Non-reducing Carbohydrates Research Articles

The Propagation of Rosa gallica ‘Tuscany Superb’ by Root Cuttings with the Use of IBA and Biostimulants

The research was aimed at studying the possibility of an alternative method of propagation the difficult-to-root Rosa gallica ‘Tuscany Superb’. The root cuttings of three thickness were rooted using IBA preparations (Chryzotop green, Rhizopon AA 020XX) and biostimulants (Tytanit, Root JuiceTM). The shoots disappeared before the growth of the roots. At the first days of growth, the both shoots and roots elongated upright without polarity. The primordia of the first type of root/shoot buds were situated in cambium zone as the subtending traces of near the rays visible on the cross sections. Moreover, the second types of buds were located in pericycle tissues. The swellings suggested inherence buds were disappearing before rooting. The content of reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates was lower at the time of harvesting the rooted cuttings than before rooting. The thickness of the root cuttings had a significant importance for growth parameters and content of carbohydrates in rooted cuttings. The most useful root cuttings, those achieving the highest mean rooting percentage are thick (76.8%) and medium (67.9%) size. Preparations or biostimulants had a differential influence on rooting process and none of them unequivocally guaranteed an improvement in the rooting percentage of cuttings, parameters of growth or content of carbohydrates. The Rhizopon AA 020XX (90.0%) in thick and Chryzotop green (87.5%) in medium cuttings increased the rooting percentage significantly. Root JuiceTM (0.1%, 0.2%) and Tytanit (0.04%) were also enough positive activity in medium cuttings and can replace IBA preparations.
 
 *********
 In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.
 *********

Traditional Varieties of Caupi Submitted to Water Deficit: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) it is a leguminous widely cultivated in Northeast of Brazil. In the state of Ceara, its cultivation is performed mainly by family farms who make use of traditional varieties of good adaptation to the growing region. Thus, characterizing traditional varieties with characteristics of adaptation to regions with water shortage is essential for the production of food in the world, especially in semi-arid regions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses in three genotypes of cowpea, being two traditional varieties grown in Ceara (Sempre-Verde and Cabeça-de-Gato) and a genotype characterized as a standard of drought tolerance (Pingo-de-Ouro-1,2) under three water regimes: irrigated, moderate deficit and severe water deficit. The parameters evaluated were: gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, organic solutes (proline, total carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates), starch and enzyme activity (APX, G-POD, CAT and SOD). The genotype Pingo-de-Ouro-1,2 confirmed its tolerance pattern in a water deficit condition, presenting greater water potential, higher photosynthetic rate, high levels of total carbohydrates and high accumulation of proline. Among the traditional varieties, the Cabeça-de-Gato presented superior photosynthesis to Sempre-Verde higher Electron Transport Rate (ETR), reflecting in a greater photochemical quenching (qP) and a greater accumulation of proline, indicating that this variety presents more pronounced adaptive characteristics for water restriction conditions, which is a common condition to the Brazilian semiarid.

Isolation, Characterization and Physicochemical Properties of Starch from Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) contains constituent like starch, fat, gingerol, volatile oil, the crushed ginger root and starch extracted based on properties of physicochemical that isolates using 1 % w/v sodium metabisulphite solution of achieving starch was initiate to be crystalline, non-hygroscopic powder with 1.3 swelling powder capacity, 37% of solubility capacity and gelatinization temperature at 800 C. The character study of starch was extracted and showed physicochemical properties elevate using extraction, purification, concentration, physical or biological process expressed for identification of sinking and non-reducing carbohydrates.

Agave fructans and oligofructose decrease oxidative stress in brain regions involved in learning and memory of overweight mice

Obesity is currently a public health problem worldwide. Recently, non-reducing carbohydrates, that include β(2→1) and β(2→6) linkages in their structure, have been of particular interest in the field of obesity because they are involved in lipid metabolism. Some of these are agave fructans (AF) and oligofructose (OF). In this study, we evaluated both AF and OF on oxidative stress (OS) markers in the brain of overweight mice (OM). AF and OF decreased TBARS levels and carbonyls at different levels in hippocampus (HP), frontal cortex (FC) and cerebellum (CB) of OM. The results indicated that fructans may have anti-oxidative potential and can be used as an alternative treatment for the prevention of the consequences of this pathology.

Physicochemical characterization and label comparison among diet yogurts sold in the city of Limoeiro do Norte – CE

This work aimed at analyzing labels (based on the current legislation) and confirm the nutritional information given on the label of five brands of diet yogurt. The physicochemical analyses carried out were: moisture, minerals, proteins, lipids, reducing carbohydrates in lactose, non-reducing carbohydrates in sucrose, total carbohydrates, acidity and pH. All brands of diet yogurt had mandatory nutritional information on their label. As for content, only brands B and C are compliant with the current legal demands. The numbers found in the analyses for protein and carbohydrates were higher than the percentages shown on the labels in all brands. There were no numbers for lipids. Despite the differences found on the labels, all brands of diet yogurt are in accordance with the Identity and Quality Standards for Fermented Milk as for protein, acidity and fat content. There was a significant difference in the complementary analyses for moisture, minerals and acidity. Nevertheless, the numbers assigned to carbohydrates and protein were lower than the actual values determined in lab and, in some brands, carbohydrates were three times higher. Thus, despite presenting all the necessary information on the label, the companies are not concerned about showing the correct nutritional data to consumers.

Implication of fructans in health: immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms.

Previous studies have shown that fructans, a soluble dietary fiber, are beneficial to human health and offer a promising approach for the treatment of some diseases. Fructans are nonreducing carbohydrates composed of fructosyl units and terminated by a single glucose molecule. These carbohydrates may be straight or branched with varying degrees of polymerization. Additionally, fructans are resistant to hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes but can be fermented by the colonic microbiota to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolic by-products that possess immunomodulatory activity. The indirect role of fructans in stimulating probiotic growth is one of the mechanisms through which fructans exert their prebiotic activity and improve health or ameliorate disease. However, a more direct mechanism for fructan activity has recently been suggested; fructans may interact with immune cells in the intestinal lumen to modulate immune responses in the body. Fructans are currently being studied for their potential as “ROS scavengers” that benefit intestinal epithelial cells by improving their redox environment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of fructans interaction with the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and other components of the intestinal lumen to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the effects of fructans on health and disease.

Preferencia de mosca blanca (Paraleyrodes sp.) por cultivares de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) en Fresno, Tolima

La mosca blanca es una importante plaga que afecta el aguacate, y en Colombia no se posee suficiente información sobre este insecto. En este estudio se evaluó la incidencia de mosca blanca Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari en cuatro cultivares de aguacate (Choquette, Hass, Lorena, Santana). Se caracterizó el manejo del cultivo realizado por los agricultores y se analizó su efecto sobre la presencia del insecto en tres cultivares (Choquette, Hass, Lorena). Se encontraron algunos metabolitos secundarios en hojas de los cultivares Hass y Lorena y se evaluó el efecto del extracto de sus hojas sobre la mortalidad y el índice de repelencia de adultos de mosca blanca. Se presentó interacción entre el manejo del cultivo y los cultivares para la presencia del insecto; el manejo moderadamente químico tuvo la menor infestación en todos los cultivares. El incremento de fertilización edáfica y de insecticidas químicos incrementó la población del insecto, y la remoción de una hemiparásita la disminuyó. El cultivar Lorena presentó la mayor preferencia de mosca, aumento de población del insecto cuando hubo interacción entre cultivar y hojas maduras, índice de repelencia neutral, y mayor porcentaje de carbohidratos totales y no reductores. El cultivar Hass presentó mayor cantidad de cumarinas, terpenos y esteroides, y alto índice de repelencia. La atracción de Lorena por el insecto se debe a la presencia de carbohidratos, y la repelencia de Hass, a la de terpenos y/o esteroides. Se debe dirigir el trabajo de investigación sobre mosca blanca en aguacate hacia el cultivar Lorena.

Identification of reducing and nonreducing neutral carbohydrates by laser-enhanced in-source decay (LEISD) MALDI MS

In this work, laser-enhanced in-source decay (LEISD) technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT-ICR-MS) was used to distinguish reducing and nonreducing carbohydrates. Interestingly, easier cleavage of (1 → 2)-linked glycosidic bonds for nonreducing carbohydrates containing D-fructofuranosyl units was observed in MALDI-FT-ICR-MS, which was in agreement with the result of theoretical calculation by the software package Gaussian 09. Importantly, no cross-ring cleavage of fructofuranosyl residues was detected in the LEISD spectra of nonreducing carbohydrates. LEISD method therefore offers an attractive alternative for fast and efficient differentiation of reducing and nonreducing carbohydrates, and the positions of nonreducing monosaccharide residues in a carbohydrate chain could be easily speculated.

Potential kinetic control of ultrasonic 1H→ 2H isotopic exchange by transition metal doping of Raney–nickel® catalysts

Raney-nickel®-catalyzed 1H→ 2H isotopic exchange in non-reducing carbohydrates is conducted under mild conditions using ultrasonic irradiation. The initial and overall rates of isotopic exchange are modulated by the presence of transition metals, either in the initial alloy melt or subsequently plated onto the digested catalyst. Only the Raney-nickel® type alloys afforded stereospecific C– 1H→C– 2H isotopic exchange in an ultrasonic field. Typical supported precious metal catalysts, supported Ni catalysts, singular metal catalysts, or multi-phasic catalysts were either totally ineffective or caused substrate decomposition.

Seasonal Variations in Carbon and Nitrogen Constituents in Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) as Influenced by Increased Temperature and Water-Column Nitrate

Fluctuations in nitrogen and carbon compounds were examined over an autumn growing season in the submersed marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). The experimental design included replicated controls (ambient NO 3 − , typically < 2 μM), increased water-column nitrate (8 μMNO 3 − above ambient, pulsed daily), increased environmental temperature (3 to 4 °C above 20-year weekly means), and combined increased water-column nitrate and temperature. Above- and belowground tissues were collected weekly to biweekly and assayed for total soluble carbohydrates, non-reducing carbohydrates, starch, α-cellulose, lipids, free amino acids, total protein, tissue nitrate, tissue nitrite, and tissue ammonium. Tissue nitrate declined, and amino acids, proteins, lipids, and cellulose increased as the growing season progressed in both control and treated plants. In addition, there were seasonal quadratic responses for tissue ammonium, soluble carbohydrates, and non-reducing sugars, with maxima during periods of optimal plant growth (mid- to late September). Increased temperature promoted periodic increases in amino acids and soluble carbohydrates, but decreased accumulation of α-cellulose by the end of the experiment. Moreover, increases in water-column nitrate led to periodic increases in tissue ammonium and amino acids, as well as decreases in non-reducing sugars. Toward the end of the experiment, increases in soluble carbohydrates for plants grown under higher temperatures may have been associated with an extension of the growing season. In contrast, decreased non-reducing sugars in nitrate-enriched plants may have resulted from an increased carbon demand during nitrate assimilation/reduction, as well as a reallocation of carbon to enhance amino acid synthesis.

Highly effective separation and highly sensitive detection for clinical chemistry and biochemistry

Highly effective separation and highly sensitive detection reagents for clinical chemistry and biochemistry were developed and their applications were investigated. The sensitive detection of carboxylic acids was accomplished using 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) which gave intensely fluorescent derivatives from carboxylic acids without catalysts or heating. 1-Pyrenyldiazomethane was then synthesized and proved to react also readily with carboxylic acid and more sensitive than ADAM. The optical resolution of amino acid enantiomers was achieved using 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (GITC). GITC derivatized enantiomeric amino acids under mild conditions to give highly hydrophobic diastereomers which could be resolved on conventional reversed phase columns and easily detected by the absorption based on the thiourea structure. Then we devised an o-phthalaldehyde-N-acetylcystein reagent (OPA/NAcCys) giving diastereomers which were also resolved on a reversed phase column and detected fluorometrically with excellent sensitivity. OPA/NAcCys was useful for the assay of D-amino acids in the blood of uremic patients. The hypochlorite-thiamine method for the assay of proteins and peptides was established providing sensitive fluorometry, which well reflected the number of peptide groups in the molecule. This principle was applied to the assay using N-chlorodansylamide, designed for the fluorometry of peptides. The alkaline ninhydrin method was applied to the detection of guanidino compounds in the blood of uremic patients. Several fluorometric methods for the simultaneous detection of reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates, and guanidines were found to be useful reagents for this purpose because these compounds were resistant to the oxidation with periodate. Then protamine-bound columns were prepared for the separation of carbohydrates on HPLC, which showed excellent recovery of reducing carbohydrates in comparison with conventional alkylamino columns.

First report of congenital or infantile cataract in deranged proteoglycan metabolism with released xylose

AIMTo investigate the chemical pathology in the blood and lens, in cases of congenital or infantile cataract in children excreting predominantly non-reducing carbohydrates in urine.METHODSUrine samples from children with congenital...

Highly sensitive detection of non-reducing carbohydrates by liquid chromatography

A highly sensitive post-column reaction detection system was developed for the liquid chromatographic determination of non-reducing carbohydrates. Non-reducing carbohydrates were oxidized by periodate prior to forming fluorescent compounds by reaction with guanidine in alkaline solution. The calibration graphs were linear between 50 pmol and 10 nmol.

Determination of reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates in food products by liquid chromatography with post-column catalytic hydrolysis and derivatization comparison with refractive index detection

Post-column catalytic hydrolysis combined with 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide derivatization is employed for the determination of both reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates in a variety of complex sample matrices such as dairy products, processed foods and tobaccos. Comparison with refractive index detection shows the post-column method to be superior from the standpoint of selectivity, sensitivity and simplicity of sample preparation. Limits of detection are in the low-nanogram range. Quantitative results are presented for the determination of sugars in potato extracts. The method is also applicable for the separation and detection of carbohydrate oligomers.

Carbohydrate Modfied Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

Abstract For adhesive self-sufficiency, the wood industry needs new adhesive systems in which all or part of the petroleum-derived phenolic component is replaced by a renewable material without sacrificing high durability or ease of bonding. We tested the bonding of wood veneers, using phenolic resins in which part of the phenol-formaldehyde was replaced with carbohydrates. Our experiments show that the addition of non-reducing carbohydrates and various polyols to phenol-formaldehyde resol-resins does not adversely affect the dry- or wet-shear strength of 2-ply Douglas-fir panels bonded with the modified resins. Reducing carbohydrates, however, cannot be used as the modifier. In general, addition of about 0.6–1.0 mole of modifier per mole of phenol is optimal in the formulation of carbohydrate-or polyol-modified resin. Preliminary results show that part but not all of the modifier is chemically bound into the resin, apparently through an ether linkage. The water prehydrolysate of southern red oak wood, wh...

Evaluation of various packings for solid-state catalytic reactors used in the liquid chromatographic detection of non-reducing carbohydrates

The use of strongly acidic cation exchangers as catalysts in post-column packed-bed reactors has been studied. The main aim was their application in the liquid chromatographic determination of carbohydates, i.e., in the conversion of non-reducing oligosaccharides, especially sucrose, into more easily detectable products with reducing properties. Three types of polystyrene-based ion exchangers with different percentages of cross-linking (4 and 8%) and one silica-based ion exchanger were compared. Studies on the influence of flow-rate and reaction temperature on reactor performance were carried out so as to allow the determination of peak broadening in the reactor and of the rate of hydrolysis of the saccharides. In both instances the 4% cross-linked polystyrene resin gave the best results.

Degradation of nonreducing carbohydrates by alkaline hydrogen peroxide and ferrous salt

Degradation of nonreducing carbohydrates by alkaline hydrogen peroxide and ferrous salt

Automated Hydrolysis of Nonreducing Sugars and Fructosans from Plant Tissue1

Analytical procedures for chemical analysis of carbohydrates by measuring reducing power before and after hydrolysis, have been automated once the carbohydrates have been removed from the plant tissue. Sugars and fructosans were removed from forage tissue by hot water treatment. Reducing sugars in an aliquot were assayed by automated procedures without acid hydrolysis. Total water‐soluble carbohydrates were measured with automated acid hydrolysis of the same aliquot. Nonreducing carbohydrates were calculated as the difference between total water‐soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars. Sucrose and fructosan were completely hydrolyzed during the 2 min. exposure to 0.2 N acid at 95 C that were the conditions in automated hydrolysis. However, starch, if present in the water solution, was not broken down by the automated hydrolysis procedure due to low acid concentration and short duration of exposure to heat.Automated procedures increased lab efficiency, reduced routine errors, and eliminated filtration, pipetting, and manual dilution often required by most procedures.

Complexation of reducing and nonreducing carbohydrates with hydroxides of some alkali and alkaline-earth metals

Complexation of D-arabinose, D-fructose, D-glucitol, D-glucose, D-mannitol, L-sorbose, D-xylose, sucrose, and amylose with LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH) 2, CA(OH) 2, and Sr(OH) 2 has been studied conductometrically. D-Glucitol and D-mannitol do not bind with any of the bases used. Molecular complexes (1:1) of the other carbohydrates are formed in solution. Reducing sugars bind more strongly than nonreducing ones. Stability constants for the complexes have been determined; the free-energy change is of the order of hydrogen bonding. The association process has been observed to depend significantly on the polarity of the medium.

Influence of reducing and nonreducing carbohydrates on the conductance of aqueous solutions of electrolytes

Influence of reducing and nonreducing carbohydrates on the conductance of aqueous solutions of electrolytes