9 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 6.7 to 11.9 per 1000 person-years); and radical radiotherapy (n = 46; 9.0 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 6.7 to 12.0 per 1000 person years; p < 0.001). Radical prostatectomy had the greatest impact on sexual function/urinary continence and remained worse than radical radiotherapy and active monitoring. Radical radiotherapy's impact on sexual function was greatest at 6 months, but recovered somewhat in the majority of participants. Sexual and urinary function gradually declined in the active monitoring group. Bowel function was worse with radical radiotherapy at 6 months, but it recovered with the exception of bloody stools. Urinary voiding and nocturia worsened in the radical radiotherapy group at 6 months but recovered. Condition-specific quality-of-life effects mirrored functional changes. No differences in anxiety/depression or generic or cancer-related quality of life were found. At the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, the probabilities that each arm was the most cost-effective option were 58% (radical radiotherapy), 32% (active monitoring) and 10% (radical prostatectomy). A single prostate-specific antigen test and transrectal ultrasound biopsies were used. There were very few non-white men in the trial. The majority of men had low- and intermediate-risk disease. Longer follow-up is needed. At a median follow-up point of 10 years, prostate cancer-specific mortality was low, irrespective of the assigned treatment. Radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy reduced disease progression and metastases, but with side effects. Further work is needed to follow up participants at a median of 15 years. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN20141297. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 37. See the National Institute for Health Research Journals Library website for further project information.

Modifiable health behaviors among low-income, uninsured men with prostate cancer

BackgroundAs life expectancy of men with prostate cancer (CaP)improves, the risks of chronic diseases and comorbid conditions become more relevant. Improving modifiable health behaviors now serves as a focus of guidelines to reduce all-cause morbidity and mortality from chronic disease among CaP survivors. Few studies have reported on these health behaviors in low-income, uninsured men with CaP MethodsIn addition to baseline demographic data, we collected four health behaviors in low-income men with CaP via telephone survey: physical activity, dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, weight management, and alcohol consumption. These behaviors were assessed for adherence to the American Cancer Society Prostate Cancer Survivorship Care Guidelines for health promotion. ResultsOf 236 participants, most self-identified as racial/ethnic minority (61% Hispanic, 16% Black). Most men demonstrated low (21%) or moderate (66%) adherence to guidelines, almost all of whom had poor adherence with recommendations for physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. Multivariate analysis showed that non-white men were more likely to demonstrate low or moderate adherence. ConclusionsMost men in this cohort of low-income, uninsured CaP survivors did not engage the healthy behaviors promulgated by the American Cancer Society. Future interventions in this population should focus on encouraging and facilitating healthier lifestyle choices in physical activity, diet, and weight management.