Nonverbal Communication Styles Research Articles

Exploring Experiences of Traumatic Microaggressions Toward Surgeons and Surgical Residents

IntroductionStudies have suggested that experiences of gender and racial discrimination are widespread among surgeons and surgical residents. This study examines the relationship between experienced microaggressions and traumatic stress. MethodsA one-time, deidentified survey was distributed over email to academic surgical societies. The survey consisted of 35 items including questions on prevalence of microaggressions, perceived job impacts as well as a shortened version of the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale. Chi-square tests and an independence test for trends were utilized to determine significance. ResultsWe collected data from 130 participants with majority (81%) having experienced microaggressions in the workplace. On measures of worry (P < 0.001), avoidance (P = 0.012), anxiety (P = 0.004), and trouble relaxing (P = 0.002), racial/ethnic minority surgeons and trainees demonstrated significantly higher scores. With perceived job impacts, significant agreement was seen with occurrences of working harder to prove competence (P = 0.005), gaining patient confidence (P < 0.001), reduced career satisfaction (P = 0.011), work-related negative talk (P = 0.018), and burnout at work due to microaggressions (P = 0.019). Among participants who underwent behavioral modifications, female surgeons were more likely to change their nonverbal communication styles (P < 0.001) and spend more time with patients (P < 0.001). ConclusionsExperiences of microaggressions are associated with increased anxiety-related trauma symptoms in racial/ethnic minority surgeons and surgical trainees. Additionally, these experiences of microaggression can influence job satisfaction, burnout, career perceptions and workplace behaviors. As the field of surgery becomes more diverse, this study contributes to growing awareness of the role of implicit discrimination in the attrition and retention of racial/ethnic minority surgeons and female surgeons.

Experiences and expectations of physician communication: A focus group discussion with Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This pilot study aimed to: (a) understand the experiences of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their expectations of their physicians during a medical consultation, (b) serve as a preliminary study to inform the development of a larger project exploring and improving patients' communication experiences, and (c) assess whether the pilot study findings indicate the viability of using the Relationship: Establishment, Development, and Engagement model of communication as the conceptual framework for the larger project. Using convenience sampling, 11 patients participated in a focus group discussion. Conventional content analysis was used. Two themes were generated: (a) A plethora of negative feelings: experiences of the physician's verbal and nonverbal communication styles, and (b) 'I know what I want': Expectations of communication by patients from their physician. The medical encounter with the physician elicited a range of negative experiences and clear expectations from the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This pilot points to the need for (a) a mixed methods approach to comprehensively examine the communication needs of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from their physician, (b) understand physicians' communication practices, and (c) using these findings, culturally adapt and test the Relationship: Establishment, Development, and Engagement to improve physicians' communication skills in India.

Nonverbal human behavior in the gender aspect

The article considers the gender nature of nonverbal techniques used in the communication process. The purpose of the given paper is to reveal the most important features of non-verbal communication in the gender aspects, the features of non-linguistic behavior characteristic of male and female individuals and the influence of various factors on body language, in particular culture, individual characteristics of a person, the specifics of the linguistic expression of emotions using nonverbal components of male and female communicants. Comparative analysis of the individual components of non-verbal behavior of men and women is carried out. Gender differences can also show up in non-verbal communication styles. Non-verbal communication is not limited to facial and body movements and gestures but also includes touch, space, eye contact and chronemics. Therefore, men and women speak differently because those ways are associated with their gender. In fact, inherited biological factors, socialization on how men and women are raised, and inequalities in social power have impact on gender differences. While communication women are more likely than men to use nonverbal semiotics and gestures. In general, men and women behaved differently depending on the situation. Keywords:&nbsp;Gender, nonverbal communication, interpretation, facial expression, stereotypes, behavior, feminine, masculine gestures, culture

GAYA KOMUNIKASI NONVERBAL SELEBGRAM DALAM MENGENALKAN PRODUK ENDORSEMENT

This study aims to describe how celebrity nonverbal communication styles introduce endorsement products. the concept used in this study is the concept of communication style and nonverbal communication, the research method used is a qualitative research method with a digital ethnographic approach, data collection techniques using online observation techniques and documentation. This observation was carried out on the activity of the Instagram account belonging to @clarissaputri_. The results of this study indicate a nonverbal communication style, namely when Clarissa endorses a nonverbal communication style on her Instagram account using object communication where she does a makeup tutorial and then shows her endorsement product which indirectly she is doing an endorsement.

GAYA KOMUNIKASI NON VERBAL DALAM ENDORSEMENT PADA AKUN INSTAGRAM FADIL JAIDI

This study aims to describe how the nonverbal communication style of celebrities when carrying out Endorsement dactivities, the concept used in this study is the concept of nonverbal communication and endorsement. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a digital ethnographic approach. The data collection technique used online observation and documentation on the Instagram account @fadil Jaidi. The results of this study indicate that the communication carried out by @fadil jafidi when endorsing uses nonverbal communication support by using properties such as statues and body movements such as pointing at the product to be promoted, holding the product, and other body movements when explaining product details or ingredients of the product.

Quantitative Head Dynamics Associated with Interpersonal (Grandiose-Manipulative) Psychopathic Traits in Incarcerated Youth.

Clinicians have long noted that individuals with elevated psychopathic traits can be characterized by unique interpersonal styles, including prolonged eye contact, invasion of interpersonal space, and frequent use of hand gestures. Such forms of nonverbal communication can be measured via hand, body, and head position and dynamics. Previous studies have developed an automated algorithm designed to capture head position and dynamics from digital recordings of clinical interviews in a sample of incarcerated adult men. We observed that higher psychopathy scores were associated with stationary head dwell time. Here, we applied a similar automated algorithm to assess head position and dynamics on videotaped clinical interviews assessing psychopathic traits from n = 242 youth housed at a maximum-security juvenile correctional facility. We observed that higher psychopathy scores (assessed via the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version [PCL:YV]) were associated with unique patterns of head dynamics. Specifically, PCL:YV Total, Factor 1 (measuring grandiose-manipulative and callous-unemotional traits), and Facet 1 (measuring grandiose-manipulative traits) scores were associated with a higher proportion of time spent in a head dynamics pattern consisting of moderate movement away from the average head position. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations to apply quantitative methods to better understand patterns of nonverbal communication styles in clinical populations characterized by severe antisocial behavior.

A Game of Reciprocity? The Effect of Leader–Follower Moqi Congruence on Task Performance

Building on person–supervisor fit theory, this paper examines the effect leader–follower congruence in moqi (tacit understanding between two parties) on task performance by task coordination based on the perspective of nonverbal communication styles symmetry. With data collected from 174 leader–follower dyads in 41 project teams in Shanghai of China, we use polynomial regression and response surface plots to test our hypotheses on the effect of leader–follower moqi congruence on task performance. Leader–follower moqi congruence had a positive effect on task performance, mediated by coordination. The type of leader–follower moqi congruence (high–high or low–low) affected the quality of coordination. The effect of leader–follower moqi congruence on task performance (via coordination) was weaker when leader–member exchange was low than when it was high. This study adds specificity in identifying why leader–follower moqi can improve task coordination and task performance.

How toddlers new to child care become members of a classroom community

ABSTRACT Transitioning into child care can bring complex emotional tensions and have a lasting and powerful impact on future separations and caregiving encounters. Despite the increasing number of children in child care programmes and the complexity surrounding the phenomenon, little attention has been given to especially very young children's entry into child care settings and their daily transitional experiences. Using a phenomenological multi-case study approach, we aimed to capture children's daily experiences from their perspectives, by looking closely at their behaviours, movements, and talk, supplemented by parents’ and teachers’ perceptions and reflections on the children's experiences. Our data illuminate the diverse ways a group of toddlers new to childcare navigated the process of becoming members of the classroom community, the differences in their subtle and overt emotional tensions, verbal and non-verbal communication styles, and evolving identity and agency. Teachers’ roles unfolded in response to children's diverse needs and ways of being.

The Influence of Culture on Attitudes Towards Humanoid and Animal-like Robots: An Integrative Review.

The aim of the present review is to explore the influence of culture on attitudes towards humanoid and animal-like robots. An integrative review of current evidence. Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched from 2000 to 2017. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria and were retrieved and analyzed. Culture influences attitudes and preferences towards robots, but due to the limitations of the reviewed studies, concrete conclusions cannot be made. More consistent evidence was found with regard to the influence of culture on nonverbal behaviors and communication styles, with people being more accepting of a robot that behaved more closely to their own culture. The research field of human-robot interaction provides the current evidence on the influence that culture has on attitudes towards humanoid and animal-like robots, but more research that is guided by strong theoretical frameworks is needed. With the increased use of humanoid robots in the healthcare system, it is imperative that nurses and other healthcare professionals explore and understand the different factors that can affect the use of robots with patients.

THE COMMUNICATION STYLE MATTERS: IMPROVING SALES EFFECTIVENESS BY USING SOCIOMETRIC SENSORS

The essence of any successful personal selling interaction is effective communication. Evidence from research on personal selling has provided extensive support for the effectiveness of nonverbal communication. Nevertheless, an individuals’ nonverbal communication style is difficult to measure during a sales conversation, as it is “encoded and decoded unconsciously” (Stewart, Hecker, & Graham, 1987, p. 305). This research introduces wearable sensor technology as a novel and objective approach for measuring nonverbal behaviors (i.e., kinesics, paralanguage, and proxemics) in a sales context using sociometric badges (Kim, McFee, Olguin, Waber, & Pentland, 2012). Findings reveal that salespeople can improve their appeal by making use of a more dynamic communication style (i.e., enhanced posture activity and variation in speech and volume), as opposed to a rather static, adhesive, and monotone communication. We contribute to the sales literature by relating a salesperson’s nonverbal communication behaviors to customer responses. In addition, we reveal various implications for sales executives and offer guidance on how to improve their sales effectiveness and performance.

Patterns of nonverbal parental communication: A social and situational contexts approach

Nonverbal communication plays an important role in parent–child interactions; however, previous studies have focused on patterns of verbal parental communication. The current study expands the existing research to patterns of nonverbal parental communication. This study presents a social and situational contexts approach to explain various nonverbal parental communication styles. Parent–child interactions ( n = 240) in structured joint-game sequences were filmed in families’ homes and analyzed using a mixed multivariant design. Confirmatory factor analysis produced a conceptualization of patterns of nonverbal parental communication: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Multifaceted analyses revealed significant effects of a range of social and situational contexts. The findings delineated the contexts that activated diverse nonverbal parental communication styles. The proposed theoretical and analytical framework contributes to the research of parent–child interactions and establishes a social and situational approach for patterns of nonverbal parental communication.

Personality traits and nonverbal communication patterns

The use of the personality trait five-factor model in communication research is very limited so far. In the present study the focus is on nonverbal correlations to personality traits. It was possible to identify nonverbal patterns in relation to personality traits. The extraversion dimension is associated with both a contact dimension (extraverts stand closer, engage in mutual gaze) and an expressiveness dimension (extraverts prefer face-to-face interaction, a varied tone of voice, varied gestures and facial expressions). The openness dimension is associated with low context (verbal, direct and explicit communication relying on context to a low degree). The agreeableness dimension is associated with high context (indirect, implicit and nonverbal communication style relying strongly on context).

"We'll Get to You When We Get to You": Exploring Potential Contributions of Health Care Staff Behaviors to Patient Perceptions of Discrimination and Satisfaction.

We qualitatively assessed patients' perceptions of discrimination and patient satisfaction in the health care setting specific to interactions with nonphysician health care staff. We conducted 12 focus-group interviews with African American and European American participants, stratified by race and gender, from June to November 2008. We used a topic guide to facilitate discussion and identify factors contributing to perceived discrimination and analyzed transcripts for relevant themes using a codebook. We enrolled 92 participants: 55 African Americans and 37 European Americans, all of whom reported perceived discrimination and lower patient satisfaction as a result of interactions with nonphysician health care staff. Perceived discrimination was associated with 2 main characteristics: insurance or socioeconomic status and race. Both verbal and nonverbal communication style on the part of nonphysician health care staff were related to individuals' perceptions of how they were treated. The behaviors of nonphysician health care staff in the clinical setting can potentially contribute to patients' perceptions of discrimination and lowered patient satisfaction. Future interventions to reduce health care discrimination should include a focus on staff cultural competence and customer service skills.

Real-time feedback on nonverbal clinical communication. Theoretical framework and clinician acceptance of ambient visual design.

This article is part of the focus theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on "Pervasive Intelligent Technologies for Health". Effective nonverbal communication between patients and clinicians fosters both the delivery of empathic patient-centered care and positive patient outcomes. Although nonverbal skill training is a recognized need, few efforts to enhance patient-clinician communication provide visual feedback on nonverbal aspects of the clinical encounter. We describe a novel approach that uses social signal processing technology (SSP) to capture nonverbal cues in real time and to display ambient visual feedback on control and affiliation--two primary, yet distinct dimensions of interpersonal nonverbal communication. To examine the design and clinician acceptance of ambient visual feedback on nonverbal communication, we 1) formulated a model of relational communication to ground SSP and 2) conducted a formative user study using mixed methods to explore the design of visual feedback. Based on a model of relational communication, we reviewed interpersonal communication research to map nonverbal cues to signals of affiliation and control evidenced in patient-clinician interaction. Corresponding with our formulation of this theoretical framework, we designed ambient real-time visualizations that reflect variations of affiliation and control. To explore clinicians' acceptance of this visual feedback, we conducted a lab study using the Wizard-of-Oz technique to simulate system use with 16 healthcare professionals. We followed up with seven of those participants through interviews to iterate on the design with a revised visualization that addressed emergent design considerations. Ambient visual feedback on non- verbal communication provides a theoretically grounded and acceptable way to provide clinicians with awareness of their nonverbal communication style. We provide implications for the design of such visual feedback that encourages empathic patient-centered communication and include considerations of metaphor, color, size, position, and timing of feedback. Ambient visual feedback from SSP holds promise as an acceptable means for facilitating empathic patient-centered nonverbal communication.

Negotiating with Global Managers and Entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa - Nigeria: An Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior in Intercultural Business Communication

Negotiating with Global Managers and Entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa - Nigeria: An Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior in Intercultural Business Communication

A qualitative study on non-verbal sensitivity in nursing students

To explore nursing students' perception of the meanings and roles of non-verbal communication and sensitivity. It also attempts to understand how different factors influence their non-verbal communication style. The importance of non-verbal communication in the health arena lies in the need for good communication for efficient healthcare delivery. Understanding nursing students' non-verbal communication with patients and the influential factors is essential to prepare them for field work in the future. Qualitative approach based on 16 in-depth interviews. Sixteen nursing students from the Master of Nursing and the Year 3 Bachelor of Nursing program were interviewed. Major points in the recorded interviews were marked down for content analysis. Three main themes were developed: (1) understanding students' non-verbal communication, which shows how nursing students value and experience non-verbal communication in the nursing context; (2) factors that influence the expression of non-verbal cues, which reveals the effect of patients' demographic background (gender, age, social status and educational level) and participants' characteristics (character, age, voice and appearance); and (3) metaphors of non-verbal communication, which is further divided into four subthemes: providing assistance, individualisation, dropping hints and promoting interaction. Learning about students' non-verbal communication experiences in the clinical setting allowed us to understand their use of non-verbal communication and sensitivity, as well as to understand areas that may need further improvement. The experiences and perceptions revealed by the nursing students could provoke nurses to reconsider the effects of the different factors suggested in this study. The results might also help students and nurses to learn and ponder their missing gap, leading them to rethink, train and pay more attention to their non-verbal communication style and sensitivity.

Do electronic health records affect the patient-psychiatrist relationship? A before &amp; after study of psychiatric outpatients

BackgroundA growing body of literature shows that patients accept the use of computers in clinical care. Nonetheless, studies have shown that computers unequivocally change both verbal and non-verbal communication style and increase patients' concerns about the privacy of their records. We found no studies which evaluated the use of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) specifically on psychiatric patient satisfaction, nor any that took place exclusively in a psychiatric treatment setting. Due to the special reliance on communication for psychiatric diagnosis and evaluation, and the emphasis on confidentiality of psychiatric records, the results of previous studies may not apply equally to psychiatric patients.MethodWe examined the association between EHR use and changes to the patient-psychiatrist relationship. A patient satisfaction survey was administered to psychiatric patient volunteers prior to and following implementation of an EHR. All subjects were adult outpatients with chronic mental illness.ResultsSurvey responses were grouped into categories of "Overall," "Technical," "Interpersonal," "Communication & Education,," "Time," "Confidentiality," "Anxiety," and "Computer Use." Multiple, unpaired, two-tailed t-tests comparing pre- and post-implementation groups showed no significant differences (at the 0.05 level) to any questionnaire category for all subjects combined or when subjects were stratified by primary diagnosis category.ConclusionsWhile many barriers to the adoption of electronic health records do exist, concerns about disruption to the patient-psychiatrist relationship need not be a prominent focus. Attention to communication style, interpersonal manner, and computer proficiency may help maintain the quality of the patient-psychiatrist relationship following EHR implementation.

The effects of cultural awareness on nonverbal perceptual accuracy: British and Japanese training programmes

Nonverbal perception training was carried out with British and Japanese university students. The main aim of the training was to examine whether increasing cultural awareness in nonverbal communication styles leads to an improvement in within- and cross-cultural perceptual accuracy. The perceptual assessment was carried out using the British and Japanese Social Perception Task (BJSPT) which is based on the Interpersonal Perception Task ( IPT) (Costanzo &amp; Archer, 1989). The results showed that the methods used in the training sessions were effective in improving cross-cultural perceptual accuracy. The British training group made more improvement in the perception of Japanese scenes than British scenes, while the Japanese training groups made more improvement on British scenes than Japanese scenes. The different skills involved in within- and cross-cultural perception are discussed in the light of the results.&#x0D;

Improving patient–provider communication: insights from interpreters

It is important for physicians to recognize and address potential cross-cultural communication barriers with their patients. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of trained medical interpreters for ensuring effective patient-provider communication. Medical interpreters also represent an untapped source of insight into common communication problems. Such insights can contribute to strengthening physicians' cross cultural communication skills. The purpose of this study was to explore professional medical interpreters' experiences and perspectives regarding patient-provider communication difficulties. Key informant interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of nine professional interpreters working at the Geneva University Hospitals general medicine outpatient clinic. Interpreters described three domains where physicians and patients were likely to differ, and where mutual lack of awareness of those differences could lead to misunderstandings. These were: (1) ideas about the patient's health problem; (2) expectations of the clinical encounter; and (3) verbal and non-verbal communication styles. Interpreters recommended that cultural competence training for physicians focus on raising awareness about potential sources of misunderstanding and about the difficulties inherent in medical translation; providing basic background knowledge of patients' countries of origin; and adapting to patients' communication styles. While physicians' own perceptions of communication difficulties are important for developing learner-centered training activities, interpreters' bilingual and bicultural position allows for the identification of communication barriers that may be difficult for physicians to recognize.

Participants' ratings of male physicians who vary in race and communication style.

Research has shown minorities receive lower quality health care than White persons even with socioeconomic conditions controlled. This difference may partially be related to racially biased attitudes and impaired communication in interracial relationships between physicians and patients. This study investigated the effect of physicians' race and nonverbal communication style on participants' evaluations. Patients at a local health clinic were participants (N = 116: 84% Black, 16% White). Each participant viewed one of four videotapes showing varied race of a physician (Black or White) and the physician's nonverbal behavior (expressing concern or distance), and then completed a questionnaire evaluating the depicted physician. Overall, participants did not give significantly different preferences for physicians of the same race. However, participants' evaluations were significantly associated with physicians' nonverbal style. Nonverbal concern was associated with highest satisfaction, trust, self-disclosure, recall of information, likelihood of recommending the physician, and intent to comply with the physician's recommendations. When male and female participants were compared, preference for a physician of the same race was found only among male participants who viewed verbally distant physicians. Results suggest that social skills are more important than race in shaping patients' perceptions of physicians.