Non-significant Gender Difference Research Articles

Gender Difference and Changes in the Prevalence of Obesity Over Time in Children Under 12 Years Old: A Meta-analysis.

Evaluating changes over time in the odds of obesity according to sex. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Database were searched for relevant studies. Full-text studies evaluating the influence of sex on obesity were analyzed. We used R 3.4.3 to assess the impact of results in the selected studies, calculated pooled prevalence and odds ratio (OR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P<0.10 and I2>50% indicated high heterogeneity, and the random-effects model was used, otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used. The included studies reported the prevalence of obesity in children covering 1987-2017 intervals. The pooled prevalence of obesity in boy and girl groups were 0.13 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.20) and 0.10 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.13). In the analysis of the boy group, the pooled OR in earlier time (1987-2013) vs. recent time (2011-2017) was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.26). The estimated OR for girls in earlier vs. recent time was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.28). In the analysis of studies with follow-up period ≥ 10 years, the pooled OR for obesity in earlier vs. recent time period was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.30). For those with follow-up period < 10 years, the pooled OR in earlier vs. recent time period was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.54). Comprehensive measurements are required to control obesity among children albeit with nonsignificant gender difference and time trend for obesity rates in children.

Comparative Analysis of Gender-Based Differences in Behavioral Mastery, Goals, and Characteristics in Autistic Individuals: An Applied Behavior Analysis Study.

Introduction It is widely recognized that the prevalence and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more common in males than in females. Despite this, there is a significant gap in the body of autism research that investigates gender differences for treatment effects of applied behavior analysis (ABA) across a variety of measured variables. This research aims to comprehensively evaluate gender distinctions concerning target behavioral objectives, goals, and deficit variables. Materials and methods This study analyzed retrospective data from 100 participants, including 89 juveniles and four adults, with seven cases lacking age documentation, who underwent a three-month ABAprogram from March 19 to June 11, 2023. The ABA program included various methodologies such as functional analysis, discrete trial training, mass trials, and naturalistic training. Data on outcome measures, including target behavioral proficiency, age, average trials to proficiency, average teaching days to proficiency, open behavioral objectives, and target trends, were collected using the "Catalyst"software (Catalyst Software Corporation, New York, NY). Participant demographics were summarized using statistical analyses for categorical (gender and race/ethnicity) and continuous variables (percentage of mastered behavioral objectives, age, average trials, average teaching days, open objectives, percentage of failed objectives during maintenance, percentage of objectives with upward, downward, and flat trends). These statistics included mean, standard deviation, median, and rangeand were analyzed inferentially using nine separate two-sample independent t-tests and corresponding effect sizes using Cohen's d. Results There were no statistically significant disparities based on gender (p > 0.05) across all nine variables examined: Percentage of Targets Mastered, Age, Average Trials to Mastery, Average Teaching Days to Mastery, Open Targets, Percentage of Targets Failed in Maintenance, Percentage of Targets Trending Up, Percentage of Targets Trending Down, and Percentage of Targets Trending Flat, and wide confidence intervals were detected. Conclusions Non-significant gender differences in response to ABA treatments regarding these nine behavioral goals, mastery, and deficitvariables may be relevant. They suggest that ABA treatments could be equally beneficial for both male and female autistic individuals. These results should be interpreted cautiously. The general pattern observed, characterized by broad confidence intervals, carries a degree of statistical uncertainty, which may suggest substantial gender differences. These results might question the prevailing beliefs about the variation in treatment response based on gender. This could profoundly impact clinical practices, implying that healthcare professionals should not favor one gender over another when suggesting ABA therapies. Instead, the treatment advice should be tailored to each child's unique requirements and traits, regardless of gender. The investigators expect these results to encourage additional research in this field. Comprehending the elements that affect treatment response is vital for improving treatment results and customizing care.

A Non-parametric Analysis of Gender Differences With the Impacts of Applied Behavior Analysis on Autistic Individuals.

Introduction Considering the scarcity of research that directly investigates the differences between genders in their response to applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the objective of this study is twofold.First, it aims to reinforce the male-to-female ratio reported in existing scientific literature, thereby contributing to a broader understanding of gender distribution in ABA therapy for ASD. Second, it seeks to identify gender-based differences in aggregate target behaviors at various time intervals using three distinct datasets. The goal is to determine if gender influences the effectiveness of ABA therapy for ASD, which could inform future therapeutic strategies. Ultimately, this study strives to enhance our understanding of gender disparities in ABA therapy response among ASD individuals and hopes to improve therapeutic outcomes for all, regardless of gender. Materials and methods Three to five behavioral technicians per child collected daily general target mastery data for 263 individuals with autism. This data was gathered using a large N design through retrospective chart reviews within the "Catalyst" tracking software (DataFinch Technologies, Atlanta,USA). Three separate datasets were collected from June 7, 2023to January 7, 2024. Behavior analysts employed a mixed model of discrete trial training, mass trials, and naturalistic environment treatment over seven months. General target mastery data was assembled for 259 children and four adults, with seven data instances missing. Descriptive statistics encompassed central tendency and dispersion measures, including the data distribution's mean, standard deviation, median, and range. Non-parametric inferential analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results Mann-Whitney U computations resulted in non-significant gender differences on all gender comparisons for the three datasets covering the seven-month timeframe. Dataset #1:Time 1-(U=727.5, p=0.846, ή2=0.0002, Time 2-(U=736, p=0.910, ή2=0.00005), Time 3-(U=687.5, p=0.569, ή2=0.001) Dataset #2:Time 1-(U=781, p=0.383, ή2=0.003), Time 2-(U=819.5, p=0.585, ή2=0.001), Time 3-(U=825, p=0.618, ή2=0.001) Dataset #3:Time 1-(U=395, p=0.198, ή2=0.007),Time 2-(U=373.5, p=0.365, ή2 =0.003),Time 3-(U=363, p=0.471, ή2=0.002),Time 4-(U=366.5, p=0.436, ή2 =0.003),Time 5-(U=371, p=0.391, ή2=0.003),Time 6-(U=394, p=0.208, ή2=0.007),Time 7-(U=373, p=0.373, ή2=0.003),Time 8-(U=371.5, p=0.387, ή2=0.003),Time 9-(U=464.5, p=0.512, ή2=0.002),Time 10-(U=356.5, p=0.546, ή2=0.002),Time 11-(U=357.5, p=0.535, ή2=0.002),Time 12-(U=350.5, p=0.346, ή2=0.004) Conclusions This study suggests no significant gender differences in response to ABA therapy among individuals with autism, indicating its potential effectiveness for both genders. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to statistical uncertainties reflected in the broad confidence intervals as they hint at possible substantial gender differences. Further research, including an extension study, must confirm these results and understand potential gender nuances in ABA therapy response. This could help tailor more effective, personalized therapeutic strategies for individuals with autism.

Gender differences in oral appliance treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

PurposeAlthough overall success rates for treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with an oral appliance (OA) are high, they are significantly higher among females. To verify published data, the study’s purpose was to evaluate a participant sample after one year of OA use. The primary outcome was treatment response, with responders defined as having an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 10 at follow-up and/or reduced by ≥50% of baseline. Secondary measures were from standardized questionnaires.MethodsA sample of 314 participants, predominately with moderate-to-severe OSA, were enrolled and instructed to use an OA every night. At baseline and one-year follow-up, polygraphic recordings and questionnaires, including sleepiness (measured using the Epworth sleepiness scale) and quality-of-life (measured using the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire), were collected.ResultsAmong the 314 participants, 192 completed the one-year evaluation: 51 females (27%) and 141 males (73%). Overall, OA treatment resulted in 78% and 77% responders among females and males, respectively. Neither the difference in improvement nor the absolute change in AHI differed significantly based on gender, at any OSA severity level. There were no significant gender differences in sleepiness or quality of life. Treatment-related adverse reactions were more common among females.ConclusionBoth females and males with OSA respond well to OA therapy, with nonsignificant gender differences in outcomes. Thus, the hypothesis that females respond better to OA treatment is rejected.

Association of Facial Wrinkles With Different Facial Forms in the Population of Maharashtra: A Prospective Observational Study.

Wrinkles commonly manifest in various areas of the face as individuals age. This study aimed to assess the association between facial wrinkles and different facial forms. An observational, prospective study was conducted on the facial photographs of 400 subjects aged 40-60 years, which were divided into four groups of 100 subjects each: Group 1, square facial form; Group 2, ovoid facial form; Group 3, square tapered facial form; and Group 4, tapered facial form. All groups had almost equal distributions of males and females. Six types of facial wrinkles were studied, namely, forehead, glabellar, canthal, nasolabial, wrinkles at the corner of the mouth, and perioral wrinkles. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for intergroup comparison, and an independent Student's t-test was used to assess gender differences in facial wrinkles. Significant gender differences were observed for forehead wrinkles in Groups 1 and 3, canthal wrinkles in Groups 1 and 2, and right perioral wrinkles in Group 1 (p<0.05). There were non-significant gender differences between right and left-side facial wrinkles (p>0.05). Significant differences between the groups were observed for all facial wrinkles between the right and left sides of the face (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups for the presence of glabellar, corner of the mouth, and perioral wrinkles, with the presence of higher wrinkles in ovoid and tapered facial forms compared to square and square tapered facial forms (p<0.05). Females had more facial wrinkles than males, predominantly in the forehead region. The least prominent wrinkles were observed in the perioral region of the face. Glabellar, corner of the mouth, and perioral wrinkles were predominantly observed in ovoid and tapered facial forms.

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN STUDENT’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS MATHEMATIC AND THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL

The study was in purpose to find gender differences in student’s attitude towards mathematic and their academic achievement at secondary level. Data for this study was collected through the questionnaires from the students at Secondary schools of Rawalakot (three schools) and Muzaffarabad (two schools). Two hundred students (100) boys and (100) girls were selected randomly from available selected schools. Attitude scale towards mathematics (39 items) and academic achievement scale (65 items) were used as research instruments. The analysis of data revealed non-significant gender differences on the basis of enjoyment and motivation of mathematics. Significant gender differences were found regarding fear and anxiety of mathematics, females had more anxiety and fear then males. Furthermore, male students had more confidence and self-concept of mathematics then female students. Value and utility of mathematics is more in males then females. However, parents and teachers expect more from boys for good achievement and attitude of male students towards mathematics was greater than females. It was also observed that there were non-significant gender differences in overall academic achievement in mathematics. Keywords: Academic Achievement; Gender differences; Attitude; Mathematics; Secondary School Students

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN STUDENT’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS MATHEMATIC AND THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL

The study was in purpose to find gender differences in student’s attitude towards mathematic and their academic achievement at secondary level. Data for this study was collected through the questionnaires from the students at Secondary schools of Rawalakot (three schools) and Muzaffarabad (two schools). Two hundred students (100) boys and (100) girls were selected randomly from available selected schools. Attitude scale towards mathematics (39 items) and academic achievement scale (65 items) were used as research instruments. The analysis of data revealed non-significant gender differences on the basis of enjoyment and motivation of mathematics. Significant gender differences were found regarding fear and anxiety of mathematics, females had more anxiety and fear then males. Furthermore, male students had more confidence and self-concept of mathematics then female students. Value and utility of mathematics is more in males then females. However, parents and teachers expect more from boys for good achievement and attitude of male students towards mathematics was greater than females. It was also observed that there were non-significant gender differences in overall academic achievement in mathematics. Keywords: Academic Achievement; Gender differences; Attitude; Mathematics; Secondary School Students.

Family Support as Predictor of life Satisfaction and Happiness in Pakistani Adolescents

Family support appears to be one of the most important factors influencing subjective well-being in terms of life satisfaction and happiness. Notwithstanding the generally accepted value of the family, the relationship between family support and individual well-being outcomes has not been thoroughly studied. Considering bonding with one's family is linked to well-being across life, the goal of our study was to investigate the relationship between family support, life satisfaction, and happiness among Pakistani teenagers. A total of 250 adolescents (49% male and 51% females) took part in the study with age ranged 12 to 19 years. Family support, life satisfaction, and happiness were measured by Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Subjective Happiness Scale respectively.The findings demonstrated that family support significantly positively correlated with both life satisfaction and happiness. Family support positively predicted life satisfaction and happiness. Furthermore, results indicated that boys perceived their families as more supportive than girls. However non-significant gender difference was found at the level of life satisfaction and happiness. Our findings revealed a significant positive association between family support, life satisfaction and happiness, which suggested that people who assess their families as helpful are more likely to have higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness.

Relationship between Academic Perfectionism and Depression: Role of Self Concealment among Students

The mediational role of self-concealment in relationship withAcademic Perfectionism and Depression is explored in the present study.A sample of students (N=200) was taken from various departments of the&#x0D; University of Sargodha using a purposive sampling technique. Self-concealment, academic perfectionism and depression were measured by&#x0D; using Urdu translated Self-Concealment Scale (SCS; Malik &amp; Ghayas,2014) Academic Perfectionism Scale (APS; Malik &amp; Ghayas, 2014) andUrdu translated depression subscale of DASS (Farooqi &amp; Habib, 2010)respectively. Results indicated the academic perfectionism as asignificant positive predictor of self-concealment and depression.Furthermore, data analysis revealed that self-concealment was asignificant positive predictor of depression among university students.The results of this study also indicated that self-concealment also playsthe role of a mediator in the relationship between perfectionism anddepression. Non-significant gender differences were found in depressionamong university students. Moreover, the current study yielded that thelevel of self-concealment was higher among males than females, whereasthe level of academic perfectionism was higher among females ascompared to males.

Emotional Regulation, Self-Compassion, Medication Adherence and Quality of Life in Dermatologic Patients

Aim: To investigate the relationship between emotional regulation, self-compassion, medication adherence, and quality of life in dermatologic patients. Method: The sample consisted of 150 young adults (males=51 (34%) and females=99 (66%)). The quantitative data was gathered via self-reported questionnaires including Emotion Regulation Questionnaire1, Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale (Short-Form)2, Medication Adherence Rating Scale3, Quality of Life Scale4, and a demographic information form. Results: Significant positive associations were explored among emotional regulation, self-compassion, and quality of life. In contrast, negative significant associations were found between self-compassion, medication adherence, and quality of life. The multiple regression analysis suggested a positive regression coefficient of self-compassion and a negative regression coefficient of medication adherence on the quality of life in dermatologic patients with a 41% variation. The results of the independent sample t-test specified non-significant gender differences in terms of emotional regulation, self-compassion, medication adherence, and quality of life in dermatologic patients. However, the significant difference was explored in the marital status (unmarried and married) in terms of i.e.,self-compassion, medication adherence, and quality of life. Conclusion and Implications: The study’s findings have contributed to the gap of literature in the domains of psychology, dermatology, and clinical studies in Pakistan. The result of the study would be helpful for psychologists and dermatologists to make plans for enhancing emotional regulation, self-compassion, medication adherence, and quality of life in dermatologic patients. Keywords: Emotional Regulation, Self-Compassion, Medication Adherence, Quality of Life, and Dermatologic Patients.

Emotional Abuse, Bullying and Forgiveness among Adolescents

The current research was conducted to assess emotional abuse, bullying and forgiveness among adolescents. A sample of N =147 adolescents (n = 68 boys and n =79 girls) aged 13-17 years, (M = 15, SD = 1.35) were recruited through convenience sampling technique. The Demographic Form, Child Adolescent Bullying Scale (CABS), Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (self-developed), and Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18) were used to assess study variables. Chi-Square, Pearson Product Moment correlation, simple linear regression, and Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data. Results revealed that non-significant gender differences were found in the study variables. Findings state that high levels of bullying and older participants showed high benevolent motivation. Girls were more likely to be emotionally abused for their appearance and boys are more likely to confront their bullies and feel worthless/inferior as a result of emotional abuse. Limitations and recommendations for research are also discussed.

Dark Trait Tetrad and Online Deception in Tiktok users

The research aimed to assess the relationship between dark trait tetrad and online deception in TikTok users. It was hypothesized that there is a significant positive relationship between dark tetrad and online deception. Furthermore, the dark tetrad may significantly predict online deception in TikTok users. Moreover, there is a gender difference in dark tetrad and online deception in TikTok users. Correlational research design and Purposive sampling technique were used to collect data. The sample comprised N = 100 TikTok users constituting both Men (n = 50) and Women (n = 50). Dark Tetrad Traits Scale, Measuring of Online Deception and Intimacy Scale (MODI) was used to assess the targeted study variables in TikTok users. The results revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between Dark Tetrad and Online Deception among TikTok users. The narcissism and sadism subscale of Dark Tetrad came out to be positive predictors of Online Deception in TikTok users. While the result of the independent sample t-test indicated non-significant gender differences in Dark Trait Tetrad and Online Deception. This study will help provide the basis for further empirical research, about the etiological reason for antisocial behavior.

Investigation of University Students' Cyber Victimization Experience in Relation to Psychological Symptoms and Social Media Use

The purpose of this study is to examine university students' cyber-victimization experience in terms of psychological symptoms and social media use. A cross-sectional and self-reported survey was conducted among a total of 1746 undergraduate students. Data were collected through the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-II, Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale. Chi-square analysis revealed non-significant gender differences for the cyber-victimization experience. Mann-Whitney U test results showed that psychological symptom scores and social media usage scores of cyber victims are significantly higher than non-victims. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that an increase in general social media usage, social media friendship, online friendship, hostility, and paranoid ideation increases the probability of reporting cyber-victimization. The results were discussed, and suggestions were provided in the light of the literature.

Investigation of University Students' Cyber Victimization Experience in Relation to Psychological Symptoms and Social Media Use

The purpose of this study is to examine university students' cyber-victimization experience in terms of psychological symptoms and social media use. A cross-sectional and self-reported survey was conducted among a total of 1746 undergraduate students. Data were collected through the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-II, Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale. Chi-square analysis revealed non-significant gender differences for the cyber-victimization experience. Mann-Whitney U test results showed that psychological symptom scores and social media usage scores of cyber victims are significantly higher than non-victims. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that an increase in general social media usage, social media friendship, online friendship, hostility, and paranoid ideation increases the probability of reporting cyber-victimization. The results were discussed, and suggestions were provided in the light of the literature.

MATERNAL COPING STRATEGIES AND BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

Background: Coping strategies are the behaviours, thoughts, and emotions that are used to adjust to the stressful situation and changes that occur in the life. Mothers’ coping can affect the behavioural problems of children with Down syndrome. The present study examined the relationship between maternal coping strategies and behavioural problems of children with Down syndrome. Method: The sample comprised of 54 mothers with age range 25–52 years, and 54 children with age range 6–18 years. This was a correlational research study using purposive sampling strategy from different government and private special education institutes of Lahore. Mothers responded to two instruments, the Cope Inventory and Child Behavioural Checklist. Children responded to Colour Progressive Matrices, and it was used to assess their ability to recognize and think logically. Results: The results revealed significant negative association of emotion-focused coping and children’s behavioural problem, while significant positive association of recently developed coping and children behavioural problem. Additionally, recently developed coping, family size, and mothers’ education were the significant predictors of behavioural problems of the children. However, results showed non-significant gender differences of behavioural problems. Conclusion: Emotion-focused coping and recently developed coping are connected with behavioural problems of children. Recently developed coping, family size, and mothers’ education are the significant predictors of children’s behavioural problems. Behavioural problems are not affected by gender. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(4):22–6

Effects of Internet Addiction on the Psychological Health of University Students in Mardan

Internet addiction can harm the psychological well-being of excessive internet users. It is important to study the correlation between the two scientifically. The study explores the link between internet addiction and psychological well-being among university students in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The sample consisted of 150 university students. A random sampling technique was used to select respondents. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 30 years. The instruments used were the Internet Addiction scale and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Test. Pearson correlation and T-test were used to test the hypothesis/correlation between internet addiction, gender, and psychological well-being. A significant negative relationship between internet addiction and psychological well-being was found. Similarly, a significant gender difference in internet addiction and a non-significant gender difference in psychological well-being. Reduced internet use improves students' psychological well-being. Less internet use helps students' academic careers and reduces interpersonal conflicts.

NOMOPHOBIA, SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

Background: Nomophobia is mobile phone addiction, characterized by an intense and irrational fear of being without a mobile phone, which affects the sleep and leisure activities of youth. The study examined the relationship between nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and leisure activities. It also measured the mediating role of nomophobia between sleep deprivation and leisure activities and find out demographic differences (age, gender, education, socioeconomic status) on nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and leisure activities. Methods: Conveniently selected sample of 500 adolescents and young adults from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, after informed consent, was measured on Nomophobia Questionnaire, Athens Insomnia Scale, and Pittsburg Enjoyable Activities Scale. The data were collected from March to August 2019. The sample was further divided based on age (adolescents 250) (young adults 250). Results: Nomophobia has a significant positive correlation with sleep deprivation and has a significant negative correlation with leisure activities. Nomophobia significantly mediated between sleep deprivation and leisure activities. Significant differences of age, socio-economic status, and education on nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and leisure activities were found. Furthermore, significant gender differences were found on nomophobia and leisure activities, while non-significant gender differences were concluded on sleep deprivation. Conclusion: Nomophobia and sleep deprivation are greater in adolescents who belong to lower social class, while involvement in leisure activities is higher in young adults who belong to upper social class. Females have a higher level of nomophobia and involve less in leisure activities than males. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(3):30?4

COVID-19 Stress and Burnout: An Investigation of Healthcare Providers

The outbreak of the contagion corona virus disease has engrossed worldwide attention. The nature of the disease and its spread has put excessive burden on service providers leading to burn out. In the face of health threats and work pressure during pandemic, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 stress on Burnout among health care providers. Following a convenient sampling technique, a sample of 153 healthcare providers with an age ranged from 24 to 60 years were assessed with COVID Stress Scale (Taylor, et al., 2020) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach et al., 1997). SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis of data. Findings revealed that Sub-Scales of COVID stress collectively explained 48% of variance in predicting emotional exhaustion and 39% variance in producing depersonalization among healthcare providers. However, COVID stress negatively predicted personal accomplishment among healthcare providers. Moreover, t-test revealed that female healthcare providers showed higher level of COVID stress i.e. danger, socio-economic consequence, xenophobia and compulsive checking as compared to males while non-significant gender differences were observed for contamination and traumatic stress. The study also found a higher level of personal accomplishment among male healthcare providers whereas female healthcare providers demonstrated higher level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in comparison to male health care providers.

Basic Human Values, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Psychological Well-Being Among University Students

The present study aimed to measure the relationship between basic human values, right-wing authoritarianism and psychological well-being among university students. The Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwartz, 2003), Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (Altemeyer, 2006) and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff &amp; Keyes, 1995) were used to collect data. Sample comprised of 250 students including (men = 55, women = 195) from different universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The findings indicated that positive relationship existed between two orthogonal (openness to change vs. conservation &amp; self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement) of basic values and psychological well-being and negative relationship was found between right-wing authoritarianism and two orthogonal dimensions (openness to change vs conservation &amp; self-transcendence vs self-enhancement) of values. It was also observed that positive relationship exists between right-wing authoritarianism and psychological well-being. Nonsignificant gender differences were found on given study variables. The results of the given study can provide help in the educational sector for devising programs that can help inculcating certain values in the students in result enhancing their psychological well-being and general view of life.

Gender Differences in Psychological Distress and Psychological Well-Being among Lawyers

Objective: This study was designed to find the gender differences in psychological distress and psychological well-being (PWB) among lawyers.Study Design: Cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from January 2018 to April 2018 at Islamabad and Rawalpindi High courts.Materials and Methods: Purposive sampling technique was used. A sample of 110 lawyers (male=55 &amp; female =55) were recruited for the study. Two scales, psychological distress-10 and psychological well-being was used for data collection.Results: For the investigation of relationship Pearson, product moment correlation was computed with the help of SPSS-21v. The results indicated that both parameters (psychological distress and psychological well-being) were negatively correlated (r=-.40). To examine the gender regarding differences T-test was used. Significant gender related difference was observed on psychological distress (t=2.09, p&lt;.05) where female lawyers reported higher level of distress than male lawyers, whereas on well-being non-significant gender difference was found.Conclusion: The findings of our study concluded that lawyers with high psychological distress reported lower level of psychological well-being; and overall female lawyers experienced more psychological distress (because of extra responsibilities of profession, home, and family) than their male counterparts. &#x0D; How to cite this: Arzeen N, Hamid M, Shah M, Arzeem, Mustafa G, Hassan Z. Gender Differences in Psychological Distress and Psychological Well-Being among Lawyers. Life and Science. 2022; 3(2): 75-78. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.192&#x0D; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited