Non-rice Food Research Articles

PENGARUH BUDAYA, SOSIAL, PRIBADI DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PERSEPSI KONSUMSI PANGAN POKOK NON BERAS MASYARAKAT DI KOTA DEPOK

The successes of development within an agricultural sector in a country should be reflected by the ability of food self-sufficiency, at least in the food security. Currently, the food security is not considerably sufficient to represent the identity of an agricultural country. Yet, the government also have difficulties to reach the target of food self-sufficiencies until they finally make some policies to achieve the aim. One of the policies is a food diversification program reflected in the Presidential Regulation of Indonesia No. 22 in 2009 that regulatesfood consumption diversification acceleration policy based on local resources. It is prepared to reduce the problems that appear recently because most of Indonesian use rice as their staple foods. Meanwhile, the rice production is unbalanced if compared with the level of consumer demands. In fact, if it is considered in terms of fulfillment, in addition to rice, there are still a lot of staple foods that can be developed. The aims of this research are: 1) Identifying the characteristics of respondents in Depok city. 2) Analyzing the influences of the cultural, social, personal, and motivation variables to the perception of non-rice food consumption societies in Depok city. 3). Analyzing the influences of the cultural, social, personal, and motivation variables simultaneously to the perception of non-rice food consumption societies in Depok city.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) farming for food security: Gross output, net farm income, and B/C ratio

Pearl millet (pennisetum glaucum) is non-rice food commodity which is not only as a source of carbohydrate but also antioxidants, bioactive compounds, and fiber. Calculating gross output, net farm income and B/C ratio were important for the sustainability of pearl millet farming in which pearl millet is better to be alternative of primary food than rice because it contains any benefit for healthy life availability. This study was conducted in West Sulawesi which was selected by purposive sampling in considering that the area was one of the centers of pearl millet farming in Indonesia. Data were collected by using the structured interview to the farmers as samples who cultivated pearl millet as alternative farming. The result found that both of gross output and net farm income of pearl millet (pennisetum glaucum) in one production period after calculated in IDR was dramatically lower than the regional minimum income of West Sulawesi in a month even though B/C ratio value showed that pearl millet farming was feasible to be cultivated. Pearl millet farming was produced twice or two periods in a year. In justification, pearl millet was not the primary but only alternative farm income when the weather was extremely to produce maize or other plants. This condition showed that pearl millet in West Sulawesi was not the priority of food production to support farmers’ income, it was just alternative farming after maize, cocoa, and local onion.

Mesin Penumbuk Tepung Mocaf Dengan Sistem Rack And Gear

Diversification of non-rice food by utilizing existing local food sources, such as corn and tubers, is an effort to maintain food security so that food for the people of Indonesia is reflected in the availability of sufficient food, both in quantity and quality, safe, equitable and affordable. Location-specific non-rice staples can be used as the start of a revival of food diversification in the region, which is ultimately expected to reduce national rice consumption. Policy direction by developing diversification (processing) and consumption of food based on local resources. One of the potentials that can be developed to increase local food potential in Tanah Bawah, is the development of food processing made from cassava. Food products that have been produced by local villagers in the form of mocaf flour and other types of food. During this time, the production process is done manually which requires a lot of manpower and time, so it is less productive. For this reason, it is necessary to design the construction of a pulverization machine by using rack and gear mechanics that can mash the mocaf flour smoothly and evenly in an efficient way. Based on the results of the trial, this machine can mash flour evenly, smooth with a capacity of 5kg/15 minutes.

Development of food security applying women’s entrepreneurship in South Sulawesi

Food is a basic human need that is most essential. Food security is very important and strategic. One of the efforts of the government to realize food security is by diversification of food is the effort to provide and consume non-rice food with a diverse and varied menu. As one of the national food granaries, the government of South Sulawesi realize the diversification of food by cooperating with the community through large industries and household industries In the small industry or women’s household industries that have a role in food processing starting from the preparation of raw materials, production process and sales. The method used in this paper is the method of Literature Studies. The study of literature is the solving of problems by tracing the sources of writing ever made before. The analysis of this paper is that food security in South Sulawesi is very closely related to economic stability and one of the strategies developed by the government is by product diversification. Agroindustrial diversification products become an opportunity for small industry women to be employed for them. This gets a positive response from the Government in South Sulawesi with the active participation of the government to participate and facilitate the entrepreneurship of women in South Sulawesi. In addition, food diversification is needed as one of the pillars for the stabilization of food security in South Sulawesi province because food diversification can contribute in increasing the production capacity of food and improvement of people’s income in South Sulawesi.

The Perspective of Food Sustainability and Security for Forest Edge Community through Increasing Coffee Competitiveness for Income Sustainability

The consumption of rice on the edge of the forest tends to increase unbalanced with production causing food insecurity. Efforts to strengthen the food security of forest-edge communities can be through diversification of non-rice food (corn, sweet potato, banana, cassava and arrowroot) and increased income of smallholder coffee farmers. The objectives of the research are to obtain a model of increasing the competitiveness of the people's coffee to strengthen the resilience and security of forest-edge communities. Research location in Bondowoso District.. The results of the research show that: (1) The model of enhancing the competitiveness of coffee people can strengthen the resilience and security of marginalized communities by involving local institutions in Jember (Perhutani, Plantation Department, Industry Office, Coffee and Cocoa Research Center, Cooperative Service, and Higher Education) . (2) The strategy to strengthen the resilience and security of the food of marginalized forest communities can also through the diversification of non-rice food consumption. (3) Diversification of non-rice food consumption (66-77%) and rice (23-34%). (4) In general, the food security and security of forest-edge communities in the category is quite steady.

Cropping Systems and Land Use in Sylhet Region

Towards the sustainable food security for a particular area, the policymakers, researchers, extension and development agents need the detailed information of cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity. Sylhet, a potential region of enormous potentiality of growing crops across the haor area lying below the northeastern Himalyan foothills experience the highest rainfall in the world to make the basin prone to flashflood. That is why, a study was conducted in the region considering all the upazillas during 2016 using the pretested semi-structured questionnaire and validated by appropriate informants with a view to documenting the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. As per the study the region is dominated by the rice based cropping pattern. The non-rice based cropping pattern are either few or the area under those cropping patterns are not enough to satisfy the non-rice food requirement of people of the region. Beside these, the cropping patterns and crop diversity appeared as below the expected level. Therefore, much thrust is needed to initiate research and development activities to diversify the single or double-cropped cropping pattern with the introduction of appropriate crops and crop varieties even other non-crop agricultural commodities.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 273-288

Price hike of staple food, nutritional impact and consumption adjustment: evidence from the 2005–2010 rice price increase in rural Bangladesh

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the nutritional impact of the rice price increase between 2005 and 2010 on households in rural Bangladesh and their resulting adjustment in consumption of rice, non-rice food and non-food items. We compare net rice buyers, who suffer from a negative income effect, with self-sufficient households that do not suffer from any such effect. Our findings indicate that rural households in Bangladesh cope well with the surge in the domestic rice price as indicated by the absence of any effect on their calorie intake and dietary diversity. In fact, both types of households similarly change their consumption of rice, non-rice grain, pulses, protein, fruits and other items. Furthermore, we do not find any evidence of buyers’ switching towards low-quality items in a food group. In a separate analysis, we compare net rice sellers with self-sufficient households and arrive at a similar conclusion. In both cases, income plays a crucial role in the consumption of non-rice food and non-food items, indicating the importance of effective income support programs at the time of price shocks in staple food items.

Diversity of Local Food in Sasak Ethnic, Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara

Several species of local plants in Lombok are formerly often used by the community as an alternative food. Community awareness of the food usually comes from life experience, knowledge from generation to generation, and local wisdom. These things need attention for the sake of sustainability. The ethnobotany study is necessary. The aim of this study was to make an inventory of non-rice local food diversity of East Lombok district West Nusa Tenggara. This research was executed through open interview and direct observation in the field. This study is one of the local food conservation efforts for strengthening national food security. The results of ethnobotany studies recorded 15 species of non-rice local foods contain carbohydrate. The most widely used plant part is the tubers/rhizomes. Until now, the species of non-rice food plants, remain cultivated but without handling such as rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays).

Performance of Savings Groups in Mountainous Laos under Shifting Cultivation Stabilization Policy

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)I IntroductionIn the late 1990s, village savings and credit groups (hereafter savings groups, or SGs) were introduced from Northeast Thailand to Laos by NGOs-Foundation for Integrated Agricultural and Environmental Management and Community Organizations Development Institute of Thailand-with the cooperation of the Lao Women's Union (LWU), first to villages in Vientiane Municipality and later to hinterland areas where the market economy was less developed (see Ohno and Fujita, special issue introduction paper). Raiffeisen's credit unions in Germany formed the original model for credit unions later developed in other areas, including other European nations, the United States, Japan, and also Northeast Thailand. When credit unions were introduced to these other areas, the economy-even in rural areas-was already commercialized and had a favorable infrastructure, which resulted in the successful growth of credit unions. In contrast, such conditions do not exist in Laos. The rural economy of Laos is still basically subsistenceoriented and largely isolated from urban centers due to poor infrastructure.Luang Prabang Province, which consists mostly of mountainous areas, is a typical case. Until recently, villagers there depended on cultivation under a village-level communal land management system, with staple food (rice) being produced for selfconsumption. Non-rice foods, such as various kinds of vegetables, were collected from the surrounding natural environment. Wild animals and fish were obtained through hunting and catching. Sales of livestock and non-timber products largely met the area's cash needs, and rural livelihoods remained basically in a state of self-sufficiency.1)However, in recent years the situation has gradually changed due to the growing population and increased cash needs among inhabitants, which have put pressure on natural resources. At the First National Forestry Conference, held in 1989, deforestation was officially identified as a major problem threatening the sustainability and stability of natural resource management in Laos (Khamphay and Phouthone 2009). Besides illegal logging, cultivation was identified as a major cause of deforestation. After the conference, a national program for shifting cultivation stabilization, land use planning and land was launched in 1990 and implemented on a trial basis in Luang Prabang and Sayabouly Provinces. Finally, the Seventh Party Congress in 1994 set a policy target to stabilize cultivation by 2005 with complete eradication by 2010, and donors and international organizations provided financial and technical support for implementing the policy in northern Laos (Takahashi and Liang 2010).2)The land use planning (LUP) program aimed at imposing restrictions on villagers' customary land use rights by introducing land use categories such as protection forest and conservation forest. Villagers were allowed to continue cultivation only in specific land categories. After a while, the land allocation (LA) program was introduced and three to five plots of land were equally allocated to every household. When villagers signed the Land Use Agreement,3) they were issued a Temporary Land Use Certificate (TLUC)4) for certifying ownership rights. They were prohibited from cultivating other lands. This implied de facto an introduction of a private landownership system in rural Laos. Villagers traditionally dependent on cultivation in communal land had to abandon it and start permanent upland cultivation. A policy of resettlement of highland people to lowland areas was also incorporated in this LUP/LA program.5)Under such a forced commercialization of livelihood in a short period of time, a critical question is: how did people adapt to the new policy and institutional environment in general, and how could they earn sufficient cash income to purchase rice and other necessities in particular, since it appears to have been difficult to produce enough rice only in the allocated upland fields? …

Pemberdayaan Ibu Rumah Tangga dalam Implementasi Teknologi Pengolahan Sumber Karbohidrat Nonberas dan Penganekaragaman Pangan Nonterigu untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan

Community may be involved in food security program by utilizing local based food materials in their surrounding areas. Potency of local food in Indonesia can be used as an alternative for the staple food. Te huge number of housewives in Yogyakarta can support the family economy or reduce the household budget through the use of local food sources. Tis community service activities aiemed at providing an understanding of processing technology of non-rice and non wheat food resources to be utilized to achieve food security and improve household economy. Outcomes of this activity are non-rice food products as carbohydrates source and non - grain food diversifcation, an improved understanding of food processing technology, as well as increased understanding of marketing and entrepreneurship.

PENENTUAN KEBUTUHAN NITROGEN TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) PADA BERBAGAI JARAK TANAM DALAM TUMPANGSARI DENGAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogeae L.) DI LAHAN KERING MALUKU TENGAH

Most people in Maluku Islands have long used non-rice food consumption, especially tuber crops and maize. The development of diversification of non-rice food consumption certainly needs to be supported by the availability of adaptive crop cultivation technology to climate change. Cropping pattern is one of the appropriate steps for smallholder farmer to increase land productivity. An experiment of maize/peanut intercropping pattern had been conducted to determine optimum Nitrogen (N) rate for maize at different planting spacings in intercropping pattern with peanut in dryland of Makariki Village, Central Maluku. The experiments were arranged in a Split Plot Design with 3 (three) replicates. The main plot was maize spacing, namely: (i) J1 = 80 x 25 cm, 6 rows of maize, 2 rows of peanut, (ii) J2 = 160 x 25 cm, 3 rows of maize, 4 rows of peanut, and (iii) J3 = 240 x 25 cm, 2 rows of maize, 6 rows of peanut. The sub-plot was N rate (kg/ha), namely: (i) N0 = 0-0-0, (ii) N1 = 45-50-60, (iii) N2 = 90-50-60, (iv) N3 = 135-50-60, and (v) N4 = 180-50-60. The results showed that plant height, cob circle and yield of maize grown at different planting spacings in intercropping patterns in Makariki, Central Maluku affected by N fertilizer application. The application of N fertilizer increased growth and yield of maize by following a quadratic pattern. The use of maize spacing of J1 (80 x 25 cm) in intercropping with peanut requires the addition of the optimum N rate of 302 kg urea/ha, which gave the highest maize yield (t/ha) compared with other planting spacings.

PENENTUAN KEBUTUHAN NITROGEN TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) PADA BERBAGAI JARAK TANAM DALAM TUMPANGSARI DENGAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogeae L.) DI LAHAN KERING MALUKU TENGAH

Most people in Maluku Islands have long used non-rice food consumption, especially tuber crops and maize. The development of diversification of non-rice food consumption certainly needs to be supported by the availability of adaptive crop cultivation technology to climate change. Cropping pattern is one of the appropriate steps for smallholder farmer to increase land productivity. An experiment of maize/peanut intercropping pattern had been conducted to determine optimum Nitrogen (N) rate for maize at different planting spacings in intercropping pattern with peanut in dryland of Makariki Village, Central Maluku. The experiments were arranged in a Split Plot Design with 3 (three) replicates. The main plot was maize spacing, namely: (i) J1 = 80 x 25 cm, 6 rows of maize, 2 rows of peanut, (ii) J2 = 160 x 25 cm, 3 rows of maize, 4 rows of peanut, and (iii) J3 = 240 x 25 cm, 2 rows of maize, 6 rows of peanut. The sub-plot was N rate (kg/ha), namely: (i) N0 = 0-0-0, (ii) N1 = 45-50-60, (iii) N2 = 90-50-60, (iv) N3 = 135-50-60, and (v) N4 = 180-50-60. The results showed that plant height, cob circle and yield of maize grown at different planting spacings in intercropping patterns in Makariki, Central Maluku affected by N fertilizer application. The application of N fertilizer increased growth and yield of maize by following a quadratic pattern. The use of maize spacing of J1 (80 x 25 cm) in intercropping with peanut requires the addition of the optimum N rate of 302 kg urea/ha, which gave the highest maize yield (t/ha) compared with other planting spacings.

The impact of the 2005–2010 rice price increase on consumption in rural Bangladesh

AbstractThis article studies the impact of the rice price increase between 2005 and 2010 on consumption in rural Bangladesh. Using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data, we compare net rice buyers and sellers to self‐sufficient households. To identify the effect of rice price changes on household consumption of rice, nonrice food and nonfood items, we employ a difference‐in‐differences (DiD) technique. Our findings indicate that the surge in domestic rice prices between 2005 and 2010 reduced the nonrice food consumption of net rice buyer households by 7%, compared to the households who are self‐sufficient in rice production. However, it did neither affect their rice nor their nonfood consumption. In contrast, while we find no significant effect of rice price increases on the rice consumption of net rice sellers, we observe a 9% increase in their nonrice food consumption. In such situation, a subsidy on low‐quality rice may be effective in fulfilling the nutritional requirement of low‐income households.

Diet-related risk factors for leprosy: a case-control study.

BackgroundFood shortage was associated with leprosy in two recent studies investigating the relation between socioeconomic factors and leprosy. Inadequate intake of nutrients due to food shortage may affect the immune system and influence the progression of infection to clinical leprosy. We aimed to identify possible differences in dietary intake between recently diagnosed leprosy patients and control subjects.MethodsIn a leprosy endemic area of Bangladesh, newly diagnosed leprosy patients and control subjects were interviewed about their socioeconomic situation, health and diet. Dietary intakes were recorded with a 24-hour recall, from which a Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was calculated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was filled out for every participant. Using logistic regression, a univariate, block wise multivariate, and an integrated analysis were carried out.Results52 leprosy cases and 100 control subjects were included. Food shortage was more common, dietary diversity was lower and household food insecurity was higher in the patient group. Patients consumed significantly less items from the DDS food groups ‘Meat and fish’ and ‘Other fruits and vegetables.’ Lower food expenditure per capita, lower BMI, lower DDS and absence of household food stocks are the main factors associated with an increased risk of having leprosy.ConclusionLow income families have only little money to spend on food and consequently have a low intake of highly nutritious non-rice foods such as meat, fish, milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables. Development of clinical leprosy could be explained by deficiencies of the nutrients that these foods normally provide.

Permintaan Beras di Provinsi Jambi (Penerapan Partial Adjustment Model)

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of price of rice, flour prices, population, income of population and demand of rice for a year earlier on rice demand, demand rice elasticity and rice demand prediction in Jambi Province. This study uses secondary data, including time series data for 22 years from 1988 until 2009. The study used some variables, consist of rice demand (Qdt), the price of rice (Hb), the price of wheat flour (Hg), population (Jp), the income of the population (PDRB) and demand for rice the previous year (Qdt-1). The make of this study are multiple regression and dynamic analysis a Partial Adjustment Model, where the demand for rice is the dependent variable and the price of rice, flour prices, population, income population and demand of rice last year was the independent variable. Partial Adjustment Model analysis results showed that the effect of changes in prices of rice and flour are not significant to changes in demand for rice. The population and demand of rice the previous year has positive and significant impact on demand for rice, while revenues have negative and significant population of rice demand. Variable price of rice, earning population and the price of flour is inelastic the demand of rice, because rice is not a normal good but as a necessity so that there is no substitution of goods (replacement) of rice with other commodities in Jambi Province. Based on the analysis, it is recommended to the government to be able to control the rate of population increase given the variable number of people as one of the factors that affect demand for rice.It is expected that the government also began to socialize in a lifestyle of non-rice food consumption to control the increasing amount of demand for rice. Last suggestion, the government developed a diversification of staple foods other than rice. Keywords: Demand, Rice, Income Population

RAIN FED FARMING AS A DEVELOPMENT OPTION FOR THE DRY ZONE

From about 1930's the development policy of Sri Lanka has been discouraging Chenafarming and promoting irrigation. The main argument against Chena is felling of forest toclear Chena plots, though in the case of Chena it is only contribution but in irrigation it isa total sacrifice.After many decades of irrigation development we are still without enough food, intendeddouble of cropping out of reach, fuelwood and timber becoming scarce and costly andimbalance between flood flow and base flow ever increasing.Historically, Chena farming has been at least at par with irrigation if not more important.Contrary to general opinion the British rulers gave due credit to it and declared 1897Wastelands Act to facilitate it. In 1930's they attempted stabilization of Chena farming byintroducing draught tillage as in Deccan Plateau. The experiment failed and the effort wasgiven up for good. Irrigation only was promoted thereafter. Even the Moneragala IRDPthat was specifically instituted to help the Chena farmer has spent only Rs 1.86 million onrainfed farming in comparison to Rs 57.2 million spent on irrigation, from 1984 to 1995.Despite falling out of favour with the Government rainfed farming continues on its ownstrength as the commonest farming practice in the country. As much as 33% of paddy landin the country is rainfed, more than half of it in the dry zone, recording a croppingintensity comparable to minor irrigation and producing 25% of national paddy output. Itaccounts for 80% of the country's nonrice food production. In some irrigation projects thesettlers live more on rainfed farming than irrigation. Rainfed sugar cane is doing better atPelwatte and Sevanagala compared to irrigated Hingurana and Kantalai.Inspired by the rainfed farming potential, studies conducted in southeast dry zone since1994 show that it is possible to improve on its merits and its demerits can be easilyovercome by application of appropriate and farmer adaptable technology. Following aresome of the technologies applied in farmers' fields with farmer participation.I. Construction of contour bunds with hillside ditches on contours traced by graduated tubelevel.2. Wind rowing of debris into contour bunds instead of burning.3. Erasing the fear the people had of Gliricidia as a soil degrading plant.4. Promotion of compost heap instead of pit. 5. Application ofP fertilizer to legumes.Results observed are;I. Soil fertility improved and soil conserved.2. Fodder, green manure, vegetable stakes, fuelwood etc from Gliricidia.3. Weed flora changed from difficult to manage graminae to easy to control broad leavedspecies.4. Need for ploughing reduced and manual weeding costs reduced.5. Crop yield increased. 6. Well water quality improved.7. Farmer confidence in rainfed farming improved.

Ecosystem services by paddy fields as substitutes of natural wetlands in Japan

This paper reviews research on the ecosystem services or multifunctionality of paddy rice cultivation in Japan, focusing on biodiversity as a basis for ecosystem services, with the aim of describing the current status and impact of the subject and exploring options for sustainable practices. Ecosystem services provided by paddy fields include; groundwater recharge, production of non-rice foods, flood control, soil erosion and landslide prevention, climate-change mitigation, water purification, culture and landscape, and support of ecosystems and biodiversity. Among these services, the value of services that regulate ecosystem functions was estimated to be US$ 72.8 billion in Japan. More than 5000 species have been recorded in paddy fields and the surrounding environment. Because paddy fields are artificially disturbed by water level management, plowing, and harvest, most species move between paddy fields and the surrounding environment. The linkage between paddy fields and the associated environment plays an important role in biodiversity. Two changes that have affected the ecosystem of paddy fields are modernization and abandonment of farming. Satoyama, a traditional socio-ecological production landscape, which provided a functional linkage between paddy fields and the associated environment has lost its functions. Biodiversity-conscious rice farming has been promoted by collaborations among farmers, consumers and governments. Biodiversity certification programs are successful examples of biodiversity-conscious framing. In these programs incentives include direct payments and/or premium prices paid by consumers, as well as farmers willingness to improve the safety of food and environment.

One Hundred Years of Economic Change in Bengal: Re-Visiting the Economic Life of a Bengal District

In 1910, J. C. Jack, a British Settlement Officer of the then Faridpur district (which is now divided into five districts) of British India, wrote a book entitled The Economic Life of a Bengal District. Jack provided a comprehensive description of the economic life of Greater Faridpur. His description included a detailed analysis on the district, its inhabitants, their homes and manner of life, the composition of the domestic budgets of households, people’s income and economic conditions, indebtedness and taxation. Now 100 years later, through the use of secondary data, field visits and focus group discussions, this study explores the dynamics of the evolution of the economic life in Greater Faridpur over the last 100d years (1910-2010). Such investigation suggests that there have been large increases in population and population density in Greater Faridpur. There has been important change in the religious composition of the population, with the proportion of Hindu population declining considerably over the decades. There have been significant improvements in physical infrastructure, such as roads and other forms of communication, and social infrastructure, such as health and education. Also, there have been significant changes in the structure of the economy. One hundred years ago, it was predominantly an agro-based economy. Over the years, non-agricultural economic activities have increased considerably. At the household level, important changes are observed in the composition of expenditure on food and non-food items. The major change is noticed in the proportion of expenditure on rice; compared to Jack’s time the proportion of spending on rice by households declined substantially. A rise in the relative importance of non-rice food items and non-food items in the consumption basket appears to be the major cause behind such a change. Finally, the composition of poverty seems to have been changed in Greater Faridpur. Compared to Jack’s time, the proportion of non-poor households increased and that of moderate poor declined. The estimate from the Household Survey of 2005 suggests that the proportion of households in extreme poverty in 2005 was higher than that in 1910. Increased landlessness and lack of work opportunities were the major factors behind the rise in extreme poverty. However, in recent years, poverty has seemed to decline, both in the rural and urban areas, because of expanded economic activities in the rural areas, increased work opportunities in the farm and non-farm sectors, a rise in the inflow of remittance money and an increase in different development works.

MARKETED SURPLUS JAGUNG DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KETERSEDlAAN PANGAN NON BERAS DI PROVINSI BENGKULU

In general, focus of this study is to estimate non-rice food farmer market participation in Bengkulu Province in order to provide information about and variety availability of food, especially maize. Research sample areas are seven districts namely Mukomuko, North Bengkulu, Seluma, South Bengkulu, Kaur, Kepahiang, and Rejang Lebong. This research used the marketable surplus analysis, and market participation analysis to examine the availability of maize. This research found that maize has adequate potency as a substitution food. This commodity can fulfill approximately 12 percent of requirement for Bengkulu province resident. For Bengkulu farmers, maize is not an alternative food for their household members, but it has significant role for household economies. Furthermore, the research also found that maize production is able to supply energy for every Bengkulu resident approximately 244.09 kcal/capitajday. This equals to 11.90 % of energy required to conduct normal or daily activities.Key words: Maize, Market, Participation, Availability

Household Rice Expenditure and Maternal and Child Nutritional Status in Bangladesh1–3

In Bangladesh, poor rural families often deal with high food costs by purchasing primarily rice. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between household expenditure on rice and nonrice foods with maternal and child malnutrition. Food expenditure data and anthropometry were obtained in a population-based sample of 304,856 households in the Bangladesh Nutrition Surveillance Project, 2000–2005. Food expenditures were categorized as rice and nonrice foods and expressed as quintiles of proportional food expenditure. Of children aged 6–11, 12–23, and 24–59 mo, the prevalence of stunting was 33.5, 56.3, and 53.1%, respectively. The prevalence of maternal underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) was 37.3%. Among children aged 6–11, 12–23, and 24–59 mo, rice expenditures were associated with stunting [odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.20, P = 0.01; OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04–1.13, P < 0.0001; OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08–1.18, P < 0.0001), respectively, among families in the highest compared with the lowest quintile, adjusting for potential confounders, and nonrice food expenditures were associated with stunting (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80–0.95, P = 0.002; OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.90, P < 0.0001; OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85–0.94, P < 0.0001) among families in the highest compared with the lowest quintile, adjusting for potential confounders. In the highest compared with the lowest quintile, rice expenditures (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08–1.15, P < 0.0001) and nonrice food expenditures (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.90–0.96, P < 0.0001) were associated with maternal underweight. Households that spent a greater proportion on nonrice foods and less on rice had a lower prevalence of maternal and child malnutrition.