Non-verbal Means Research Articles

Emotion in Nonverbal Communication: Comparing Animal and Human Vocalizations and Human Text Messages

Humans and other animals communicate a large quantity of information vocally through nonverbal means. Here, we review the domains of animal vocalizations, human nonverbal vocal communication and computer-mediated communication (CMC), under the common thread of emotion, which, we suggest, connects them as a dimension of all these types of communication. After reviewing the use of emotions across domains, we focus on two concepts that have often been opposed to emotion in the animal versus human communication literature: control and meaning. Non-human vocal communication is commonly described as emotional, preventing either control or meaning; in contrast, the emotional dimension of human nonverbal signals does not prevent them from being perceived as both intentionally produced and meaningful. Amongst others, we disagree with this position, highlighting here that emotions should be integrated across species and modalities such as the written modality. We conclude by delineating ways in which each of these domains can meaningfully influence each other, and debates in their respective fields, and more generally the debate on the evolution of communication.

IQ and non-verbal intelligence: an integrative review of the literature

This bibliographic review article has the objective of carrying out an integrative review of the literature in English and Spanish on IQ and non-verbal intelligence as references for the consolidation of a holistic state of the art. The scope of the study is retrospective from 2013 to 2023, jointly, the use of the Integrative Review of Literature and its stages as guidelines for information filtering, highlighting the criteria for analysis of bibliographic information in the second stage, jointly, the RedENSO instrument to collate the data. The results denote that the literature related to IQ and non-verbal intelligence is incipient, most of the analyzed studies focus their development on praxis, and the qualitative scientific works are minimal. The relationship between IQ and nonverbal intelligence is complex. While IQ focuses on verbal and logical cognitive skills, nonverbal intelligence encompasses visual and spatial skills, as well as understanding emotions through nonverbal means. Both aspects are important for a full understanding of a person's intelligence, and it is essential to recognize and assess both verbal and nonverbal abilities when assessing intellectual ability.

POSSIBILITIES OF NEURAL NETWORKS FOR LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The article analyses the possibilities of using neural networks in teaching foreign languages in higher education institutions. It is determined that a neural network is a computer program that works in accordance with the human brain, i.e., it passes input data through a system of "neurons" - simpler programs that interact with each other, and then produces a certain calculation result based on this interaction, taking into account the experience and errors from previous runs of the programme. Neural networks are based on a mathematical model that can mimic the functioning of biological neurons, i.e. the principles by which the human brain works and is able to learn and absorb new information. Accordingly, the educational process was not ignored. Today, this new tool in the educational process is rapidly being used in the study of foreign languages in higher education institutions. At the moment, there are such neural networks as Chat GPT, Twee, MagicSchool.ai, ReadyTo, Curipod. The article notes that neural networks open up new opportunities for learning and teaching foreign languages in higher education. Besides, chatbots are one of the examples of neural networks. The author notes that a chatbot is a specially adapted network that has the ability to simulate dialogues with real people, answer questions, search, analyse and modify information according to the user's request or communicate in a user-specified manner. In this article, the author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of chatbots. The main disadvantage is that chatbots make mistakes and cannot replace natural communication through non-verbal means. Nevertheless, neural networks are very lightweight, simple and easy-to-use tools that do not require special skills to work with. In addition, they are great helpers for teachers in creating and preparing materials for classes that are original, interesting and motivating for students in learning a foreign language.

Комбинаторика вербальных и невербальных кодов сообщений (на примере интернет-публикаций веб-сайта Reddit.com)

Reddit.com provides an excellent example of interactive digital communication. Reddit comments and posts organize information in line with certain rules of coding and decoding. They convey meanings by semiotically heterogeneous verbal and non-verbal means. The article describes various combinations of communication codes that act as a communication tool, i.e., verbal, linguistic, verbal-visual, verbal-auditory, and verbal-kinesthetic. The research objective was to identify the structural and communicative organization of semiotically heterogeneous texts in the dynamics of interpersonal Internet communication. The research involved standard methods and covered publications on Reddit.com connected with the activities of the SpaceX corporation. The combinatorics of message codes formed a set of modes and modalities. They were actualized as a model of Internet communication with speech events in a communicative act subjected to regulation and modification, i.e., confirmation / refutation, approval, accusation, ignoring, etc., depending on the channel of perception and understanding. The combinatorics of verbal and non-verbal communication codes made it possible to model and classify the information and communication organization of online publications of the SpaceX business subreddit. The integration of the language system into complex semiotic systems helps to describe mental processes and human cognitive activity. It shapes new views and beliefs, as well as increases the effectiveness of communication.

Culture-specific discourse in marketing: a study of socio-cultural traditions in Jordanian shops and streets

Abstract This study investigates the various marketing strategies employed in the malls and streets of Amman, Jordan. Specifically, it aims to identify the different methods salespeople use to attract customers’ attention to their products indirectly, and sometimes through non-verbal means. The study illustrates how the theoretical concepts of speech acts, as discussed by Searle and Grice, are utilized in the marketing strategies observed in Jordanian malls and streets. It also examines how vendors and advertisers employ language not only to convey information but also to perform actions, such as persuading or invoking cultural values, without explicitly stating their intentions. By analyzing the subtleties of language use in advertisements, product promotions, and street performances, the study reveals how indirect speech acts are employed to engage consumers, foster a sense of community, and promote products. Indirect speech acts can imply more than what is explicitly stated, adding layers of meaning that facilitate communication between the customer and the salesperson. The findings indicate that each of the products discussed in this paper, commonly found on Jordanian streets, in shops, and in malls, has a unique marketing discourse crafted and employed by business owners or their staff to attract customers. Overall, indirect speech acts in Jordanian malls and streets reflect a sophisticated form of communication that is deeply rooted in local cultural and social practices, utilizing non-verbal cues such as music and scents to convey messages subtly. These methods are highly effective in achieving advertising objectives, aligning with cultural values that emphasize respect and subtlety in interpersonal interactions.

The Application and Effect Analysis of Emotional Expression in Broadcasting and Hosting

Against the backdrop of rapid development in the new media environment, the audience's demand for media content consumption is becoming increasingly diversified, and the broadcasting and hosting industry is facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Emotional expression plays a crucial role in enhancing program effectiveness and audience engagement in this process. This article elaborates on the importance of emotional expression in modern broadcasting and hosting art, including enhancing program infectivity, improving audience interaction, and forming a unique style for hosts. In addition, the article also deeply analyzes effective emotional expression strategies, such as adjusting emotional tone, using language and nonverbal means, and emphasizes the importance of maintaining authenticity and moderation in expression. Finally, this article explores the positive impact of emotional expression on improving communication efficiency, enhancing audience identification and loyalty, and promoting brand building. This article aims to provide useful reference and guidance for broadcasting and hosting practitioners, in order to promote the sustainable development and theoretical innovation of the field of broadcasting and hosting art.

Interpersonal Communication and Gender Equality: A Study on Public Relations and Advertising Students

People communicate by conveying their emotions, thoughts, beliefs, and behavior through verbal, written, and non-verbal means. This communication facilitates interaction and information sharing among individuals, organizations, and societies and plays a significant role in human socialization. Communication reflects experience and knowledge accumulation and can effectively change thoughts and behavior. The content of communication can either reinforce gender inequality or promote gender equality. Through communication, individuals share their emotions and thoughts, engaging in mutual interaction, and as a result of these interactions, they can reshape both their perspectives and those of others. Gender discrimination and stereotypes lead to discrimination and gender inequality. Communication that aligns with ethical values and is free of gender bias increases trust and respect, thus forming an essential foundation for effective communication. This study aims to determine students' attitudes toward interpersonal communication and gender roles in the Department of Public Relations and Advertising. Research results reveal that interpersonal communication has a positive impact on gender perspectives. As interpersonal communication strengthens, positive attitudes towards gender roles increase. Moreover, there is no significant difference between gender and perspectives on gender roles. The view of gender roles is similar between men and women and does not vary significantly by gender. This study is expected to provide valuable insights for future research in related fields.

Identifying Code-Mixing by Influencers in Captions on Social Media: Instagram

People’s ability to communicate with another person through a combination of verbal and non-verbal means is called language. This study recognizes the use of language in code-mixing in societies of social media. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the types of code-mixing that are used by bilingual influencers. The researcher adopted a qualitative approach using an observation schedule and sheet. The result showed there is the domination of one type of code-mixing that is used in the Instagram captions of the participant. According to Suwito (1983), there are four kinds of forms of code-mixing. The four types of code-mixing are word insertion, phrase insertion, hybrid, and repetition. Phrase insertion became the most frequent type of codemixing that occurred in Instagram captions of those three influencers reaching 33.3%.

«TOXIC MEDIA TEXT» AS A NEW TERM: AN EXPERIENCE IN CONCEPT ANALYSIS

Mediatization of reality in its social and personal dimensions, strengthening and at the same time latency of the aggressive-conflict principle in virtual public communication, expansion of the sphere of destructive actions and their results in connection with the increase in the number of such communication fields and their actors lead to the emergence of new objects of the social world and their nominations. One of the important concepts of our time is becoming “toxic media text”, which, firstly, conceptualizes a shift in mass media communication towards pressure on the psyche of the recipient with the help of various verbal and non-verbal means, and secondly, contributes to the establishment of new forms of communication in any other communication systems. The work attempts to state a new concept and, accordingly, a new term, the emergence of which is due to the challenges of the time. The purpose of the work is to give a meaningful description of the new term “toxic media text” based on the method of concept analysis; free writing became an additional research method. The appeal to the linguoconcept as a relevant methodological unit of cognitive order is due to the fact that it accumulates information from the linguistic, social, cultural, psycho-emotional and other spheres. Based on the analysis of lexicographic sources, it can be argued that the construct “toxic media text” has an international status, conceptualizes ideas about the text transmitted through any media channel that causes harm (mental and even physical) to the interlocutor. It is based on bodily and morbid metaphors, figuratively representing the social effect of a toxic media text at different levels of its existence, different levels of its organization. Its explanatory potential equally consists of rational and emotional components. Today, the nomination “toxic media text”, which names the corresponding mental construct, can claim the status of a term, since, firstly, the proposed terminological unit is associated with a new, separate phenomenon of socio-cultural reality and, accordingly, with a new scientific concept, and secondly, it has such terminological features as borrowing, specialty, special metaphoricality, the purpose of which in scientific discourse is to convey differentiating meanings (“poisonous”, “toxic”) most accurately through familiar and understandable images and thus distinguish this concept from related ones, denoting other forms of verbal aggression.

RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY OF EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF THE ORTHODOX BELIEVERS OF UKRAINE

The article attempts to analyze the interaction of the religious language sphere with the Ukrainian language in the context of the religious discourse. Due to the ability of religious discourse to interact with other types of discourse, the speech activity of Orthodox believers is realized within institutional and personal discourses, the latter of which covers the sphere of interpersonal communication in the context of everyday interactions. The objective of the study is to find out the specifics of the functioning of lexical units expressing religious meanings in everyday language of Orthodox believers of Ukraine. The attributive and modus specificity of language of the religious sphere makes it possible to distinguish the language of religion as a representative of the meaning of the existence of religion and the religious language as the embodiment of manifestations of religion in the socio-cultural context. The religious language, which is objectified in the everyday language of Orthodox believers, includes a set of language units and lexical-semantic constructions peculiar to the church-religious sphere. At the same time, the everyday language of believers is characterized by coexistence of lexical units of sacred and national languages, an appeal to the emotional sphere of believers, and the use of verbal and non-verbal means of communication. The everyday language of Orthodox believers includes theological terms, church Slavonicisms, archaisms, historicisms, borrowed words. It also contains the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and acts as an additional means of communication in the context of social interactions.

Correlation between prosodic and nonverbal means in German political discourse: The role of the gender factor

Correlation between prosodic and nonverbal means in German political discourse: The role of the gender factor

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Teks Editorial pada Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Karya Foy Ario, M.Pd. sebagai Kelayakan Bahan Ajar Membaca Kritis Siswa Kelas XII

Language is an efficient way to express ideas, emotions, and feelings to communicate a concept through verbal and non-verbal means. Comprehensive learning of language skills is intended to promote emotional, social, and intellectual development, and is useful for filtering important information. The purpose of this study is to determine the location of language errors from the module used, namely in the Indonesian teaching module by Foy Ario, M.Pd, as the feasibility of teaching materials for critical reading for class XII students, so that it can be used as a revision in the future to obtain a quality module, both in terms of the information conveyed and the language used. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach as well as a syntactic theoretical approach and analyzes data through data collection, data presentation, data reduction, and conclusion drawing. The results obtained show that the writing of editorial text contained in the Indonesian language teaching module Class XII SMA by Foy Ario is found to use diction that is not by the rules. This is based on standardized word errors, conjunction errors, punctuation errors, word beheading errors, and errors in the accuracy of word usage and effective sentences. The research can be useful as a reference for understanding language identification in scientific papers.

Meeting the multidimensional self: fostering selfhood at the interface of Creative Arts Therapies and neuroscience.

Intriguing explorations at the intersection of the fields of neuroscience and psychology are driven by the quest to understand the neural underpinnings of "the self" and their psychotherapeutic implications. These translational efforts pertain to the unique Creative Arts Therapies (CATs) and the attributes and value of the self-related processes they offer. The self is considered as a multi-layered complex construct, comprising bodily and mental constituents, subjective-objective perspectives, spatial and temporal dimensions. Neuroscience research, mostly functional brain imaging, has proposed cogent models of the constitution, development and experience of the self, elucidating how the multiple dimensions of the self are supported by integrated hierarchical brain processes. The psychotherapeutic use of the art-forms, generating aesthetic experiences and creative processes, touch upon and connect the various layers of self-experience, nurturing the sense of self. The present conceptual analysis will describe and interweave the neural mechanisms and neural network configuration suggested to lie at the core of the ongoing self-experience, its deviations in psychopathology, and implications regarding the psychotherapeutic use of the arts. The well-established, parsimonious and neurobiologically plausible predictive processing account of brain-function will be discussed with regard to selfhood and consciousness. The epistemic affordance of the experiential CATs will further be portrayed, enabling and facilitating the creation of updated self-models of the body in the world. The neuropsychological impact of the relational therapeutic encounter will be delineated, acknowledging the intersubjective brain synchronization through communicative verbal and non-verbal means and aesthetic experiences. The recognition and assimilation of neuroscientific, phenomenological and clinical perspectives concerning the nested dimensionality of the self, ground the relational therapeutic process and the neuroplastic modulations that CATs have to offer on the premise of fostering, shaping and integrating selfhood.

Communication: concept, essence, content

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the essence and content of communication, which, being an element of social interaction, ensures the transmission and exchange of information in various spheres of human activity. The analysis of linguistic, socio-psychological, activity, cultural, informational and semiotic approaches carried out in the article made it possible to understand the diversity of ideas about communication, to formulate a more complete idea of its essence and content. It also made it possible to identify inaccuracies and discrepancies in the understanding of the concept of communication, which is important for further development and clarification of the theoretical and applied aspects of this problem, and will also contribute to the development of recommendations on the formation of effective interaction and dialogue, reducing misunderstandings, avoiding conflicts and improving the quality of relations, including and legal. The article analyzes the key components of communication. Special attention is paid to its essence, which consists in creating and maintaining social relationships. It plays an important role in the formation of social consciousness, cultural identity and social integration. Communication ensures the coordination of actions and decision-making, promotes the exchange of knowledge and experience, as well as the formation of public opinion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, by its very nature, it is a multifaceted and dynamic process, covering various aspects of interaction between people. Such interactions include verbal and non-verbal means of communication, emotional and rational components, and social and cultural contexts. It contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and adaptation to changes in society. It is substantiated that the main purpose of communication is the transfer and exchange of information, knowledge, emotions and ideas to achieve mutual understanding. It was found that the content of communication includes informational, emotional, motivational and evaluative aspects. Informational content refers to facts, data, and knowledge that are conveyed during communication. The emotional aspect reflects the emotional state of subjects and affects their perception of information. The motivational aspect is related to the intentions and goals that drive communication. The evaluative aspect includes the evaluation of information and the reaction to it, which determines the course of communication and the subsequent behavior of subjects.

Emak-Emak Representation in Start-Up Ads: Verbal and Non-Verbal Analysis of Indonesian Moms

Women stereotyping is always interesting to be discussed. This paper is concerned with verbal and non-verbal meanings to portray Indonesian moms, or Emak-Emak represented in two official videos of GoMart and GrabMart. This study owes the framework of Halliday’s transitivity system (2014) to analyse the verbal meaning and Kress & Leeuwen’s interpretation of visual grammar to analyse the non-verbal meanings. The outcome of the verbal analysis using transitivity shows that the procedures used by GrabMart and GoMart are focused differently. While GrabMart focuses more on the material process of “doing” rather than “happening”, GoMart tends to emphasis on the relational process of “attributive” and primarily on “identification”. GoMart portrays Emak-Emak's stereotypes more objectively, whereas GrabMart is more subjective to shape the viewer's perception of them. This study offers recommendations for future research by taking a comprehensive approach to the phenomenon of gender stereotyping in online audio-visual advertisements, analyzing the interaction of verbal and non-verbal meanings in various advertisements, thoroughly examining the relevant stream of metafunctions, and proposing ideas.

The development of non-verbal means of communication in drama discourse (based on the example of several plays of XIX and XX centuries)

The development of non-verbal means of communication in drama discourse (based on the example of several plays of XIX and XX centuries)

Navigating the Complexities of Perinatal Loss with Expressive Arts Therapy

Perinatal loss, encompassing miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion, is a complex and multifaceted experience that presents significant challenges for those affected. Despite the growing emphasis on grieving rituals and proactive involvement with affected families, the mental health treatment field has only recently begun to explore the potential benefits of expressive arts therapy in supporting individuals and families through the bereavement process. This paper reviews research suggesting that expressive arts therapy, a holistic approach that utilizes various creative modalities, can facilitate emotional expression, self-awareness, and healing in the context of perinatal loss. By providing a non-verbal means of emotional expression,fostering a sense of community, and promoting empowerment, expressive arts therapy can help navigate the complexities of perinatal bereavement, ultimately promoting healing and strengthening the parent-child bond, even in the face of tragedy.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication between Coach and Trainees during Swimming Lessons

The article presents the process of communication between the coach and the trainees during swimming lessons. The focus falls on verbal communication through the use of terminology specific to the sport and non-verbal communication through the implementation of particular signs. Swimming is a sport that is a 465 Биляна Рангелова, Красимира Дешева, Петър Тодоров combination of specific physical movements of the body and a specific technique for breathing and exhaling in a non-human environment – water. Furthermore, swimming is suitable for practicing by children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND), due to the fact that it allows the achievement of social integration, on the one hand, and the development of the physical condition of the body, on the other. Practicing the sport of swimming poses various challenges, as the person with SEND may have one or more disabilities that require an individual approach. Practicing the sport in an aquatic environment further complicates the communication between a coach and a trainee. In this respect, both verbal and non- verbal communication can be used. For instance, with visually impaired children, communication involves verbal commands and instructions that must be clear and understandable. For children with impaired hearing and/or speech, communication is carried out through gestures and facial expressions similar to sign language. The article will review the literature on the problem and will provide practical examples of the application of different types of communication during swimming lessons. The article has been written as part of the activities of the project “Innovative system of verbal and non-verbal means of communication within physical education and sports activities for children with SEND”, financed by the SUMMIT Sofia University Marking Momentum for Innovation and Technological Transfer Project.

Envisioning futures through decolonised tacit knowledge: The In, Out and On method

This paper presents a method for future-building based on the journey we undertook as Design and Arts researchers in POR EL Páramo project (2021–2022) in our aim to bring closer the different actors involved in the Paramos (high Andean moorlands in Boyacá region, Colombia). We did this by understanding their everyday life better, and co-designing potential pathways towards holistic sustainable futures that serve the various communities’ needs. Through a series of social innovation workshops, we applied transdisciplinary approaches aimed at decolonising the methodologies used and its facilitation dynamics. The outcomes include our contribution to design and arts-based methodologies that aids continuity to the process of reflection: In(ward), Out(ward) and On(ward). In deploying this decolonisation-based methodology, a more powerful underlying principle came to light too: the use of arts mobilises forms of knowledge that are rather unconscious, but also extremely efficacious in generating proactive mindsets and generating bottom-up ideas. In this paper we build on and argue further, from an empirical perspective, for the utilisation of the tacit knowledge that can be transmitted through non-verbal means in social research dealing with contexts of conflict, reconciliation, and future building.

THE VERBALIZATION OF EMOTIONS IN ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

The article is devoted to the study of emotive phraseological units of the modern English language, which reveal universal properties of human language ability, culturally determined differences in its organization and functioning, reflection in language of correlations between emotions and the psychophysiological state of the human body. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the semantics of emotive phraseological units, defines the somatic component in the composition of phraseological units that denote human emotions. Various models of negative and positive emotional actions, which are objectified in phraseological units, are identified, verbal and non-verbal means of expressing emotions in phraseological units are considered. The results of the semantic analysis are given, which testify to the universality and reveal the specific features of the verbalization of emotions in the English-speaking culture. The research material contains English idioms denoting negative and positive human emotions, selected by the method of continuous sampling from monolingual English dictionaries.