Non-smoking Group Research Articles

The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Corneal Endothelium and Central Corneal Thickness

We aimed to study the impact of tobacco smoking towards central corneal thickness, morphology, and corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) in healthy subjects. This cross-sectional study recruited consecutive patients who visited the Ophthalmology Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, from April 2017 to August 2018 who were active smokers and non-smokers. Active smokers were further divided into heavy and light smokers according to the number of pack-years smoked. The nicotine dependency level was measured using the Fagerstrom test and divided into low, moderate, and severe dependency. Non-contact specular microscopy was performed. Parameters studied included the ECD, percentage of hexagonality (HEX), coefficient of variation of cell size (COV), and central corneal thickness (CCT). A total of 84 eyes from 84 subjects were included, with 42 in the smoker and 42 in the non-smoker groups. The mean age was 38.3 ± 6.7 and 39.2 ± 10.7 years in the smoker and non-smoker groups, respectively. The mean ECD, HEX, and COV were 2783 ± 316 vs. 2877 ± 333 cells/mm2, 55.0 ± 6.7% vs. 55.0 ± 7.7% and 32.7 ± 4.4% vs. 32.2 ± 4.1% in the smoker and non-smoker group, respectively. However, none were statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean CCT was also not statistically different, with 532.6 ± 30.8 μm in the smoker group and 530.5 ± 30.8 μm in the non-smoker group. No statistically significant difference was found between light and heavy smokers and addiction levels. There was a statistically significant but weak negative correlation between ECD and duration of smoking (r = -.370, p = 0.016) and a weak positive correlation between COV and number of pack-years smoked (r = .344, p = 0.025). Smoking did not significantly affect corneal ECD, cellular morphology, or CCT.

Exploring the Link between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Head and Neck Cancer: Understanding the Impact of Smoking as a Cancer-Predisposing Factor.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is associated with significant morbidity globally, with smoking recognized as a key risk factor. This study investigates the interplay between smoking and inflammatory biomarkers in HNC development. The study involved 50 HNC patients, divided into smoking and non-smoking groups, and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. Serum levels of 48 cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other inflammatory markers were meticulously assessed. Significant differences in the levels of an extensive panel of inflammatory markers were observed between the patient groups and healthy controls. Elevated macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in both HNC groups implicated increased activity in pathways known for immunomodulation, proliferation, and angiogenesis during HNC cancerogenesis. In contrast, non-smokers with HNC demonstrated higher levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 15 (IL-15), suggesting a more robust immune response. Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) levels were particularly high in smokers with HNC. Smoking seems to alter the levels of crucial biomarkers in HNC, potentially affecting disease progression and responses to treatment. The data indicate that smokers may experience a more aggressive cancer phenotype, while non-smokers maintain a profile suggestive of a more active and effective immune response against HNC.

Relationship between stable smoking behavior and cognitive function in male schizophrenia patients

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between stable smoking behavior and cognitive function in male schizophrenia patients. MethodsA simple random sampling method is applied to select 120 patients with schizophrenia admitted to a hospital from August 2020 to December 2022 as the subjects. They are divided into two groups based on whether they smoked or not. Their cognitive function is evaluated using the Stroop test (SWCT), continuous task test (CPT), and Chinese version of the Schizophrenic Cognitive Function Battery Test (MCCB). The Spearman correlation analysis is applied to verify the correlation between smoking behavior and SWCT, CPT, and MCCB in patients. Additionally, the Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND) is used to evaluate the nicotine dependence degree in smoking group patients. Pearson correlation analysis verifies the correlation between nicotine dependence and SWCT, CPT, MCCB in smoking group patients. ResultsAmong 120 patients include in this study, 3 have symptoms during the trial period, and 1 patient has an error in filling out the questionnaire, all of which are excluded. Finally, 116 valid documents are collected, with an effective recovery rate of 96.67%. According to the SWCT test results, the number of single word errors, single word time, double word errors, and double word time in the smoking group exceed the non-smoking group (P < 0.05). According to the CPT test results, the number of correct reactions in the smoking group is below the non-smoking group. The correct average reaction time, error rate of interference items, and error rate of ineffective items exceed the non-smoking group (P < 0.05). According to the MCCB test results, the scores of connectivity, visual spatial memory, and continuous operation test in the smoking group are below the non-smoking group (P < 0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis results show that stable smoking behavior in male schizophrenia patients is positively correlated with the number of single word errors, double word errors, double word time, correct mean reaction time, interference item error rate, and invalid item error rate (r = 0.216–0.524, P < 0.05). It is also positively correlated with the number of correct reactions, immediate memory, language function, delayed memory, MCCB connectivity, visual spatial memory, and continuous operation (r = −0.212-0.356, P < 0.05). The Pearson correlation analysis results show that the nicotine dependence degree in stable male schizophrenia patients is negatively correlated with monochromatic error count, immediate memory, visual span, attention, and MCCB scores (r = −0.321-0.930, P < 0.05). ConclusionSmoking in male schizophrenic patients may have impacts on their cognitive function. This impact worsens as the patient's nicotine dependence increases, especially on their memory function. Effective measures should be taken in clinical practice to correct patients' smoking behavior, reduce their nicotine dependence, and improve their cognitive function.

Gene-Expression Patterns of Tumor and Peritumor Tissues of Smoking and Non-Smoking HPV-Negative Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

We studied the gene-expression patterns in specimens of tumor and peritumor tissue biopsies of 26 patients with head and neck carcinomas depending on smoking status. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations verified that all tumors belonged to the "classical" subgroup of head and neck carcinomas, and the HPV-negative tumor status was confirmed. The expression of 28 tumor-associated genes determined by RT-PCR was independent of patients' sex or age, TNM status, degree of differentiation, or tissue localization. Moreover, in peritumor tissue, none of the 28 genes were differentially expressed between the groups of smoking and nonsmoking patients. During oncotransformation in both studied groups, there were similar processes typical for HNSCC progression: the expression levels of paired keratins 4 and 13 were reduced, while the expression levels of keratin 17 and CD44 were significantly increased. However, further investigation revealed some distinctive features: the expression of the genes EGFR and TP63 increased significantly only in the nonsmoking group, and the expression of IL6, CDKN2A, EGF, and PITX1 genes changed only in the smoking group. In addition, correlation analysis identified several clusters within which genes displayed correlations in their expression levels. The largest group included 10 genes: TIMP1, TIMP2, WEE1, YAP, HIF1A, PI3KCA, UTP14A, APIP, PTEN, and SLC26A6. The genetic signatures associated with smoking habits that we have found may serve as a prerequisite for the development of diagnostic panels/tests predicting responses to different therapeutic strategies for HNSCC.

Heated Tobacco Products Have Detrimental Effects on Rotator Cuff Healing, Similar to Conventional Cigarettes.

Cigarette smoking impairs rotator cuff healing, but no study, to our knowledge, has focused on the association between heated tobacco products and rotator cuff tears. This study retrospectively investigated 1,133 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of symptomatic rotator cuff tears between March 2011 and April 2021. Patients were grouped on the basis of their smoking patterns as nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and heated tobacco smokers. Propensity score matching was used to reduce selection bias, and 45 subjects were selected from each group via 1:1:1 matching. Functional scores and active range of motion were compared among the 3 groups preoperatively and at a 2-year follow-up. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed 6 months after the surgical procedure to assess structural integrity. Except for sex, similar baseline characteristics were achieved after propensity score matching. There were no differences in the clinical scores or range of motion between the matched groups either preoperatively or at the 2-year follow-up. However, the retear rate for the matched nonsmoker group was significantly lower (8.9%) than those for the matched cigarette smoker group (31.1%) and the heated tobacco smoker group (28.9%) (p = 0.022). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the retear rates were 3.403 times higher for the cigarette smoker group and 3.397 times higher for the heated tobacco smoker group than that for the nonsmoker group. Heated tobacco users, like conventional cigarette smokers, have worse clinical outcomes with respect to rotator cuff healing than nonsmokers. Regardless of the type of cigarette, abstinence from smoking is necessary for patients undergoing rotator cuff repair surgery. Prognostic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Blood Eosinophil Levels As Inflammatory Indicators in Smoker and Non-smoker Young Adult Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Inflammatory markers are elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and can be quantified to detect severity, prognosis, mortality risk, and response to treatment. However, the estimation costs are high. The blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and eosinophil levels are emerging as biomarkers in COPD, yet there is a paucity of data. Aim and objectives This study was designed to elucidate the roles of the NLRand eosinophil levels in smokers and non-smokers with stable COPD male subjects, correlating them with lung functions. Materials and methods A prospective observational clinical study was conducted from January to June 2023, after receiving approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee, on 73 COPD patients aged 30-60 years who gave voluntary informed consent. Complete blood counts and spirometry were performed. Patients with a forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1) % predicted <70% and an FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) % <70% based on the pulmonary function test (MIR Spirolab) were included. They were further divided into mild (n=10), moderate (n=27), severe (n=26), and very severe (n=10) categories as per the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. Subjects were also categorized into smoker (n=45) and non-smoker (n=28) groups. The complete blood count was analyzed using an automated analyzer (Beckman Coulter). Analysis was also carried out with an NLR of more or less than three. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results Smokers constituted 61.65% (n=45) of the subjects, and non-smokers 38.35% (n=28). Among smokers, 17.78% had very severe airflow obstruction. In all COPD subjects (n=73), lymphocytes, eosinophils, and lung functions were lower in the group where the NLR was greater than three. NLR in smokers (3.52±1.43) was higher than in non-smokers (3.39±0.94). In non-smokers (n=28), blood eosinophils and lymphocytes were elevated. In smokers (n=45), blood neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils were increased. Smokers showed a non-significant increase in RBC, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and NLR increased with disease severity. NLR negatively correlated with FEV1 (r=-0.350, p=0.034) and positively with pack-years (r=0.546, p<0.001) in smokers. NLR negatively correlated with eosinophils, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and FEV1 % predicted. In all COPD subjects (n=73), NLR negatively correlated with blood eosinophils (r=-0.184, p=0.12), BMI, and lung functions. Conclusion NLR is elevated in COPD subjects and can serve as a marker of inflammation and a predictor of the risk and severity of airflow limitation. NLR correlates both positively and negatively with pack-years and lung functions, respectively.

Demographic, biochemical, clinical,and cognitivesymptomdifferences between smokersandnon-smokersin Chineseoldermale patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Several studies have suggested that smoking may impair cognitive function and worsen psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia, but the results have not been consistent. There have been few studies to date that have examined the effects of smoking in older men with chronic schizophrenia. The participants in our study consisted of 167 order Chinese males with chronic schizophrenia and 359 normal control subjects. We split them into smoking and non-smoking groups based on whether or not they smoked. Second, we compared their differences in terms of general demographic characteristics (such as age, education, body mass index, age of illness onset, and course of disease), disease information (such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia), lifestyle factors (such as physical exercise and lunch break), blood biochemical indicators (such as albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose), and medication usage (such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and chlorpromazine). Lastly, a neuropsychologicaltestbattery was used to assess their psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, for example, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess their overall cognitive functioning. Their depressive symptoms were assessed by the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Activities of daily living (ADL) were used to assess their ability to lead a daily life, while the positive and negative syndrome scales (PANSS) were used to assess their psychiatric symptoms. Smokers who develop schizophrenia at older ages had a higher body mass index than non-smokers. We also found that plasma albumin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose concentrations were significantly higher in smokers. In contrast, smokers with schizophrenia also had lower PANSS total scores, negative symptom scores, and general psychopathology scores. A forward stepwise binary logistics regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between negative symptom scores and smoking status (B = 0.112, p < 0.001, OR = 1.119, 95% confidence interval: 1.059-1.181). Correlation analysis was carried out and it was found that the amount of cigarette consumption per day had a negative correlation with plasma albumin level(r = -0.290, p = 0.004). However, no such association was found in normal controls. Elderly Chinese men with schizophrenia have a higher percentage of smokers, and although smoking can reduce their plasma albumin levels, it does contribute to the prevention of negative symptoms.

EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON PROTEINS LEVEL IN SERA OF IRAQI CIGARETTE SMOKERS

Smoking is a chronic and progressive disease that is also communicable, causing harm to every organ of the body. Material and method This study compared (17) narghile smokers to (18) non-smokers. After measuring total serum protein, albumin, globulins, and albumin/globulin ratio, SPSS was used to assess statistical differences between the two groups. All biochemical parameters were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results obtained show that total serum protein was significantly decreased in smokers (5.833±0.255) compared to the non-smokers (6.139±0.535). Insignificant decrease in albumin (3.824±0.354) concentration in smokers group compare to the non-smokers group (4.061±0.485), while no significant difference was noted in both groups (smokers and nonsmokers) in globulins concentration (2.009±0.226 and 2.078±0.281, respectively). No significant differences between smokers and non-smokers group for A/G ratio, (1.941±0.379 and 1.994±0.420, respectively) were observed Conclusion The current study showed that cigarette smoking lowers blood protein levels, therefore extended smoking may pose greater dangers

Impact of Smoking in Postoperative Outcomes after Elective Surgery

Abstract Introduction: The hazard of smoking is not only limited to the general health risks but also makes the smokers more vulnerable to various perioperative complications ranging from pulmonary complications to delayed wound healing to cardiovascular events. Methodology: This is an observational study in the department of general surgery of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 24 months (May 2019–April 2021). Patients between 18- and 60-year age undergoing noncardiac elective surgical procedures were included in the study. Results: A total of 240 patients, meeting the inclusion criteria, posted for elective, noncardiac surgery were enrolled in this prospective observational study. In smoker patients’ group (n = 138) undergoing surgery, 42 (30.4%) patients developed postoperative complications as compared to 12 (11.8%) patients in nonsmoker group (n = 102). The risk of postoperative complications among smokers was 3.2 times (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62–6.63) (P ≤ 0.0009). Smokers with pack-years &gt; 11 had 3.8 times increased risk of postoperative complications as compared to nonsmokers (OR, 95% CI: 1.85–8.098) (P ≤ 0.0003). Conclusion: Our study aims to add to existing evidence and improve our understanding of delayed wound healing and major complications in smoker patients as surgical cases. Nonsmokers are at a lesser risk than smokers in postoperative complications. Awareness regarding the harmful effects of smoking and its influence on postoperative wound healing, motivation for quitting, and abstinence from smoking will help in reducing postoperative complications and better treatment outcomes.

Comparison of Heavy Metals in Urine Samples of Smoker and Non-smoker Persons.

In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in the two groups of cigarette smokers and non-smokers in five age range groups were measured. Heavy metal concentrations were collected in participants' urine samples and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the concentrations of these metals in the urine of smokers were higher than in non-smoker subjects. The mean concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb for smokers were 1.188 ± 0.931, 1.929 ± 0.940, and 0.069 ± 0.023, respectively, while the mean concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb for non-smokers were 0.151 ± 0.165, 0.203 ± 0.218, and 0.037 ± 0.030, respectively. The results revealed statistically significant differences when comparing the samples of smokers to the control group in all heavy metals in the present study. Also, the results revealed statistically significant differences in Cd, Cr, and Pb when comparing the samples of smokers to age groups. The trend of metals in urine samples in two groups (smokers and non-smokers) is as follows: Cd > Cr > Pb. The concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb in all samples of the present study was higher than the biological limit, according to ACGIH. Therefore, Cd, Cr, and Pb were the most critical metals accumulated in the urine of cigarette smokers.

Metabolic syndrome: a population-based study of prevalence and risk factors

The association between personal habits and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of MetS among youths and its association with cigarette, tobacco, opium, and alcohol consumption in the Rafsanjan Youth Cohort Study (RYCS). The current cross-sectional study was based on data from RYCS, as part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS is a branch of the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (PERSIAN). In the present study, 2843 youths aged 15–35 were included. MetS was diagnosed using the international diabetes federation (International IDF), National Cholesterol Education Panel- Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII), and Iranian criteria (IDF Iranian). Binary logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). The prevalence of MetS was 7.67%, 7.14%, and 10.13% based on NCEP-ATPIII, IDF Iranian, and International IDF criteria respectively. The odds of MetS according to international IDF and Iranian IDF in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months (OR: 1.51, 95%CI 1.02–2.21, OR: 1.66, 95%CI 1.11–2.48 respectively) were greater compared with the non-drinking group. The odds of having high TG in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months was 1.53 times higher than the control group (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.20–1.94). Furthermore, the odds of having high waist circumference (WC) according to IDF International was significantly higher in the tobacco-smoking group in the last 12 months and in the tobacco-smoking group in the last 12 months daily (OR: 1.23, 95%CI 1.01–1.49 and OR: 1.41, 95%CI 1.01–1.98 respectively) compared to the control groups. The prevalence of MetS was 7.67%, 7.14%, and 10.13% based on NCEP-ATPIII, IDF Iranian, and International IDF criteria respectively. The odds of MetS and high TG were greater in the alcohol-drinking group in the last 12 months compared with the non-drinking group. The odds of high WC in the last 12 months, were greater in the tobacco-smoking group compared with the non-smoking group. However, more longitudinal studies are needed to verify the associations observed in the current study.

Effects of Smoking on Intima-Media Thickness of the Common Carotid Artery Using Ultrasonography

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a causative factor in premature atherosclerosis, but the exact mechanism of smoking-induced damage to the arterial wall and its relationship to the atherosclerotic process are still largely unknown. Carotid ultrasound may help target treatment. The aim of this study was to measure carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid Doppler parameters in Sudanese smokers compared to non-smokers using ultrasound.MethodsThis was a retrospective, case–control, community-based study conducted between June 2021 and September 2021. The study was conducted on 100 Sudanese subjects (50 smokers as the case group and 50 non-smokers as the control group). The practical part was conducted in Khartoum State at Al Raqi University Hospital using the E-CUBE 8-ALPINION and at Yastbshroon Hospital using the Fukuda Denshi Sefius UF890AG with a high-frequency linear transducer (7–10 MHz). Scanning was performed in the supine position with the neck extended. Pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler spectral and IMT measurements were obtained.ResultsThe mean age was 29.8 ± 4.5 years (range 24–40 years), and the mean IMT in smokers was 0.6 ± 0.06 mm, which was greater than the mean in non-smokers (0.462 ± 0.09 mm) (p = 0.000). Peak systolic velocity (PSV) was increased in smokers (40.0 ± 5.67 cm/s) compared to non-smokers (26.5 ± 5.6 cm/s) (p = 0.000), and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) was decreased in smokers (6.0 ± 1.2 cm/s) compared to non-smokers (9.8 ± 2.2 cm/s) (p = 0.000). In addition, the resistive index (RI) and the systolic-diastolic ratio (S/D) were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. The study showed that there was a significant positive correlation between IMT and the number of cigarettes per day in chronic smokers (p < 0.05), whereas peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) were not affected in chronic smokers.ConclusionsThere was a statistically insignificant difference between the case (smokers) and control (non-smokers) groups in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), resistance index (RI), and systolic–diastolic ratio (S/D). While there were statistically significant differences in intima-media thickness (IMT), peak systolic velocity (PSV), and end-diastolic velocity (EDV), regular follow-up of individuals with a history of smoking is recommended to detect carotid intimal changes earlier.

A comparison of electrocardiographic parameters in e-cigarette users, conventional cigarette smokers, and non-smokers

BackgroundSmoking is a major preventable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Tobacco smoking induces atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, and arrhythmias. The impact of electronic cigarettes on cardiovascular health is still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the electrocardiographic parameters in chronic electronic cigarette users compared to chronic conventional cigarette smokers and a non-smoker control group of matched age and gender.ResultsThe study involved 105 volunteers with no history of chronic or cardiovascular diseases or cardioactive drug use. Participants were assigned into three study groups, chronic e-cigarette users, conventional cigarette smokers, and non-smokers, each consisting of 35 participants. Demographic data, smoking history, vital signs, and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) were evaluated. Demographic data were insignificantly different among all study groups. The mean heart rate was significantly higher in chronic electronic cigarette users and conventional cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001).QRS complex duration was significantly shorter in e-cigarette users and conventional smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). Prolonged QT and QTc intervals duration were recorded in e-cigarette users and conventional smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). All the ventricular repolarization indices (T wave—peak to T-end (Tpe) interval, TPe/QT ratio, and TPe/QTc ratio were significantly prolonged in chronic e-cigarette users, and conventional smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). Mean systolic, diastolic blood pressure, P wave amplitude and duration, and PR interval were insignificantly different between all groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsChronic e-cigarette use is associated with higher heart rates, shorter QRS complex, prolonged QT, QTc duration, and prolonged ventricular repolarization indices compared to non-smokers of matched age and gender. Conclusively, e-cigarette use is associated with negative cardiovascular effects like conventional cigarette smoking.

The association of sun-cured tobacco and cigarette use with global cognitive function, verbal fluency and memory in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study.

Some elderly people in China prefer sun-cured tobacco to cigarettes, and the composition of sun-cured tobacco and cigarettes is inconsistent. The influence of cigarettes on the cognitive function of COPD patients has been widely reported, but the research on sun-cured tobacco is relatively rare. Our study explored the association of sun-cured tobacco and cigarette use with cognitive decline in COPD patients. This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 401 COPD patients were included, and 190, 103, and 108 participants were included in non-smoking, cigarette-smoking, and sun-cured tobacco groups, respectively. We evaluated the global cognitive function using the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, verbal fluency function using an animal fluency test, and memory function using ten unrelated words. The participants of both cigarette-smoking (AOR=11.18; 95% CI: 1.28- 97.5) and sun-cured tobacco (AOR=10.46; 95% CI: 1.14-96.4) groups were more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment compared to the non-smoking group. The mean z scores of global cognitive function, verbal fluency, and memory were lower in cigarette-smoking and sun-cured tobacco groups than those in a non-smoking group; Multivariable linear regression showed that global cognitive function (β= -0.61; 95% CI: -1.04 - -0.18; and β= -0.48; 95% CI: -0.91 - -0.05) and verbal fluency (β= -0.79; 95% CI: -1.33 - -0.26; and β= -0.69; 95% CI: -1.23 - -0.16) of the sun-cured tobacco group and the cigarette-smoking group were significantly lower than those of the non-smoking group when adjusting for demographic and disease-related characteristics. However, there was no significant difference between the cigarette-smoking and sun-cured tobacco groups in global cognitive function, verbal fluency, and memory. Compared with non-smokers, the use of cigarettes and sun-cured tobacco may damage the cognitive function of COPD patients, especially in global cognitive function and verbal fluency.

Relationship between tobacco smoking and hematological indices among Sudanese smokers

BackgroundTobacco Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the world. It is well documented that tobacco smoking is risk factor for many diseases like: cancers, chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and the effects of tobacco smoking on hematological indices gets a little attention: the data is mostly inconsistent regarding the differential of WBCs, a conflicting studies described the effect of smoking on hemoglobin descriptive parameters and a regular monitoring of platelets count in smokers was advised.ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate the relationship between tobacco smoking and hematological parameters among Sudanese healthy Smokers at Bahri Town.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study conducted during 2022 in Bahri town, Khartoum state. A total of 120 male subjects participated in this study. Of them, 60 healthy non-smokers participants (Control), and 60 age matched smokers who were smoking tobacco for a minimum of 1 year. Smokers group was divided into three major sub-groups with each group contains 20 subjects: Cigarettes smokers (CS), Water pipes (Shisha) smokers (WP) and both Cigarettes and water pipes (shisha) smokers (CSWP). Data was collected through questionnaire interviews and laboratory investigation. A sample of Five ml venous blood was taken for Complete blood count testing using Urite 3000 plus semi-automated hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Assocation between the variables were estimated and p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsSmokers had significantly higher RBCs count (p = 0.017), Hb level (p < 0.001), WBCs count (p = .017), Neutrophils (p < 0.001), MCH (p = 0.029), MCHC (p < 0.001), RDW (p < 0.001), and PDW (p < 0.001) compared to the non-smokers. In contrast, non-smokers had higher MPV (p < 0.001) and MCV (p < 0.001) levels than smokers. Between the non-smokers and different subtypes of the smokers (CS, WP & CSWP), there were significant differences between the subgroups for all hematological parameters except for PLTs and lymphocytes count. CS had lower levels of MCV (p < 0.001), MCHC (p < 0.001), HCT (p = 0.036), and RDW (p < 0.001) compared to the non-smokers, while both cigarette and shisha smokers had the higher levels of neutrophils count (p < 0.001) and PDW (p < 0.001) compared to the non-smokers.ConclusionSmoking affects hematological parameters; smokers had significantly higher RBCs count, Hb level, WBCs count, Neutrophils, MCH, MCHC, RDW and PDW compared to the non-smoker group. WP smoking caused higher levels of RBCs, Hb, neutrophils, MCH and MCHC. PDW was high in smokers’ sub-groups compared to control group, while MPV was lower despite insignificant change In PLTs count.

Investigating the Relationship of Seminal Oxidative Damage with Smoking and Occupations in Normozoospermic Infertile Men

Objective: The study aimed to assess the level of seminal oxidative damage in normozoospermic infertile patients by evaluating 8-OHdG and also to analyze the relationship between oxidative damage in infertility and factors such as smoking, occupation and age. Material and Methods: Seminal plasma samples were obtained from raw semen samples from 13 normozoospermic infertile men among the patients who applied to Ondokuz Mayis University Urology Clinics for fertility evaluation and 10 normozoospermic proven fertile volunteers. Oxidative damage in seminal plasma was assessed by measuring the amount of 8-OHdG by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were also evaluated in terms of the smoking status and occupation stated by the patients and controls. Results: The fertile group had more seminal oxidative damage than the infertile group. (487.33±209.42 vs 283.12±102.73, P=0.013). Comparing the non-smoker men, the smoking group's total sperm count was decreased (84.94 ± 24.09 vs 115.80 ± 25.46, P=0.036). Age, semen characteristics, daily cigarette consumption, and partner age did not differ between the infertile and control groups. Additionally, no difference was found between the smoker and non-smoker groups, and also among the occupation groups in terms of oxidative damage (P&gt;0.05). No correlation was found between age, oxidative damage, smoking and semen parameters (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study could indicate that the level of seminal oxidative damage alone cannot be effective in infertile men. Also, as smoking or occupation, more factors should be considered for evaluating oxidative damage in infertile men.

Evaluation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels and Effect of Tobacco Smoking in Periodontally Diseased Non-Diabetic Patients.

Chronic diseases have progressively increased worldwide, impacting all areas and socioeconomic groups. Periodontal disease is an increasing global concern and contains risk factors similar to other chronic illnesses. The main risk factor for periodontitis is smoking. Smoking not only hastens periodontal disease but also complicates periodontal therapy. Serum glycosylated hemoglobin levels, which are derived from the average life span of an erythrocyte, are a good indicator of glycemic management during the preceding one to three months. This study was undertaken to assess the association between tobacco smoking and periodontal disease by evaluating plaque score, gingival score, extent and severity index (ESI), and glycemic status by estimating serum HbA1c in cigarette smoker patients compared to non-smokers. The study was conducted with 40 patients in the age range of 20-40 years. Patients were divided into two groups: non-smokers (Group I) and cigarette smokers (Group II). Periodontal clinical parameters such as the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and ESI were recorded during the oral cavity examination. The biochemical marker, serum glycosylated hemoglobin, was measured in both groups. All parameters were measured at baseline and three months after periodontal therapy. The statistical tests used were the paired t-test, and Chi-square test for comparison between both groups. The mean difference of PI of non-smokers was 0.33 ± 0.30, and smokers were 0.52 ± 0.32, which was statistically significant. The mean difference of GI of non-smokers was 0.34 ± 0.19 and smokers 0.36 ± 0.303, which was statistically significant. The mean difference of extent in non-smokers was 5.33 ± 1.59, 5.52 ± 2.43, and smokers were 0.18 ± 0.17. The mean difference in severity in non-smokers was 0.18 ± 0.17, and smokers were 0.31 ± 0.25, which was statistically significant. The mean difference of HbA1c in non-smokers and smokers was 0.43 ± 0.277 and 0.415 ± 0.230, which shows a higher mean difference in non-smokers, which was statistically non-significant. This study concluded that each of Group I and Group II showed substantial improvements in all clinical periodontal variables, which include plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), extent and severity index (ESI), and biochemical marker serum glycosylated hemoglobin. Controlling inflammation with SRP can improve insulin resistance, lower glucose levels, and prevent non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin.

Looking for early indicators of vascular modification in young healthy tobacco smokers

Cigarette smoking is a main risk factor for cardiovascular disease but early indicators of damage specially in young smokers with no clinical evidence of impairment are lacking. Our study identifies adaptive responses in young smokers following a Reactive Hyperemia (RH) maneuver and compares those responses with an equivalent non-smoker group. The study respected all principles of good clinical practice, involved 42 healthy volunteers (21 smokers, 21 non-smokers), with similar anthropometric data, except for smoking habits. Smokers were mostly (17/21) mild, according with the calculated smoking index, and had followed this regular practice for 11.1±4.5 years. RH was obtained by applying a suprasystolic pressure to one of the participants' arms for two minutes. Perfusion was measured in the third finger on the ipsilateral side. Perfusion early recovery after occlusion was significantly faster in non-smokers (***p&lt;0.0001) compared with smokers. These differences were attributed to smoking, suggesting that even in the absence of any clinical expression, the reflex adaptive responses evoked by RH in both groups are altered. These results justify further studies to better understand the early subclinical impacts of smoking on healthy individuals.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SMOKING ON NESFATIN-1 LEVEL

Aim: Nesfatin-1 is a recently discovered adipocytokine that is believed to regulate food intake and is linked to body mass index. While its precise mechanism of action remains unclear, a deeper understanding of how nesfatin-1 interacts with metabolic diseases, inflammation, and insulin resistance could have significant implications for the treatment of a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease. &#x0D; Smoking is a complex issue with roots in social, cultural, and economic factors that can contribute to nicotine addiction. Additionally, nicotine's ability to stimulate the mind and promote feelings of relaxation can create a positive feedback loop that makes it difficult to quit. Unfortunately, there is limited research on the effects of smoking on Nesfatin-1 levels. However, one study found that women who smoke tend to have lower levels of Nesfatin-1. To build on this finding, the present study aims to further investigate nesfatin-1 levels in both smokers and non-smokers.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 70 participants, smokers (n=35) and non-smokers (n=35), were included in the study. The participant's gender, age, height and weight, body mass index, and nesfatin-1 levels were measured and compared.&#x0D; &#x0D; The SPSS 23.0 program was used to evaluate the data statistically. Data were evaluated with a t-test. The error level was taken as 0.05.&#x0D; &#x0D; Result: Serum Nesfatin-1 levels were significantly higher in smokers (13.73± 3.11) than in non-smokers (8.63 ± 0.91) (t=-9.315, p&amp;lt;0.01). No significant difference was found between other parameters in the smoker and non-smoker groups.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Our study has shown that individuals who smoke display higher levels of Nesfatin-1 compared to non-smokers, indicating a correlation between smoking and Nesfatin-1. However, further investigation is required to understand the mechanism behind this increase. It is hoped that continued research will unveil the potential of Nesfatin-1 in treating human obesity.

ANALISIS GEN KOMPARATIF KARSINOMA SEL SKUAMOSA PARU-PARU ANTARA INDIVIDU MEROKOK DAN TIDAK MEROKOK [Comparative Gene Analysis of Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma Between Smoking and Non-smoking Individuals

Squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCC) is a form of non-small cell lung cancer that commonly arises in the primary airway. The development of SCC is closely linked to changes in squamous cells that line the airways, primarily caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. To gain insights into SCC, bioinformatics techniques have been employed to detect biomarkers and analyze gene expression patterns, utilizing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, which was preprocessed for analysis. By employing DESeq2, a differential gene expression analysis method, identified genes showed significant variations in expression between smoking and non-smoking groups among the 11,530 genes examined. Notably, five genes, namely CT45A1, GCGR, TPTE, ABCC2, and PI16, were found to play a significant role in tumor development and were susceptible to under- or over-expression due to smoking. The majority of these genes were found to be underexpressed rather than overexpressed. These identified genes hold potential as biomarkers for tumor development and exhibit a strong correlation between smoking history and the development of SCC. However, a limitation encountered during this analysis was the unavailability of data from normal non-tumor patients, which could have facilitated a more comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression. Furthermore, this research gives a deeper implementation regarding the molecular mechanisms and genomics underlying SCC development, identifies differentially expressed genes associated with SCC and smoking history, and highlights potential biomarkers that warrant further investigation.