Non-social Environment Research Articles

Adapting to uncertainty: The role of anxiety and fear of negative evaluation in learning in social and non-social contexts

BackgroundNavigating social situations can be challenging due to uncertainty surrounding the intentions and strategies of others, which remain hidden and subject to change. Prior research suggests that individuals with anxiety-related symptoms struggle to adapt their learning in uncertain, non-social environments. Anxiety-prone individuals encounter challenges in social functioning, yet research on learning under uncertainty in social contexts is limited. In this preregistered study, we investigated whether individuals with higher levels of trait anxiety and fear of negative evaluation encounter difficulties in adjusting their learning rates in social contexts with stable or volatile outcome contingencies. MethodsWe implemented a modified trust game (N = 190), where participants either retained or lost their investments based on their interactions with two players in volatile or stable environments. Participants also completed a matching non-social control task involving interactions with slot machines. ResultsResults from computational modeling revealed significantly higher learning rates in social compared to non-social settings. Trait anxiety did not affect the adaptability of learning rates. Individuals with heightened fear of negative evaluation were more sensitive to social compared to non-social outcomes, as reflected in their stay/switch behavior and, though less conclusive, in their learning rates. LimitationsWhile transdiagnostic and dimensional approaches are important for investigating disturbed social functioning, the inclusion of clinical samples in future studies may contribute to a broader generalization of these findings regarding behavioral variances in uncertain social environments. ConclusionsIndividuals with increased fear of negative evaluation may demonstrate heightened sensitivity to learning in uncertain social contexts. This leads to heightened responsiveness to recent outcomes in their interactions with others, potentially contributing to their problems in social functioning.

Effects of social housing on alcohol intake in mice depend on the non-social environment.

Excessive alcohol consumption leads to serious health problems. Mechanisms regulating the consumption of alcohol are insufficiently understood. Previous preclinical studies suggested that non-social environmental and social environmental complexities can regulate alcohol consumption in opposite directions. However, previous studies did not include all conditions and/or did not include female rodents. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of social versus single housing in standard versus non-standard housing conditions in male and female mice. Adult C57BL/6 J mice were housed in either standard shoebox cages or in automated Herdsman 2 (HM2) cages and exposed to a two-bottle choice procedure with 3% or 6% ethanol versus water for 5 days. The HM2 cages use radiotracking devices to measure the fluid consumption of individual mice in an undisturbed and automated manner. In both housing conditions, mice were housed either at one or at four per cage. In standard cages, group housing of animals decreased alcohol consumption and water consumption. In HM2 cages, group housing significantly increased ethanol preference and decreased water intake. There were no significant differences in these effects between male and female animals. These observations were similar for 3 and 6% ethanol solutions but were more pronounced for the latter. The effects of social environment on ethanol preference in HM2 cages were accompanied by an increase in the number of approaches to the ethanol solution and a decrease in the number of approaches to water. The differences in ethanol intake could not be explained by differences in locomotor or exploratory activity as socially housed mice showed fewer non-consummatory visits to the ethanol solutions than single-housed animals. In addition, we observed that significant changes in behaviors measuring the approach to the fluid were not always accompanied by significant changes in fluid consumption, and vice versa, suggesting that it is important to assess both measures of motivation to consume alcohol. Our results indicate that the direction of the effects of social environment on alcohol intake in mice depends on the non-social housing environment. Understanding mechanisms by which social and non-social housing conditions modulate alcohol intake could suggest approaches to counteract environmental factors enhancing hazardous alcohol consumption.

Motivasi Menghafal Al-Qur'an Juz 30 Pada Peserta Didik Kelas VI Dalam Meningkatkan Belajar Baca Al-Qur’an Di Madrasah Ibtidaiah Yamra Merauke

This research aims to determine the process of memorization motivation, motivation factors, and achievement results for class VI students in increasing interest in learning to read the Al-Qur'an through motivation to memorize Al-Qur'an juz 30. This research is classified as a qualitative research type, a research approach that used: phenomenological. The data sources for this research are the Head of the Madrasah, the Head of the Al-Qur'an class coordinator, the Al-Qur'an class supervisor and the students. The data collection methods used were observation, interviews and documentation. Then, data processing and analysis techniques are carried out through three stages, namely: data reduction, data presentation, data verification and drawing conclusions. Research results: A. motivation process for memorizing Al-Qur'an Juz 30: 1) Students' self-awareness of learning, 2) Adjusting goals, 3) Learning to students' needs, 4) Giving a gentle touch, 5) Giving gifts, 6 ) Giving praise and respect, 7) Students knowing their learning achievements, 8) A healthy school environment, 9) Competent and humorous teachers. B. Factors that influence motivation to memorize the Qur'an: a) Internal factors, in the form of attitude, personality, education, experience and ideals. b) External factors, in the form of social and non-social environments. C. Student achievement results: 1) can memorize Juz 30 according to the target, 2) can read the Al-Qur'an well and correctly, and 3) master the science of recitation.
 Keywords: Al-Qurán, Motivation, Memorizing

Students’ Difficulties in Constructing Paragraph Writing by Using Regular and Irregular

This study was raised from the problems of students’ difficulties in constructing paragraph by using regular and irregular at the second-grade student of Madrasah Aliyah Swasta Jannah Nadhatul Wathan Ampenan. The aimed of this study were; the first, to find out the students’ difficulties in constructing paragraph writing. The second, to find out the causes of students’ difficulties in using regular and irregular forms. This study used qualitative research. The data were collected by using written test and questionnaires. The first result showed that the most common students’ difficulties was in using Verb 2 simple past on irregular verb forms with 20 difficulties or 100% and the second common students’ difficulties was in using Verb 1 (base form) with 12 difficulties or 60%, and the third common students’ difficulties was in using Verb +ed (simple past) on regular verb forms with 12 difficulties or 60%, the fourth common students’ difficulties was in using Verb 3 (past participle) on irregular verb with 8 difficulties or 40%, and the last students’ difficulties was in using V+ing participle with 4 difficulties or 20%.The second result showed that the causes of students’ difficulties found on three aspects; psychological, environment and non-social environment aspects. In psychological, there were 95% students had problem with his/her intelligence in mastering English material. In environment aspect, there were 75% students did not get an attention from his/her parents. In non-social environment aspect, there were 70% students had problem with the material that was given by the teacher, 60% students lacked of the teacher’s attention.

Motivasi sebagai Kunci Peran dalam Pendidikan

Motivation is one of the key factors that influences human behavior in various life contexts. Motivation is an important factor in motivating students to learn and achieve academic success. Motivation is the main driver behind academic achievement and student development. Motivation itself is divided into two factors, namely external and internal. External motivation is motivation that comes from outside. Usually includes the family, school and surrounding environment, both social and non-social environments. while internal motivation is motivation that comes from within the student. Usually includes integrity, self-confidence and desire to achieve something. The aim of this research is to find out about the factors that influence student learning motivation and the role of motivation in learning as well as how to increase and maintain student motivation. The research method used is a literature review (Library Research) located in the library/reading room online and offline. The research data source used is a primary source. Motivation is the main factor in learning, namely its function is to give rise to, underlie and drive the act of learning. From this research, it can be found that there are several factors that influence student learning motivation and the role of motivation in learning as well as ways that can be done to increase and maintain student motivation.

Metode Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dalam Memahami Kitab Kuning

This study examines the use of Arabic Language Learning Method in understanding the yellow book at Santriwati Salafiyah Islamic Boarding School, Campalagian District. This type of research includes Descriptive Qualitative. The data source consists of two, namely Primary and Secondary data. The data obtained through interviews, observations and documentation are then processed through the process of data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of this study show that in increasing knowledge and understanding of the yellow book in Pondok Peasantren applied several methods including the Talaqqi method, the combined method and the discussion method. The factors that become obstacles and supporters in the application of Arabic language learning are internal and external factors. Internal factors include spiritual and physical conditions while external factors include social and nonsocial environments, while supporting factors include teachers, students and curriculum.

Teaching Communication Strategy Tri Kaya Parisudha In The Establishment of Self-Image Students UKM Jegeg Bagus State Hindu University I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar

The teachings of Susila study about individual behavior in good ethics. Behavior reflects the character of each individual in understanding Hindu religious values. But in reality the character and behavior of UKM students Jegeg Bagus not represent themselves as students Jegeg Bagus as a result the occurrence of deviations that are contrary to the teachings Tri Kaya Parisudha. So the importance of teaching values Tri Kaya Parisudha encourage effective communication strategies in forming a positive self-image. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the process, obstacles and implications of teaching communication strategies Tri Kaya Parisudha in the formation of self-image of UKM students Jegeg Bagus I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa State Hindu University Denpasar.This study uses a qualitative descriptive data method. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation and literature study. Data analysis techniques through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, data verification, and drawing conclusions. This study uses communication strategy theory, attribution theory and mass communication effect dependency theory.
 The results of this study indicate that the process of communication strategy is formed from habits and experiences that students gain through namely; 1) the process of students joining UKM Jegeg Bagus, 2) implementation of teachings Tri Kaya Parisudha in the formation of self-image,consistency of self-image formation, and 4) UKM student activities Jegeg Bagus. Barriers from internal factors; confidence, motivation, interests and talents and SME fundingGood jegeg. External factors from the social environment such as family, association and society. Non-social environment of time management and communication. Cognitive implications, namely expanding beliefs through deepening students' knowledge, affective implications, namely positive impressions of self-image formed by students and behavioral implications, namely controlling the expectations of others emotionally in forming a positive self-image.

Brood size, food availability, and body size affects male care decisions and offspring performance.

Parental care strategies do not only vary greatly across species, but also within species there can be substantial between- and within-individual variation in parental care behavior. To better understand the evolution of care strategies, it is crucial to determine how and when parents modify their behavior in response to internal as well as environmental factors. Here, we investigated the effect of brood size, resource size and an individual's quality on care strategies of uniparental males and examined the downstream consequences on offspring performance in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Burying beetles breed on small vertebrate cadavers and, on average, males invest much less in care than females. Nevertheless, we found that uniparentally caring males were responsive to their social and non-social environment and adjusted the amount as well as the type of care to the size of the brood, the size of the cadaver and their own body size. Additionally, we show that the care strategies affected offspring performance. Specifically, males that cared longer had larger and more surviving larvae. Our results add to our understanding of plastic parenting strategies by showing that even the sex that provides less care can evolve a very flexible care behavior.

Biased perception of distributions: Anchoring, interpolation and smoothing as potential causes

Perceiving the degree of variation in the social and non-social environment is a cognitive task that is important for many judgments and decisions. In the present research, we investigated cognitive underpinnings of how people estimate the average value of segments of a statistical distribution (e.g., what is the average income of the richest 25% of a population?). In three experiments (total N = 222), participants learned about the values of experimentally created distributions of income values and city sizes and later estimated the mean value of the four quarters of values. We expected participants to draw on heuristic shortcuts to generate such judgments. More specifically, we hypothesized that participants use the endpoints of the distributions as anchors and determine the mean values by linear interpolation. In addition, we tested the contribution of three further processes (Range-Frequency adjustments, Normal Smoothing, Linear Smoothing). Quantitative model tests suggest that anchoring and Linear Smoothing both affected mean interquartile judgments. This conclusion is corroborated by tests of qualitative predictions of the models under consideration.

The Role of Self-Regulated Learning and Gender in Determining Student Academic Achievement: A Comparative Analysis

AbstractAcademic achievement is the level of success in studying the learning material. It can be seen from the GPA, which is a number that describes the success of studies cumulatively (Saputro, 2022). Academic achievement factors (Arofah et al., 2020) include internal factors (physiology and psychology) and external factors (social and non-social environment). The study aimed to determine the differences in student academic achievement in terms of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) and gender. The research sample was 160 students of the Faculty of General Medicine class of 2022 at Malahayati University, determined by random sampling technique. The data was collected using the MSLQ (Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire) scale, 2021/2022 academic year GPA, and students’ gender. The correlation test results were 0.562 (p = 0.000), where the p-value was lower than 0.05. Therefore, the proposed research hypothesis proved differences in academic achievement in terms of SRL and gender in the Faculty of General Medicine students at Malahayati University. The SRL contributed to academic achievement by 32%.

IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PEDULI LINGKUNGAN PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS IV SD NEGERI SIASEM 04

Character education in elementary schools requires special attention to apply it in the lives of students in order to form a strong noble character foundation attitude, environmental problems often occur in Indonesia and the lack of environmental awareness by fourth grade students at SD Negeri Siasem 04, thus students can carry out any of the following: one character value, namely caring for the environment in daily life, in developing efforts to improve the surrounding environment.
 This study aims to describe the implementation of character education caring for the social and non-social environment, and various kinds of obstacles that exist in SD Negeri Siasem 04. Using qualitative research types. The primary data of the study were students, while the secondary data were the principal and teachers, as well as other supporting documents. The data collection techniques in this study used observation, interviews and documentation. The data obtained were analyzed by data reduction techniques, data display and drawing conclusions or verification. Test the validity of the data using triangulation techniques and sources.
 The results showed that 1) The implementation of environmental care character education in SD Negeri Siasem 04 was carried out through, a) Environmentally friendly school policies, b) Implementation of an environment-based curriculum,
 
 c) Participatory-based environmental activities, d) Management of environmentally friendly supporting facilities, 2) Obstacles in implementing environmental care character education at SD Negeri Siasem 04, namely, a) Not including Adiwiyata schools. Lack of awareness of students and lack of understanding of students about the vision, mission and goals of the school, b) The curriculum is not independent and students lack understanding of the environment c) Lack of awareness of school residents to protect the environment. d) Students lack awareness to buy healthy food and damaged supporting facilities.

Exploring links between personality traits and their social and non-social environments in wild poison frogs

An animal’s behavioral phenotype comprises several traits, which are hierarchically structured in functional units. This is manifested in measured behaviors often being correlated, partly reflecting the need of a coordinated functional response. Unfortunately, we still have limited understanding whether consistent differences in animal behaviors are due to underlying physiological constraints or a result of plastic adaptation to their current environment. Therefore, characterizing the spatial distribution of behaviors can provide important insights into causes and consequences of behavioral variation. In the present study, we quantified behaviors in a wild, free-ranging population of the Neotropical frog Allobates femoralis. We investigated how these behaviors were linked to the frogs’ natural and social environment and quantified the extent to which these behaviors consistently differed among individuals (i.e., animal personality). We assessed levels of aggressiveness, exploration, and boldness by measuring several underlying behaviors expressed in a set of experimental assays, and found evidence for consistent among-individual differences along these axes. Contrary to our expectation, there was no relationship between individual behaviors and their natural environment, but we found a plastic response of males to changes in female density, which might reflect how individuals cope with their socio-ecological environment.Significance statementHow are behavioral phenotypes distributed across space? Here, we studied an entire free-ranging population of poison frogs, and investigated if the personality traits aggressiveness, exploration, and boldness are linked to the frogs’ natural or social environment. We found that behavioral traits were non-randomly distributed across the population, suggesting that the spatial arrangement of behavioral traits reflects how individuals cope with their complex natural and social environment.

The Influence of Learning Environment on Student Achievement of Islamic Relegious Education Subjects at Shodiqussalam Vocational School Central Lampung

This research is motivated by a learning environment that is realized to play a role in the learning process, one of which is Islamic Religious Education. The learning environment which is classified as a social and non-social environment still does not encourage an increase in PAI learning achievement. Writing this thesis aims to determine the influence of the social environment and the non-social environment either individually or jointly on PAI learning achievement. This study uses a quantitative approach, the analysis uses simple and multiple linear regression statistics. The population is 40 students consisting of students in class X, X1 and XII SMK IT Shodiqussalam, the variables in this study include the social environment,non-social environment and PAI learning achievement. Data collection using questionnaires and documentation. The results of the study obtained the first equation Y=47.665+0.430,with a significance value of 0.899. The second equation Y=41.327+0.480 with a significance value of 0.944. The third equation Y=38.791+0.608X1+0.979X2 with a significance value of 0.608. These results indicate the influence of the social environment on PAI learning achievement and the influence of the non-social environment on PAI learning achievement and together have an influence on PAI achievement at SMK IT Shodiqussalam.The conclusions in this study are (1) the higher the social environment, the higher the learning achievement; (2) the higher the non-social environment will result in higher learning achievement; and (3) the higher the social and non-social environment, the higher the learning achievement.

Online Learning in Pandemic Covid-19

This research aimed at describing the difficulties in online learning faced by the students during the first semester of Academic Year 2020/2021. The method of the research was descriptive quantitative by using online questionnaire with four indicators of learning obstacles for collecting the data. The sample of the research was 35 students of English Education Department of Faculty of Education and Teachers’ Training of Universitas Lancang Kuning. After analyzing the data by using descriptive statistics, it is found that the major difficulty is about the students’ physical constraints indicator. The score was about M=3.11 with “moderate” level. Then, non-social environment indicator was about M=2.57 with “moderate” level. The next difficulty was facility. The mean score was about 2.8 with “moderate” level. The next difficulty was from the educator. The mean score was about 2.13 with “moderate” level. The last difficulty was the students’ psychological constraints. The mean score was about 2.07 with “moderate” level. In conclusion, online learning is better implemented in well preparation. It needs all the elements’ readiness such as students, educators, institution, and also the government. It must include the mental and physical readiness. For organizing the online learning, both students and educator should be supported by facility such as qualified laptop or gadget and also fast internet connection. Besides that, lecturer should have qualified competence in organizing the online class so the students motivate in following the class. The last is about the environment. Having well and comfortable environment basically increases the students and lecturer motivation in conducting the online class.

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minat Siswa Untuk Melanjutkan Pendidikan Ke Perguruan Tinggi di SMK 4 Kota Jambi

This study aims to determine the internal and external factors as well as to dominate the internal and external factors that influence students' interest in continuing their education to tertiary education at SMK Bangun Nusantara Kab. Bungo. This study used a qualitative descriptive research method and the population as well as the sample in this study were 40 students. The research data were obtained through observation, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. This research shows that the interest of students to continue their education to higher education from internal factors is quite good. Meanwhile, the external factors are not good enough. And the factors that most influence student interest are internal factors consisting of intelligence, attitude and motivation. The results of the study were calculated using the measurement scale based on the Likert scale, namely the score value and using the TCR formula, the results of which were calculated as follows: Factors affecting student interest in continuing their education to tertiary education at SMK Bangun Nusantara Kab. Bungo: Internal factors consist of 23 alternative questions consisting of 74% intelligence, 70% attitude, 70% talent, and 77% motivation. The average result of internal factors is 71.86% which is quite good. Meanwhile, external factors consist of 17 alternative questions consisting of social environment 66%, and non social environment 60%. With an average result of 64.47%. Family, community and non-social environments are very influential on the desire of students to continue their education to higher education. So it can be said that external factors greatly influence students' interest in continuing to higher education.

Analysis of Science Process Skills Using Learning Cycle 7E

This study aims to analyze how science process skills use the learning cycle 7E. This study describes science process skills using the learning cycle 7E for each indicator and describes the factors that affect science process skills. This type of research is a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis which aims to be able to explain a symptom that occurs in research and to solve problems that occur on the basis of data obtained in the field. The results showed that science process skills using the learning cycle 7E had a significant increase, and there were factors that influenced the improvement of science processing skills, namely the use of the learning cycle 7E and several factors from outside the individual such as social and non-social environments.

Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes.

Studies increasingly show that social connectedness plays a key role in determining survival, in addition to natural and anthropogenic environmental factors. Few studies, however, integrated social, non-social and demographic data to elucidate what components of an animal's socio-ecological environment are most important to their survival. Female giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) form structured societies with highly dynamic group membership but stable long-term associations. We examined the relative contributions of sociability (relationship strength, gregariousness and betweenness), together with those of the natural (food sources and vegetation types) and anthropogenic environment (distance from human settlements), to adult female giraffe survival. We tested predictions about the influence of sociability and natural and human factors at two social levels: the individual and the social community. Survival was primarily driven by individual- rather than community-level social factors. Gregariousness (the number of other females each individual was observed with on average) was most important in explaining variation in female adult survival, more than other social traits and any natural or anthropogenic environmental factors. For adult female giraffes, grouping with more other females, even as group membership frequently changes, is correlated with better survival, and this sociability appears to be more important than several attributes of their non-social environment.

OPTIMIZING K-MEASN ALGORITHM USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TO GROUP STUDENT LEARNING PROCESSES

In the implementation of learning, there are several factors that affect the student learning process, including internal factors, external factors, and learning approach factors. Internal factors (factors within students), for example: the physical and spiritual condition of the student. Namely: physiological aspects (body, eyes and ears) and psychological aspects (student intelligence, student attitudes, student talents, student interests and student motivation). External factors (factors from outside students), for example: environmental conditions around students. Namely: social environment (family, teachers, community, friends) and non-social environment (home, school, equipment, nature). While the student learning approach factors, for example: The learning approach factor, namely the type of student effort which includes the strategies and methods used by students to carry out learning activities of subject matter, which consists of a high approach, medium approach and low approach. So the first focus of this research is to do student clustering based on their learning process using 11 parameters. Second, using the PSO algorithm to get maximum clustering results. The research data were obtained from vocational secondary education institutions in the city of Pasuruan. Where the data is data obtained from the results of school reports and questionnaires as much as 350 student data. Data attributes include environmental features, social features, and related school features to group student data for learning data processing. From the classification results using the PSO method, there are 0.97140754 silhouette values that are obtained because the distance between the data is very close. From these results indicate that the PSO method is able to improve the performance of the k-means clustering method in the classification process of student learning interest.

Quantitative genetics of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues for breeding site choice.

Social information use for decision‐making is common and affects ecological and evolutionary processes, including social aggregation, species coexistence, and cultural evolution. Despite increasing ecological knowledge on social information use, very little is known about its genetic basis and therefore its evolutionary potential. Genetic variation in a trait affecting an individual's social and nonsocial environment may have important implications for population dynamics, interspecific interactions, and, for expression of other, environmentally plastic traits. We estimated repeatability, additive genetic variance, and heritability of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues (abundance and breeding success) for breeding site choice in a population of wild collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis. Repeatability was found for two social cues: previous year conspecific breeding success and previous year heterospecific abundance. Yet, additive genetic variances for these two social cues, and thus heritabilities, were low. This suggests that most of the phenotypic variation in the use of social cues and resulting conspecific and heterospecific social environment experienced by individuals in this population stems from phenotypic plasticity. Given the important role of social information use on ecological and evolutionary processes, more studies on genetic versus environmental determinism of social information use are needed.

Factors Influencing Learning Behavior and Its Implications for Guidance and Counseling Services

Learning behavior is influenced by internal factors and external factors. This research is motivated by the phenomenon of students who have poor learning behavior. This study aims to describe internal and external factors that influence student learning behavior. This type of descriptive research using quantitative methods. The research population of students of SMA Negeri 5 Padang was 1,025 students, and the research sample of 273 students were selected by proportional stratified random sampling technique. Data collection uses a questionnaire about the factors that influence the learning behavior of the Likert Scale model. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. The results of this study describe (1) internal factors that influence learning behavior namely physiological aspects are in the high category (50%), and psychological aspects are in the high category (49%), (2) external factors that influence learning behavior namely the social environment in the high category (68%), and the nonsocial environment is in the high category (63%). Based on the research findings, it is suggested to BK teachers to be able to provide Guidance and Counseling services in the form of information services, content mastery services, individual counseling services, group guidance services, and group counseling services to students, so that students can overcome the problems or obstacles they experience.