Nonthaburi Province Research Articles

Discriminating Lethal Concentrations for Transfluthrin, a Volatile Pyrethroid Compound for Mosquito Control in Thailand

Pyrethroids are commonly used to control malaria and dengue vectors in Thailand. The lack of specific lethal discriminating concentrations (DCs) for specific mosquito species has possibly compromised more accurate assessments of physiological susceptibility to various chemicals over time. Previous studies have established DCs of various residual pyrethroids against specific mosquitoes in Thailand. However, DCs for transfluthrin (TFT), a highly volatile pyrethroid compound, against mosquito vectors in Thailand has been lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the DCs and susceptibility baselines of TFT against pyrethroid-susceptible laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and An. dirus using the World Health Organization adult susceptibility tube method. Final DCs of TFT of each species were determined based on doubling the 99% lethal concentration at the following percentages: Ae. aegypti (0.06824%), An. minimus (0.06382%), and An. dirus (0.01508%). Subsequently, the respective TFT DCs were used to test field-collected populations of Ae. aegypti, An. harrisoni (Minimus Complex species), and An. dirus. Anopheles harrisoni and An. dirus were found completely susceptible (100% mortality), whereas Ae. aegypti from Nonthaburi Province was resistant to TFT. The suitability of the testing system and procedures is discussed. Routine assessment of insecticide susceptibility should include pyrethroids with high-vapor-pressure characteristics for informing control programs and consumers of product and chemical effectiveness.

Diversity of durian (Durio zibethinus L.) from Nonthaburi, Thailand based on morpho-palatability characteristics and simple sequence repeat markers

Durian is a high-value, tropical fruit well known for its unique, pungent smell and sweet and creamy flesh. Nonthaburi province in central Thailand has been known as a source of top-quality durian cultivars, especially Mon Thong. However, with the recent urbanization and frequent severe weather conditions, these valuable local cultivars are disappearing at an alarming rate. Therefore, there is an urgent need for morpho-palatability as well as molecular information in order to correctly identify and characterize each cultivar. This study was the first to report durian diversity in Thailand using both morpho-palatability characteristics and molecular marker analysis. Morpho-palatability diversity was assessed in 31 cultivars using a modified descriptor for durian that measured 22 qualitative traits and 33 quantitative traits from the leaves, flowers and fruits. In addition, 24 cultivars were used for genetic diversity analysis based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The diversity of durian cultivars could be seen from the morphometric analysis. As expected, several cultivars showed unique characters that could be used for future breeding purposes.It was also found that certain characters were more informative than others at characterizing durian cultivars, which could lead to an improvement of cultivar identification. SSR marker profiles were considerably informative in distinguishing cultivars. Molecular data analysis showed that most cultivars were clustered together, with only a few in small, separate clusters. The results from this study should help to improve durian cultivar conservation and breeding for better quality.

The properties of soil as impacted by sea level rise in the dry season: A case study of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

This study contributed to the understanding of the effect of sea level rise on soil properties in the agricultural area during the dry season and the providing of more detailed information needed to improve agricultural practices in the area. Five study sites, which located in Nonthaburi province, were selected according to the disparate distance from Chao Phraya River, comprising tropical fruit orchard (location 1 to 4) and paddy field (location 5). Soil morphology was recorded by the genetic horizon and soil samples were collected at depth of 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm in March 2018 to analyze soil properties involving to salt affected soils, including Electrical Conductivity (ECe), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), and soil moisture. Moreover, the correlation between their soil properties was also examined by using SPSS Statistics version 22.0 at p-value < 0.05. The result divulged that all soils are deep, poorly drained, and low development. Soil textures are clayey. ECe and SAR of these soils ranged from 0.27-4.38 dS m−1 and 8.54-37.23, accordingly. The trend of soil moisture from 0-90 cm usually increased as the following depth except location 5. The relationship between ECe and SAR of these soils at 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm revealed highly significant correlation, namely, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.93, 0.94, 0.72, 0.77 and 0.86, respectively. These results suggest that sea level rise in the dry season influences on some properties of soil.

Local Government Collaboration Model Development in Local Development Plan Collaboration in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

There are three objectives in this study which are 1) to explore the current situation of the collaborating in local development plan in Nonthaburi province 2) to examine problems and challenges of the collaborating in local development plans in Nonthaburi province and 3) to develop the model of the collaborating in local development plan in Nonthaburi province. This is an applied research which draws on a participatory research. There is five population group which applied both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The finding is comprised of three issues. First, the local development plan coordination is for decreasing the duplicate activities and make the efficiency of the government budget. Second, the local development plan coordination contains six processes and two formal mechanisms. The output of the local development plan coordination is satisfactory. However, it is unable to decrease the duplicate projects as well as to spend annual government budgeting efficiency. The problems and obstacles are grounded by four reasons which are 1) formal communication 2) different perception and understanding among stakeholders 3) time constraints and 4) goal setting and mutual learning condition. Collaborative Model for local development plan has been developed another mechanism which is the Provincial Development Plan Coordinating Subcommittee in order to lessen the formal of processes. There are five major roles which are vertical coordination, collecting, check and screen the coordinating projects. There are ten processes for local development plan coordination. The time period has been extended because of two reasons. First, the local organization can have more time to communicate and consult. Second, this timeline is intended to be aligned with the period of the provincial development plan.

A Survey on Chemical Use among Household Community Product Enterprises Producing Cosmetics and Hazardous Substances in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

A Survey on Chemical Use among Household Community Product Enterprises Producing Cosmetics and Hazardous Substances in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Women During Chemotherapy with Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide (FAC) Regimen

Objective: To assess quality of life (QoL) of female breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy with a fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) regimen.Material and Method: This prospective analytical study was performed among 40 Thai female patients receiving the FAC regimen at Pranangklao Hospital, Nonthaburi province. Their QoL was assessed using the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and Breast Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-BR23).Results: Most patients were aged 50 years or over (77.5%) and had been diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer (47.5%). According to the EORTC QLQ-C30, the patients’ QoL significantly decreased compared to the baseline after cycle 3 for global health status (p-value=0.002) and QoL (p-value=0.001), as well as physical functioning (p-value=0.015) and role functioning (p-value=0.001), while symptoms of fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and appetite loss increased (p-value&lt;0.001). After cycle 5, the patients’ QoL was still significantly lower than at baseline, for physical functioning (p-value=0.009) and symptoms of fatigue, nausea/vomiting, appetite loss (p-value&lt;0.001) and dyspnea (p-value=0.005). The EORTC QLQ-BR23 reported significantly worse systemic therapy side effects for both cycles 3 and 5 (p-value&lt;0.001), and distress due to hair loss also appeared after cycle 5 (p-value=0.016). No significant differences were revealed on any scales between cycles 3 and 5.Conclusion: The patients’ QoL significantly decreased after chemotherapy with the FAC regimen, with some side effects from treatment and reduction in some functioning.

Goat movement network analysis and its implications for caprine brucellosis propagation in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Goat movement network analysis and its implications for caprine brucellosis propagation in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Insecticide Usage and Chemical Contamination Assessment in Asiatic Pennywort

The insecticide usage in commercially grown asiatic pennywort plantations in Nakhonpatum and Nonthaburi province, Thailand was surveyed during January-June, 2016. The results showed that asiatic pennywort cuttworms was leaf destructive and caused the most damge to the production. The growers used organophosphate insecticides to control the caterpillars the most, followed by pyrethoid, abamectin, carbamate and organochlorine, respectively. The chemical contaminants of pennywort from 9 fresh markets in Bangkok was monitored, the result indicated that lead was not detected in the samples. The amount of arsenic was less than 0.075 mg / kg. The insecticide residue measurement of dicofol, chlorpyrifos and methidathion was 0.98, 2.84 and 0.46 mg / kg, respectively.

Responses to the 2011 floods in Central Thailand: Perpetuating the vulnerability of small and medium enterprises?

The 2011 flood was the worst in Thailand in decades. Many of the impacts occurred in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The floods negatively affected small and medium enterprises (SMEs). One location in which high impacts on SMEs occurred was Bang Bua Thong market in Nonthaburi Province. The aim of this article is to investigate (1) how the 2011 floods affected SMEs in the market, (2) how successfully they have recovered, and (3) what actions they and the state have taken to reduce the vulnerability of SMEs to future floods. We found that the economic health of the market community has deteriorated since 2011 due to the damages caused by the floods, the poor state of the Thai economy, and increased business competition. The poor performance of the mayor during the event significantly contributed to the vulnerability of SMEs. So did the lack of an effective early warning system. Since 2011, the government has only made minor efforts to reduce flood risk. These have focused on building floodwalls to reduce risk to large-scale enterprises, which have redistributed risk to unprotected areas. No changes in land use have occurred, and hence, the drainage capacity of the market has improved little. The study revealed that socioeconomic factors interacted with the 2011 flood to negatively affect SMEs, and that key political economy drivers of vulnerability of SMEs remain unaddressed. The market has not been built back better, and the sociopolitical transformations needed to reduce vulnerability have not occurred.

คุณภาพชีวิตการทางานของบุคลการองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น อำเภอไทรน้อย จังหวัดนนทบุรี (Quality of Work Life of Personnel of Subdistrict Administration Organizations in Sainai District, Nonthaburi Province)

Thai Abstract: การวจยครง น มวตถประสงค 1) เพอศกษาระดบคณภาพชวตในการทางานของบคลากรองคกรปกครองสวนทองถนอาเภอไทรนอย จงหวดนนทบร 2) เพอเปรยบเทยบคณภาพชวตการทางานของบคลากรองคกรปกครองสวนทองถนอาเภอไทรนอย จงหวดนนทบร จาแนกตามปจจยสวนบคคล และ 3) เพอศกษาความสมพนธระหวางสภาพแวดลอมภายในองคกรกบคณภาพชวตการทางานของบคลากรองคกรปกครองสวนทองถนอาเภอไทรนอย จงหวดนนทบรวเคราะหผลใชสถตเชงพรรณนา ไดแก การแจงความถ รอยละ คาเฉลยและคาเบยงเบนมาตรฐาน และวเคราะหขอมลเชงปรมาณทดสอบความแตกตางโดยใชสถตแบบ t-test, F-Test ทดสอบความแตกตางคาเฉลยเปนรายค วธการทดสอบ Least Significant Difference ทดสอบความสมพนธโดยคาสมประสทธส หสมพนธแบบเพยรสน ทระดบนยสาคญทางสถตท 0.05 ผลการทดสอบสมมตฐาน พบวา ปจ จยสวนบคคล ไดแก อาย ระดบการศกษา ภมลาเนาและ ตาแหนงงานทตางกน มผลตอคณภาพชวตในการทา งานของบคลากรองคกรปกครองสวนทองถน อาเภอไทรนอยจงหวดนนทบร แตกตางกน ผลการทดสอบความสมพนธ พบวา สภาพแวดลอมภายในองคกร ไดแก ดานกลยทธ ดานโครงสรางองคกร ดานระบบการทางาน ดานบคลากร ดานทกษะ ดานรปแบบการบรหาร ดานคานยมรวม มความสมพนธทางบวกตอคณภาพชวตในการทางานของบคลากรองคกรปกครองสวนทองถนอาเภอไทรนอย จงหวดนนทบร English Abstract:The purposes of this study were to 1) To study the quality of working life. 2) To compare the quality of working life by personal factors. 3) To study relationships between the environment in the work place and the quality of working life. Analyzing with descriptive statistics that are frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Using t-test and F-test to analyze quantitative data to learn the different means of paired data. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient of the Least Significant Difference test is statistically significant at 0.05. In conclusion, personal factors such as age, education, residence, and work positions effect differently in the quality of working life of the employees. Environmental factors, which are organizational strategy, work system, human resource, skills, management styles, and shared values are highly important and positively effect the quality of the samples working life. Human development is the most related factor. Then, relationship and cooperation in work, career path and stability, adequate wages, personal rights. Mediocre related factors are to be social responsible, workplace health and safety, and work life balance respectively.

Undergraduate Students’ Perception Towards the 1st Clinical Experiences in Fundamental Nursing Skills Practicum: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative research aimed to determine the undergraduate nursing students perception towards the first clinical experience in fundamental nursing skills practicum in clinical learning on medical ward of the government tertiary care setting, namely Phranangkrao hospital in Nonthaburi Province. After completing the 8 weeks of fundamental nursing skills practicum (January 4 - February 23, 2016), one group of 14 representatives, the second year nursing students were carried out. The interview guidelines consisted of 1) patient-nursing student relationship; 2) staff-nursing student relationship; 3) nursing student-academic clinical teacher commitment; 4) nursing students’ expectations for basic nursing skills experiences and 5) nursing students’ learning satisfaction. Data were obtained from a student focus group, respectively. The result found that the nursing students perceived positively in their academic clinical teacher commitment, clinical practice experience in terms of basic nursing skills and their own learning satisfaction. However, patient-student relationship and staff-student relationship depended on individuality

Designing of Public Transportation Network Using Uncapacitated Single Allocation p Hub Median Model: Case Study Nonthaburi Province

Designing of Public Transportation Network Using Uncapacitated Single Allocation p Hub Median Model: Case Study Nonthaburi Province

A Study of Cannonball Trees in Thailand: Hood Staminodes are Larger than Ring Stamens but only Germination of Staminal Ring Pollen can be Stimulated by Exogenous Sucrose

The size of the staminodes and ring stamen of Couroupita guianensis (cannonball tree) grown in the Nonthaburi province, Thailand as well as some characteristics of their pollen were investigated. The staminodes were clearly larger than the ring stamens. This finding is at variance with other previous studies. Viability staining showed that almost all the cannonball tree pollen from hood staminode were not viable but about 85% of the ring stamen pollen were viable. When both types of cannonball tree pollen were cultured on modified Mercado medium, hood staminode pollen did not germinate whereas the sucrose concentrations in the medium had a promotive effect on germination of ring stamen pollen. About 65% of the ring stamen pollen germinated on the medium supplemented with 20% sucrose. These pollen studies were in agreement with other similar studies on cannonball trees, suggesting that the relative sizes of the male reproductive organs of cannonball trees may not be related to fertility of their pollen.

ประสิทธิผลการนานโยบายกองทุนหมู่บ้านและชุมชนเมืองไปปฏิบัติในจังหวัดนนทบุรี (Effectiveness of the Village and Community Fund Policy Implementation in Nonthaburi Province)

ประสิทธิผลการนานโยบายกองทุนหมู่บ้านและชุมชนเมืองไปปฏิบัติในจังหวัดนนทบุรี (Effectiveness of the Village and Community Fund Policy Implementation in Nonthaburi Province)

ความคิดเห็นของประชาชนต่อบริการสาธารณะของเทศบาลตำบลปลายบาง อำเภอบางกรวย จังหวัดนนทบุรี (The People’s Opinion toward the Public Service of Plaibang Subdistrict Municipality, Bang Kruai District, Nonthaburi Province)

Thai Abstract: การวจยครงนมวตถประสงคเพอศกษาระดบความคดเหนของประชาชนและปจจยทมความสมพนธกบความคดเหนของประชาชนตอบรการสาธารณะของเทศบาลตาบลปลายบาง อาเภอบางกรวย จงหวดนนทบร ตวอยางทใชในการวจยครง นคอ ประชาชนในเขตเทศบาลตาบลปลายบาง จานวน 396 คน ใชแบบสอบถามเปนเครองมอในการเกบรวบรวมขอมล ทา การประมวลผลและวเคราะหขอมลดวยคอมพวเตอรโดยใชโปรแกรมสา เรจรป สถตทใชในการวเคราะหขอมลไดแก รอยละ คาเฉลย สวนเบยงเบนมาตรฐาน การวเคราะหการผนแปร และการวเคราะหจาแนกพห โดยกาหนดคานยสา คญทางสถตทระดบ .05 ผลการวจยพบวาประชาชนมความเหนวาบรการสาธารณะของเทศบาลตาบลปลายบางตรงกบความตองการในระดบมากและการปรบปรงบรการสาธารณะในระดบนอย ผลการทดสอบสมมตฐาน พบวา ดานตรงกบความตองการของประชาชน อาย ระดบการศกษา การรบรขาวสารและความรความเขาใจเกยวกบบรการสาธารณะ มความสมพนธกบความคดเหนของประชาชนตอบรการสาธารณะ อยางมนยสา คญทางสถตทระดบ.05 สวนดานการปรบปรงบรการสาธารณะ พบวา อาย ระดบการศกษา อาชพ ระยะเวลาทอาศยอยในพนท และการรบรขาวสารเกยวกบบรการสาธารณะมความสมพนธกบความคดเหนของประชาชนตอบรการสาธารณะ อยางมนยสา คญทางสถตทระดบ .05 English Abstract: The objectives of this research were to study the level of the people’s opinion toward the Public Service of Plaibang Subdistrict Municipality, Bang Kruai District, Nonthaburi Province. The sample consisted of 396 people in the municipality. Questionnaire was an instrument in collecting data and then analyzed by the statistic packaging program. Statistic tools in the data analysis were Percentage, Mean, Statistical Deviation, Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) and (Multiple Classification Analysis: MCA) with statistical significance level of .05 The results showed the public opinion of the service of Plaibang Subdistrict Municipality, emphasized the needs of the people in a high level. The hypothesis testing found age, educational level, receiving the news and understanding about the public service had a relationship with the public opinion to the service of Plaibang Subdistrict Municipality in the needs of the people were statistical signifcance at.05. The age, education level, occupation, length of time living in the area, receiving the news about public service had a relationship with the public opinion to the service of Plaibang Subdistrict Municipality in the improving of the public service were statistical significance at.05.

คุณภาพชีวิตของเกษตรกรที่เข้าร่วมโครงการรับจำนาข้าว: กรณีศึกษา เกษตรกรในพื้นที่จังหวัดนนทบุรี (Farmers’ Quality of Life Toward Rice Pawn Project Participation: A Case Study of Farmers In Nonthaburi Province)

Thai Abstract: การศกษาวจยครง น มวตถประสงคเพอศกษาคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอก ปการผลต 2555/56 เพอเปรยบเทยบคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอก ปการผลต 2555/56 จาแนกตามปจ จยสวนบคคลและการไดรบขอมลขาวสาร เพอศกษาความสมพนธระหวางความรความเขาใจของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอก ปการผลต 2555/56 กบคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกร และเพอศกษาความสมพนธระหวางความพงพอใจของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอก ปการผลต 2555/56 กบคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกร ซงกลมประชากร ไดแก ตวอยางเกษตรกรผปลกขาวในจงหวดนนทบร จานวน 369 คน การเกบขอมลไดใชแบบสอบถาม การวเคราะหขอมลใชโปรแกรมทางสถต สถตทใชในการวเคราะหขอมล ไดแก คารอยละ คาเฉลยสวนเบยงเบนมาตรฐาน t-test การวเคราะหความแปรปรวนทางเดยว และคาสมประสทธส หสมพนธของ เพยรสน โดยกำหนดคานยสา คญทางสถตทระดบ.05 ผลการศกษาพบวา คณภาพชวตของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวในพนทจงหวดนนทบร อยในระดบสง ผลการทดสอบสมมตฐาน พบวา ปจจยสวนบคคล ไดแก ระดบการศกษา ความเปนเจาของทนา จานวนทนา การมอาชพเสรม การไดรบขอมลขาวสารทตางกนจะมคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกรแตกตางกน สวนการเปนหนนน ไมมผลตอคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอก นอกจากน ยงพบตอไปอกวา ความรความเขาใจของเกษตรกรตอโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอกและความพงพอใจของเกษตรกรตอโครงการรบจา นาขาวเปลอกมความสมพนธกบคณภาพชวตของเกษตรกรทเขารวมโครงการรบจานาขาวเปลอกปการผลต 2555/56 English Abstract: The objectives of the study were to investigate farmer’s quality of life toward rice pawn project participation in the year of 2012/2013, compare farmers’ quality of life toward rice pawn project participation in the year 2012/2013 classifying by personal factor and information receiving, find out the relationship between the farmer’s knowledge and understanding with farmers’ quality of life toward rice pawn project participation in the year of 2012/2013, and study the relationship between satisfaction of the farmers and farmers’ quality of life toward rice pawn project participation in the year 2012/2013. The 369 rice farmers in Nonthaburi Province were the population of the study. The questionnaire was the instrument of the study for collecting data. The statistical package was used as the data analysis. The percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-Test, one way ANAVA and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were used as the statistical analysis at.05 level of statistical significance. The result of the study found that farmers’ quality of life toward rice pawn project participation in Nonthaburi Province was much level. The hypothesis testing found that the different education, land owner, amount of land, second profession and information receiving farmers effected to the different farmers’ quality of life. On the other hand, the farmers’ debt has no effected to farmer’s quality of life toward rice pawn project participation. Moreover, there were relationship between knowledge and understanding of farmers, satisfaction of the farmers and farmers’ quality of life toward rice pawn project participation in the year of 2012/2013.

The Impact of Foreign Retail and Wholesale Stores on Traditional Wholesale Stores in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

The entrance of foreign retail and wholesale businesses in Thailand started some ten years ago and led to the closure of many Thai wholesale stores. The objective of this study is to determine the needs of Thai wholesalers in the Nonthaburi area and to identify suitable strategies for relevant managers to be able to compete with contemporary commercial strategies of the foreign enterprises. A total of 114 of the 120 Thai traditional wholesale stores in Nonthaburi were surveyed by questionnaire and results were analyzed by statistical means. It was found that low price strategy, location of store and full cycle service strategies were the principal approaches employed by the managers of the foreign wholesale and retail stores. Tesco Lotus was the foreign venture with the greatest impact on the Thai environment. With respect to managerial approach, it was found that Thai traditional wholesale stores should try to build stronger relationships with customers and regularly search for new markets. Employee performance should also be taken into consideration to some extent. Other issues of importance included the presentation of the store and visual merchandising, as well as transparency in management systems and the need for well–organized financial and accounting systems and their proper control.

The application of ISSR markers in genetic variance detection among Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) cultivars in the Nonthaburi province, Thailand

In this study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were applied to assess genetic diversity and genetic relationships of 14 cultivars of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), one of the most important agricultural economic fruits in Thailand. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaf samples of 14 accessions collected from the Nonthaburi province. Nine ISSR primers were initially screened for analysis and five primers (ISSR1, ISSR3, ISSR 4, ISSR5 and ISSR9) were chosen for further analysis. A total of 50 DNA fragments, varying from 50-2000 bp, were amplified, of which 19 (38%) were polymorphic. A dendrogram showing genetic similarities among Durian was constructed based on polymorphic bands using the SPSS program (version 18). Based on the results from the dendrogram, two clusters could be separated with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.632-1.00.

Mixed land-use planning on the periphery of large Asian cities: the case of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Throughout Asia, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has created serious environmental problems, and the development of sustainable urban–rural planning methods is of critical importance. To improve our understanding of mixed urban–rural land uses and provide future practical visions for regional planning, we conducted a case study of the urban fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. After identifying local irrigation districts as the basic spatial unit for resource circulation, we quantified current material flows of organic wastes generated by households within each district. We then developed two different land-use scenarios for 2020: (1) a high-rise compact and (2) a low-story sprawl development scenario. These scenarios were compared in terms of efficiency of material flows and energy consumption. We found that, based on current infrastructure and technology, the latter scenario was more advantageous in terms of both material input and energy consumption than the former, thereby, identifying positive aspects of urban–rural land-use mixture. Based on these results, we propose that planners should focus on density control measures that take into account bioresource circulation within irrigation districts rather than simply drawing arbitrary land-use zoning lines. To this end, we suggest that the division between agricultural and urban planning departments must be bridged, and that research should take an interdisciplinary approach.

Municipal solid waste flow and waste generation characteristics in an urban—rural fringe area in Thailand

In the urban-rural fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, rapid urbanization is creating a land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential areas. To develop appropriate policies to enhance recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), current MSW management was investigated in the oboto (local administrative district) of Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province, adjoining Bangkok. The authors conducted a structural interview survey with waste-related organizations and local residents, analysed household waste generation, and performed global positioning system (GPS) tracking of municipal garbage trucks. It was found that MSW was collected and treated by local government, private-sector entities, and the local community separately. Lack of integrated management of these entities complicated waste flow in the study area, and some residences were not served by MSW collection. Organic waste, such as kitchen garbage and yard waste, accounted for a large proportion of waste generation but was underutilized. Through GPS/GIS analysis, the waste collection rate of the generated waste amount was estimated to be 45.5- 51.1% of total generation.