Enzymes Non-specific Esterase Research Articles

Aedes aegypti vector resistance status on malation and activity of non specific esteration enzymes in Tembalang district, Semarang city

Background: Controlling of dengue vectors around dengue haemorrhagic fever cases is often conducted by using insecticides, including a malathion insecticide in the city of Semarang. A research on susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to insecticides, used for fogging and based on a high number of hemorrhagic fever cases in Tembalang district, Semarang city, needs to be observed. Objective: This study aimed to determine resistance status of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes based on bioassay and biochemical tests of esterase non-specific enzyme activity in the Tembalang District. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design, it was conducted in June-September 2018 in a population of Aedes sp. from Tembalang District, Semarang City. Samples of F2 generations of female Ae. aegypti were obtained by ovitraps in the Tembalang District consisting of 12 urban villages, and their resistance status were tested by impregnated paper bioassay with malathion at a diagnostic dose of 0.8%. Esterase enzyme activity in the Ae. aegypti mosquito body of this population was tested biochemically to prove an increase in a non-specific esterase enzyme on the a-naphthyl acetate substrate. Results: The bioassay results showed that mortality rates of Ae. aegypti at the 12 villages in Tembalang district after 24 hourtest by impregnated paper indicated a range of 0-62%. Mechanism of resistance indicating an increase of non-specific enzyme esterase activity on a-naphthyl acetate at Rowosari, Kedungmundu, Sambiroto, and Meteseh could not be seen, It began to be seen in a low percentage (15%) at Sendang Mulyo, Tandang, Sendangguwo and Bubusan, and in a moderate percentage (45-75%) in Tembalang, Jangli and Mangunharjo. The mechanism of high esterase enzyme activity could be seen in the Ae. aegypti population at Kramas with AV=0,700-0,900 by a percentage of 20%, and AV=0,900 by a percentage of 80%. Conclusion: This study provided information about some Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Tembalang District that showed resistance to the malathion insecticide with an elevation of non-specific esterase enzyme activity ona-naphthyl acetate substrate in several villages except Kelurahan Rowosari, Kedungmundu, Sambiroto, and Meteseh.

The Detection of Aedes Aegypti Mosquito Resistance With Biochemical Test Based on Non-specific Esterase Enzyme Activity and Monooksigenase Enzyme in Ternate City

Broadly speaking, the aim of this research is to examine and analyze the effect of Efficiency, Fulfilment, Reliability, Privacy Variables on Customers’ Satisfaction on account opening services via the online system “Jenius BTPN”. Determination of a sample of 100 respondents through a stratified random sampling approach with research locations at BTPN Bank. The research approach uses quantitative while the data analysis method uses multiple linear regression. Analysis test equipment using SPSS, version 22. The results of the study indicate that the Efficiency does not affect customer satisfaction (Sig 0.475> 0.05); Fulfillment affects customer satisfaction (sig 0.003 <0.01); Reliability does not affect satisfaction (sig 0.700> 0.05); Privacy has a significant effect on customer satisfaction (sig 0.000 <0.05); Privacy is the most dominant variable influential. R2 test is 65.9%

Susceptibility Status of Aedes aegypti Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Tanjung Priok Port Health Quarantine

Animal-borne diseases and vectors in seaport health areas is designated to be done in a rapid and precise manner. One of the Ae. aegypti control is using insecticides. The aims of this study are to find out and evaluate the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, and also to observe the increase of non-specific esterase enzyme activities and voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutation in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Tanjung Priok Port Health Quarantine working area in 2016. Susceptibility status is determined by three distinct test methods: bioassay method (Impregnated paper containing 0.8% malathion, 0.05% cypermethrin and 0.02 ppm temephos). Biochemistry method and biomolecular assay (PCR and sequencing) to identify VGSC gene mutation. Based on bioassay test using malathion, cypermethrin and temephos showed that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Tanjung Priok, Sunda Kelapa, and Muara Angke ports has been resistance to malathion and cypermethrin, and were still susceptible to temephos. The results of biochemical tests on Ae aegypti to organophosphates showed moderate levels of resistance and sensitivity. VGSC gene mutation was observed on sites S989P and V1016G, while site F1534 did not showed any mutation.

The Role of Acetylcholine Esterase in Resistance Mechanism of Plutella xylostella to Emamektin Benzoate

One of the resistance mechanism of P. xylostellato emamektin benzoate is target insensitivity which is acetylcholine esterase that responsible for resistance occurrence. The objective of this study was to determine the role of acetylcholinesterase in the resistance mechanism of P. xylostella population to emamektin benzoate. For enzyme activity analysis, larvae homogenate of the third instar of P. xylostella was prepared. The number of insects required for each scour is 1 for each field population. The protein content in P. xylostella homogenate was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Non-specific esterase activity with an absorption rate was read using ELISA reader tool with λ = 450 nm. The inhibition level of acetylcholinesterase activity by emamectin benzoate in the tested population was 36.84%. The highest inhibition occurs in Puasan (Ngablak) population. The result shows that a α-naphthyl acetate substrate was used so that it was recorded as non-specific esterase activity and did not exhibit esterase activity which specifically describes emamectin benzoate. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity of either α or β-naphthyl acetate substances to benzoic emamectin in the tested population most of the population was still susceptible. On α-naphthyl acetate substrate, the highest absorbance value found in susceptible population to benzoate emamectin (0.773), while the lowest found in Babrik (Ngablak) population (0.083).

Effect of &lt;I&gt;Trigonella foenum Graecum&lt;/I&gt; (Fenugreek)-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles on Non-Specific Esterase Enzyme Activity in Salivary Glands of Aging-Accelerated Male Mice

During oxidative stress, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generally produce structural and biochemical alterations in cells and cell organelles. Impairment of lysosomal and mitochondrial function is the key for understanding the degenerative changes due to aging. Nonspecific esterase enzyme is particularly present in lysosomes and microsomes. In order to find the antioxidant property of fenugreek, non-specific esterase activity was measured to study the lysosomal membrane integrity in submandibular and sublingual salivary glands of D-galactose-induced aging male mice without and with supplementation of fenugreek. Adult male albino mice ( Mus musculus ) were divided in to six groups of five each and treated as follows: a) control for D-galactose (Dg) treatment; b) Dgtreated; c) Dg + fenugreek seed extract (FSE) treated concurrently; d) treated with Dg first, followed by treatment of FSE; e) Dg + FSE-loaded PLGA nanoparticle treated concurrently; and f) treated with Dg first followed by treatment of FSE-loaded PLGA nanoparticle. A significant decrease in non-specific esterase activity was observed in D-galactose treated mice, whereas FSE and FSE-PGLA groups of mice indicated protection against Dg-induced aging related oxidative stress in salivary glands. Thus, it is shown that fenugreek seed possesses antioxidant property, whereby non-specific esterase activity in salivary glands is increased but in a manner dependent on the treatment pattern, and the best result is obtained when FSE is administered post-treatment as loaded in PGLA nanoparticles.

Susceptibility of natural populations of dengue vector to insecticides in Colombia

Acinetobacter skin and soft tissue infection outside of the traumatic wound setting are rare occurrences. The majority of cases occur in the presence of significant comorbilities and by Acinetobacter baumanii. Herein a case is reported of community-onset, health-care-associated, non-traumatic cellulitis caused by Acinetobacter, species junii-johnsonii with bacteremia. This is the first reported case of Acinetobacter junii-johnsonii skin and soft tissue infection. Hemorrhagic bullae might be one of the clinical features of Acinetobacter cellulitis.

Estado de la susceptibilidad de poblaciones naturales del vector del dengue a insecticidas en 13 localidades de Colombia

Introduction. Physiological resistance of natural population of Aedes aegypti to insecticides contributeto the decreased efficacy of chemical control as a main control strategy during dengue outbreaks. Objective. The susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti was assessed for the carbamate propoxur, theadulticide malathion and the larvicide temephos on 13 natural populations of Ae. aegypti immatureforms were taken from 8 Colombian localities. These included the following: Bucaramanga (1), Sabanade Torres (2), Girardot (2), La Mesa (2), Villavicencio (2), Puerto Lopez (2), San Jose del Guaviare (1)and Florencia (1). Materials and methods. Susceptibility tests mainly consisted of the standardized bioassay outlinedby WHO (1981) and CDC bottles (1998). Colorimetric tests were undertaken to determine enzymelevels possibly responsible for the reduction of susceptibility to organophosphate and carbamateinsecticides. Results. All specimens demonstrated susceptibility to malathion and propoxur insecticides. Four of the13 populations revealed susceptibility to the temephos larvicide. Seven of 11 populations showed alimited increase in values for nonspecific esterase enzymes. The Bucaramanga population was the onlyone which showed an increase in the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases enzymes. Neither populationwas found with modified acetilcolinesterase. Conclusions. The widespread susceptibility to organophosphates used as adulticides indicated thatmalathion, the most used insecticide in Colombia, remains effective in interrupting the transmission of dengue. Physiological resistance to insecticides occurring in communities of a single township provedto be a localized phenomenon. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i3.680

Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos

Changes in insecticide susceptibilities and detoxifying enzyme activities were measured in a strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch following repeated exposure to the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. Twelve consecutive selection at the LC60 of the parental strain increased resistance from 8.58 to 91.45 fold. The interaction of some synergists [piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate and S-benzyl-O,O-diisopropyl phosphorothioate (IBP)] with chlorpyrifos was analyzed in the selected strain. Solely IBP showed a low synergistic effect with chlorpyrifos. The selected strain also demonstrated resistance against abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate. The mode of resistance inheritance to chlorpyrifos was found to be incompletely dominant, and not sex-linked. Non-specific esterase enzyme activity was raised from 19.35 to 33.59 mOD/min/mg proteins during the selection period and it was observed that esterase band intensities visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis increased. This study has investigated the selection of resistance to chlorpyrifos and documented resistance to abamectin, propargite, clofentezine and fenpyroximate in Turkish T. urticae. Esterase enzymes may be playing a role in chlorpyrifos resistance while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 enzymes do not appear to have any significant involvement.

Changes in renal clearance and renal tubular function in albino mice under the influence of Dichlorvos

It is known that organophosphate pesticides and their metabolites are generally eliminated through urine and are likely to affect nephrons. Despite the widespread application of Dichlorvos only limited studies appear to have been done on its toxicity to kidney. Intraperitoneal administration of 400 μg/kg Dichlorvos in mice exhibited maximum reduction in total protein concentration of kidney after exposure to 120 h (52-fold decrease, t-test, P < 0.001). Variations in renal clearance and percent reabsorption of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and nonspecific esterase enzymes were significant at P < 0.01 and at P < 0.001 (2-way ANOVA), respectively. Maximum significant increase in renal contents of Na + and Ca ++ was induced by 200 μg/kg dose after 120 and 240 h exposure ( P < 0.001), while significantly highest retention of K + and Cl − ions was caused by 400 μg/kg dose after 24 and 72 h exposure ( P < 0.01). Histopathological changes in glomeruli, PCTs, DCTs and CTs along with altered renal tubular function and renal clearance of enzymes and various ions indicate the development of acute renal disturbances under the influence of Dichlorvos.

Dithiocarbamates Trigger Differentiation and Induction of CD11c Gene through AP-1 in the Myeloid Lineage

It has recently been shown that the alteration of the cell-redox status affects the transcription factor expression and activity. Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are potent antioxidant agents that can switch the expression of genes dependent on the activation of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF kappa B. In this study, we show that these agents triggered the expression of genes involved in myeloid differentiation of the promonocytic U-937 cell line. DTCs promoted differentiation-associated changes that included the surface up-regulation of beta 2-integrins (CD11a-c/CD18), cell growth arrest concomitant with transferrin receptor (CD71) down-modulation, induction of the nonspecific esterase enzyme, and a rapid drop in the mRNA levels of c-myc. A further analysis, focused on the molecular mechanisms leading to the activation of CD11c expression, revealed that the pyrrolidine derivative of DTC (PDTC) increased CD11c mRNA levels and augmented its gene promoter activity. Transfection experiments with reporter constructs harboring different promoter regions of CD11c gene, indicated the presence of a functional DTC-responsive region located between positions -160 and +40 of the promoter. Gel retardation assays revealed that the PDTC-induced DNA-protein complexes were restricted to members of the Fos and Jun families that bound to an AP-1 site located at position -60 from the transcription start site. A role for this site was confirmed by in vitro mutagenesis experiments that indicated the functional importance of this site for the CD11c gene transcriptional activation in response to PDTC. The effect of DTCs on myeloid cell differentiation supports a possible role for these agents in the therapy of some bone marrow-derived malignancies.

Distinctive functional characteristics of human "T" lymphocytes defined by E rosetting or a monoclonal anti-T cell antibody.

The properties of human lymphocyte fractions isolated either by sheep red cell(E) rosetting or by fluorescence-activated cell sorting after staining with UCHT1 monoclonal anti-T cell antibody have been compared. Two populations of E+ cells with very different phenotype and function have been identified. E+/UCHT1+ cells respond well to the T cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A and provide help for an in vitro specific antibody response. They can also suppress the antibody response of allegeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, the E+/UCHT1- population, which has no other markers characteristic of T cells, fails to respond to mitogens or to provide help or suppression for an antibody response. These cells, however, are highly active natural killers. They possess Fc gamma receptors and have a characteristic staining pattern of nonspecific esterase enzyme activity. It is concluded that not all cells capable of forming E rosettes are thymus-processed cells and that this heterogeneity can be revealed by staining with the monoclonal anti-T cell reagent UCHT1.

Isolation and characterization of a non-specific esterase enzyme of Ascaris suum perienterc fluid

1. 1. A non-specific esterase enzyme of Ascaris perienteric fluid was isolated with a tenfold increase in specific activity over the crude enzyme and a 6% recovery. 2. 2. The pH optimum of the non-specific esterases is pH 8·4, with a molecular weight greater than 300,000 and an apparent isoelectric point of pI 4·5−5·0. 3. 3. By its behavior to various inhibitors, the enzyme appears to be a B-type esterase. 4. 4. A lipase with a pH optimum of pH 7·4 hydrolyzing emulsified tributyrin was demonstrated.