Non-public Institutions Research Articles

Assessing foodborne outbreak risk in Chinese households: A national survey analysis of pork handling practices

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the risk of foodborne outbreaks associated with household food handling practices in China and identify the consumer groups that are at higher risk for foodborne outbreaks. MethodsA national survey of household pork handling practices was conducted in China. The risk of foodborne outbreaks stemming from consumers’ improper handling practices was assessed utilizing the Weighted Harmonic Outbreak Prevention Index (WHOPI). The index categorized these practices into three levels of good hygienic practice (GHP): low (WHOPI≤0.35), medium (WHOPI: 0.36–0.70), and high (WHOPI>0.70). Logistic regression analyses were used to identify groups at higher risk for foodborne outbreaks. ResultsA total of 2730 households from seven provinces in mainland China were analyzed. Based on WHOPI, only 0.4 % of households demonstrated a high level of GHP, while 55.4 % showed a low level of GHP. The primary non-conforming stage was separation practices, followed by cooking and purchasing practices. Nearly two-thirds of households (64.8 %) didn’t have a separate cutting board for raw meat, and 44.9 % of them claimed to use the same board to handle ready-to-eats afterward. Logistic regression indicated more attention is required for those living in southern and rural areas, working in non-public institutions, possessing lower levels of education, and being single or widowed. ConclusionThe household food handling practices of Chinese consumers involve serious food safety risk. Education programs and interventions concerning safe handling practices in households are urgently needed.

Originalarbeiten / Original Articles. Prävention sexualisierter Gewalt an Kindern und Jugendlichen: Präventionsmaßnahmen und Schutzkonzepte in den Bereichen Sport, Musik und Kirche

Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: Prevention Programs and Safeguarding Concepts in the Context of Sports, Musical Education, and Religious Organizations Prevalence rates of child sexual abuse by caregivers in private and non-public institutions underscore the need for implementing safeguarding concepts. However, factors driving the implementation of prevention and safeguarding in the field are not well understood. What supportive and inhibiting factors can be identified in the implementation of safeguarding concepts and prevention programs? Content analysis of semi-structured interviews with professional and volunteer staff in clubs and institutions (n = 10, 69 % female) as well as with individuals who experienced child sexual abuse during their childhood (n = 3, 66 % female). Safeguarding concepts in clubs or religious institutions were primarily initiated by umbrella organizations. Current incidents of child maltreatment, public pressure, and media attention substantially increased the need for preventive actions. The provision of training, resources, and networking structures by umbrella organizations further facilitated their implementation. Main implementation challenges included limited personnel and time resources, lack of expertise, insufficient training opportunities, and absence of guidelines and support from umbrella organizations. Due to club leaders' limited knowledge and resources an independent implementation of safeguarding concepts is largely lacking without concrete guidelines and support from umbrella organizations. To upscale safeguarding, public policies or incentive systems such as state-funded child protection certifications are thus paramount.

Settlement of subsidies for special education by non-public institutions

Od wielu lat system oświaty obserwuje zainteresowanie i otwartość na kształcenie specjalne podmiotów prowadzących niepubliczne szkoły, przedszkola i placówki. Przede wszystkim umożliwiła to zmiana myślenia i utorowanie edukacji specjalnej dostępu do szkół ogólnodostępnych.Rodzice chętnie korzystają z ofert podmiotów niepublicznych, chcąc uniknąć stygmatyzacji szkołą specjalną. Z drugiej strony, czasami pojawia się obawa organów prowadzących niepubliczne szkoły i przedszkola do realizacji kształcenia specjalnego, jednak obawa ta nie wynika z braku przygotowania merytorycznego placówki, ale niejasnego, niejednolitego interpretowania przepisów prawa przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w chwili rozliczania udzielanej dotacji na kształcenie specjalne.Spotkanie dobra ucznia z normą prawną nie zawsze oznacza sukces tego pierwszego, choć wszyscy podkreślają ze dobro ucznia jest najważniejsze.

Gender Equity in Deanship of the Central and Eastern European Law Schools

The paper aims to analyze the scope of female leadership (deanship) at public and non-public law faculties in selected countries from the region of Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Montenegro. The paper will explore the engagement of women in the administration of law schools operating within public (and non-public) schools (universities) across the region in the latest years. The paper aims to show the number of female deanships at law faculties in the analyzed states. This analysis will be based on statistical data obtained from the available public sources (including national databases as well as the European Union resources) providing the number of female deans and vice-deans appointed or elected by the academia at all higher education institutions within the country. The initial hypothesis states that gender inequality has been present in the deanship of analyzed law schools and reflects general trends in gender equality in Europe. Comprehensive analysis of the central and eastern European states will allow formulating the key conclusions and answering the following research questions concerning the differences in the numbers of women on the key positions within the law faculties in terms of public versus non-public institutions and in the light of the general gender equality trends in the continent. The research methods used for the analysis include a dogmatic method, statistical method as well as comparative method.

Evaluation of the Organisation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Process by the Teachers in a Region of Poland.

The aim of this study was to assess the organisational process of vaccination within the National Vaccination Programme against COVID-19 (NVP) in the professional group of teachers in Pomeranian Province, Poland. The main goal of the survey was to assess the quality of planning and executing of the NVP and to find a correlation between social and employment placements with the level of perception of chosen quality indicators of the NVP. The presented cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4622 teachers from all levels of education in public and non-public institutions who received the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccination campaign with the vaccine from AstraZeneca as part of the NVP. The survey was conducted using an original, self-designed questionnaire prepared for this study and distributed to teachers in the form of an online survey via email. Bayesian logistic and linear regression were used to estimate the relationship between predictors and dependent variables. Age was the main factor associated with the performance assessment of the vaccination centre (log[BF] = 0.86-16.88), while gender was the main factor associated with the assessment of NVP (log[BF] = 3.15-10,6). The evaluation of the vaccination registration process (log[BF] = -7.01-50.26) and the evaluation of the information received on the management of post-vaccination reactions (log[BF] = -2.22-65.26) were significant parts of the NVP. It is crucial to tailor information messages to the age and gender of the recipients and to ensure the quality of the information provided by medical personnel, in particular the possible occurrence of vaccination reactions and how to deal with them.

Investigation and analysis of oral health resources allocation status in Yunnan Province

Objective: To investigate and analyze the allocation status of oral health resources in Yunnan Province at the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, providing a scientific basis for the rational resource allocation and formulation regional oral health plan for government health administrative departments. Methods: With the method of general survey, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the allocation of material and human resources of all kinds of stomatological medical institutions registered in the health administrative departments in Yunnan before January 1, 2020. The general situation of oral health resources was analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis. Results: There were 2 712 stomatological medical institutions in Yunnan, 634 public and 2 078 non-public included. The largest number was in Kunming (1 167) and the least in Diqing (19). There were 9 018 dental chairs in total, among which 2 584 in public and 6 434 in non-public. Kunming had the largest number of chairs (3 612) and Nujiang had the least (57). There were 702 oral and maxillofacial surgical beds, all of which were distributed in public. There were 15 148 stomatological personnel, including 3 667 in public and 11 481 in non-public. The average ratio of stomatologist to population was 1∶6 615. Dehong (1∶6 620) was close to this average level, while Kunming (1∶2 283) and Yuxi (1∶4 936) were lower than the average and the other 13 states (cities) were higher. The population ratio of licensed stomatologist was only 1∶9 110. The average ratio of stomatologist to nurses was 1∶0.94. Honghe (1∶1.05), Kunming (1∶1.00), Yuxi (1∶1.18) and Qujing (1∶0.94) was better than or reached the average level, while the other 13 states (cities) were lower than this average. And this ratio in public comprehensive medical institutions was only 1∶0.38. Conclusions: The distribution of oral health resources in Yunnan was unbalanced between public and non-public institutions and among states (cities), mainly distributed in economically developed states (cities) and non-public institutions. For the oral health in Yunnan Province, the workforce was insufficient and the structure was unreasonable, and the proportion of nurses was seriously insufficient in public comprehensive medical institutions.

Use of GIS Tools for Decision-Making Support in Sustainable Energy Generation on the Example of the Solar Photovoltaic Technology

The study proposes a simple procedure for evaluating the suitability of various locations for the installation of micro-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main aim of the study was to determine the applicability of GIS tools for assessing the suitability of different locations for solar energy generation. The applicability of open-source databases in geoinformation analyses was emphasized. The study was conducted in the urban municipality of Mrągowo in the Region of Warmia and Mazury, Poland. Mrągowo is characterized by considerable physiographic diversity, which influenced the results of the study. The evaluation focused on rooftops which are most widely used for the installation of micro-scale solar PV systems. For the purpose of generalization, the results of the evaluation were presented for the districts of Mrągowo, so as to assist state agencies, local governments, and non-public institutions in implementing local policies that support renewable energy generation. The average amount of energy (MWh) that can be generated per building and the total amount of energy (MWh) that can be generated in cadastral districts were calculated to determine the solar energy potential of the study site

Higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic in the opinions of students in Poland

The COVID-19 pandemic has completely changed the social life as we have known so far. Lockdown-type control measures resulted in numerous limitations in the operation of public and non-public institutions as well as limitations in social, family and cultural life. The measures taken due to COVID-19 have had an immediate effect on higher education in Poland. The aim of the study was to find out what experiences were gained by students participating in distance education in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. The long-term study was conducted in two stages. The study included 290 participants who were studying in various types of universities in Poland. As a result of the research it was found that from the perspective of students, the biggest advantage of online education were logistical and organisational issues. The greatest limitations of online education were: absence of personal interaction with teachers and other students, difficulty in organising online classes based on students’ activity and learning-by-doing, lack of standardisation of platforms used for online education at the university, too much workload for students requiring independent learning, and risk of health problems as a consequence of too long work at the computer. In the second semester of distance education during the pandemic, there was an increase in student satisfaction with online education, mainly due to the more frequent conducting of synchronously classes The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic situation initiated the educational revolution in Poland. It appears that online education will remain an integral part of Polish higher education system, but it will not replace stationary education after the pandemic.
 Received: 2 August 2021Accepted: 29 September 2022

The New Public Library: Design Innovation for the Twenty-First Century

The New Public Library: Design Innovation for the Twenty-First Century

Word embeddings for topic modeling: An application to the estimation of the economic policy uncertainty index

The quantification of economic uncertainty is key to the prediction of macroeconomic variables, such as gross domestic product (GDP), and is particularly crucial in regard to real-time or short-time prediction methodologies, such as nowcasting, where a large amount of time series data is required. Most of the data comes from official agency statistics and non-public institutions, but these sources are susceptible to lack of information due to major disruptive events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of this, it is very common nowadays to use non-traditional data from different sources. The economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index is the indicator most frequently used to quantify uncertainty and is based on topic modeling of newspapers. In this paper, we propose a methodology to estimate the EPU index that incorporates a fast and efficient method for topic modeling of digital news based on semantic clustering with word embeddings, allowing us to update the index in real time, which is something that other studies have failed to manage. We show that our proposal enables us to update the index and significantly reduce the time required for new document assignation into topics.

Health promotion for the oldest seniors in the social sector. Examples of policies and programmes from Poland and the Czech Republic


 The article identifies health promotion activities for the oldest people, who often become users of social services due to loss of capabilities, solitude and raising care needs related to worsening health status. The analysis is based on the literature overview, experts’ consultations and interviews on the role of the social sector institutions in health promotion in selected countries. Examples of best practices in health promotion for older people in the social sector are presented. These include programmes of health information and campaigns on health risks avoidance, stimulation of physical activity, healthy eating for the oldest seniors, promotion of mental health and support of cognitive abilities, primary prevention activities and stimulation of social and cultural participation. The article concludes that health promotion activities for the oldest population, although on the side of main activities of the social sector, are an important element of activities of public and non-public institutions in providing care to dependent populations. Good practices identified typically involve numerous health promotion activities and require cooperation at the national – policy setting – level and within community.
 
 The article identifies health promotion activities for the oldest people, who often become users of social services due to loss of capabilities, solitude and raising care needs related to worsening health status. The analysis is based on the literature overview, experts’ consultations and interviews on the role of the social sector institutions in health promotion in selected countries. Examples of best practices in health promotion for older people in the social sector are presented. These include programmes of health information and campaigns on health risks avoidance, stimulation of physical activity, healthy eating for the oldest seniors, promotion of mental health and support of cognitive abilities, primary prevention activities and stimulation of social and cultural participation. The article concludes that health promotion activities for the oldest population, although on the side of main activities of the social sector, are an important element of activities of public and non-public institutions in providing care to dependent populations. Good practices identified typically involve numerous health promotion activities and require cooperation at the national – policy setting – level and within community. 
 

Adequacy of spine surgery fellowship training in Turkey: Results of a survey.

The aim of this study was to determine the adequacy of spine surgery fellowship training (SSFT) in Turkey and what is needed for further development by interviewing current fellows. Forty male orthopaedics and traumatology or neurosurgery specialists who had completed SSFT in three different spine centers in Turkey between 2010 and 2018 were asked to complete a survey with 29 questions about SSFT in Turkey. Thirty specialists responded, and the collected data were analyzed. Twenty-seven (90%) participants were orthopaedic and traumatology specialists and three (10%) were neurosurgery specialists, with a mean age of 39 (range = 35-53) years. Most participants received their residency training in the provinces where their fellowship training took place (11 (37%) in İstanbul and 7 (23%) in Ankara). The mean duration between residency training and the start of SSFT was 4 (range = 0-14) years, and the mean SSFT duration was 8 (range = 1-18) months. Seventy percent of participants had participated in spine surgery cases during their residency. Twenty-three (77%) participants reported that spine surgery training in their hospital during their residency was inadequate. Seventeen (57%) participants felt that they could not independently perform spine surgery cases before SSFT. All three centers (100%) participating in the study that offered SSFT were non-public institutions such as private hospitals and private university hospitals of medicine managed by a dedicated mentor with personal commitment, without any accreditation for SSFT. While 25 (83%) participants indicated that they felt competent enough to perform a standard spinal deformity surgery case independently at the end of SSFT, 5 (17%) indicated the opposite. This proportion, which was 43% at the end of residency, increased to 83% after SSFT. The results of this study have demonstrated the importance of SSFT in spine surgery as a specialty with a potentially high risk of complications that require prolonged case observation, challenging work-up, and adequate equipment. In this regard, there is a need for regulations on accreditation in government health facilities that provide ideal conditions. We propose to offer SSFT to all surgeons interested in spine surgery in Turkey by conducting further studies supported by an optimal health sector that ensures the appropriate requirements, in accordance with the declaration of TOTEK (The Turkish Orthopaedics and Traumatology Education Council), training workshops, and an accredited master's degree program in spine surgery or subspecialty.

Obraz szkół publicznych oraz placówek niepublicznych w opinii pracujących tam nauczycieli

The article is related to the functioning of public and non-public institutions in Poland – special attention was paid to primary schools. The most important theoretical issues were presented, referring to the available publications. The article presents the results of own research conducted in the school year 2021/2022 among teachers working in public and non-public primary schools in one of the Małopolska cities. 48 teachers participated in the research – 24 working in public schools and 24 teachers working in non-public institutions. The questions posed in the research allowed us to obtain information on, among others, what differences in work in public and private schools are perceived by teachers, what is the offer of these schools, what is the hourly working time of teachers, what benefits are perceived in a specific place and what difficulties they encounter. The article is of a teoretycy and research nature.

LEGAL NATURE OF CLAIMS OF ENTITIES RUNNING SCHOOLS AND NON-PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN TERMS OF EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES

Educational subsidies play an important role in the implementation of tasks related to the education process and are paid to private entities that run non-public schools and institutions. The experience of recent years shows frequent cases of irregularities in the calculation of grant amounts by local government units, which led to legal action by entities running schools and non-public institutions. This study analyses the legal grounds for claims by private entities regarding subsidies related to improper determination of their amount by local governments. A grant claim may be based on various legal bases and may take the form of a performance claim, a claim for damages based on tort and contractual liability. The choice of a specific legal basis carries further consequences for entities running schools and non-public institutions. Pursuing a claim regarding a subsidy as a claim for performance of an obligation raises a problem related to the possible settlement of receivables obtained as subsidies and paid after the settlement period. On the other hand, pursuing a claim for damages is associated with difficulties in the manner of determining the damage.

ФОРМИ ЗАЛУЧЕННЯ МОЛОДІ НІМЕЧЧИНИ ДО ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ЖИТТЯ КРАЇНИ

The article deals with the features of political participation of German youth, in particular, information obtained from the results of studies of youth issues. Youth policy-making in Germany takes place at different levels. The cooperation between public and non-public institutions and organizations is determined by the principle of subsidiarity. The principle of subsidiarity is that a central authority performs only those tasks that cannot be executed by a person or organization at a local level. The guiding principle of this policy approach is the active participation of young people. The latest achievement in Germany as part of this strategy is the development of a so-called «youth check» (Jugendcheck), that serves to assess the impact of national legislation on the life of young people. «Youth check» also serves to examine if and how young people were involved in the democratic procedures and the development of public projects. Another issue in the Germany’s policies is the integration and support of young refugees. Young people lacking higher educational and professional qualifications run the danger of being isolated not only professionally and financially, but also politically, because they lack the political skills necessary to assert their political demands and because they use their political rights to a lesser extent. The Internet enables the acceleration and expansion of political activities of young people. The attraction of all media and forms of communication quickly and directly not only leads to a larger amount of information, communication and participation but also to a new level of quality in social interaction. The development of skills and certain personality characteristics also guarantees a positive social integration into the adult world under difficult and changed present social conditions. Young people with higher levels of education and political involvement tend to use opportunities for democratic political decision-making more frequently than others. It is safe to say that all forms of political participation, from the simple act of voting to time-consuming activities such as working for political parties, increase with the level of a person’s education. The study of the experience of policy participation of young people in other countries can be a good source for innovative ideas for educating civic identities in youth.

Private Archives: Relationship with the State Archives

The relationships between the state archives and various types of private archives are of diverse character. The way they are handled depends, to a large extent, on the willingness to cooperate on the part of non-public institutions and their archives, but also on the real interest of the state archives in the problems of broadly understood private archives.

Ten Years after the Creation of the Portuguese National Network for Long-Term Care in 2006: Achievements and Challenges

The Portuguese National Network for Long-term Integrated Care (Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados, RNCCI) was created in 2006 as a partnership between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity. The formal provision of care within the RNCCI is made up of non-profit and non-public institutions called Private Institutions of Social Solidarity, public institutions belonging to the National Health Service and for-profit-institutions. These institutions are organized by type of care in two main settings: (i) Home and Community-Based Services and (ii) four types of Nursing Homes to account for different care needs. This is the first study that assess the RNCCI reform in Portugal since 2006 and takes into account several core dimensions: coordination, ownership, organizational structure, financing system and main features, as well as the challenges ahead. Evidence suggests that despite providing universal access, Portuguese policy-makers face the following challenges: multiple sources of financing, the existence of several care settings and the sustained increase of admissions at the RNCCI, the dominance of institutionalization, the existence of waiting lists, regional asymmetries, the absence of a financing model based on dependence levels, or the difficulty to use the instrument of needs assessment for international comparison.

Pneumococcal Meningitis Before and After Universal Vaccination With Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines 7/13, Impact on Pediatric Hospitalization in Public and Nonpublic Institutions, in Uruguay.

This is the first study showing the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in Latin America; a significant (63.5%) reduction in hospitalization was observed during the first 6 years after starting vaccination. A 90% reduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines 7/13 serotypes was observed (P < 0.0001). After vaccination, all strains were penicillin susceptible. Mortality had a reduction of 71%.

Constructing a nationwide interoperable health information system in China: The case study of Sichuan Province

ObjectivesChina has set up an ambitious goal to complete the construction of a nationwide interoperable health information system (HIS) by the end of 2020. This paper provides a policy analysis, from the perspective of a province, on how China achieves nationwide interoperability through integrating Population Health Information Platforms (PHIP), developed by healthcare authorities at different levels, with HIS implemented by healthcare institutions. MethodsAn analytical framework, with a focus on interoperability between PHIPs and healthcare institutions’ HIS, is proposed and used to analyze Sichuan Province׳s interoperable HIS to shed light on China׳s approach. To assure the validity of our research, this study analyzed data collected from multiple sources including literature review, web-based search, and interviews with staff from healthcare institutions. ResultsChina׳s approach to constructing a nationwide HIS offers great potential and flexibility through delegating PHIP construction to healthcare authorities at different levels. Our findings reveal that developed PHIPs have strong capacities for health information exchange. China׳s approach provides clear guidelines and standards such that healthcare authorities able to complete the construction of PHIPs on time. However, remedial policies are needed to improve the effective use and sustainability of completed systems. ConclusionsTo maximize use of developed systems, China government should: a) define a monitoring policy to ensure full observation of construction guidelines; b) promote a new payment mechanism to motivate information sharing; c) clarify the role of PHIPs, at different levels, to assure their effective use; d) provide incentives for non-public institutions to participate in EMR adoption.

Use of Categorical Regression Model for Optimization of Interventions in the Information Labor Market System for the Youth

The behavior of youth to the labor market information is the product of the action and interaction of various factors, psychological, social and economic. In Albania it is estimated that only about 49.6% of young people express interest and consider this information useful. Young people are selective to channel information. The reliability valuation for the information that published by public institutions, labor offices, electronic and print media or non-public institutions, is relatively low. Young people evaluate the credibility of the information they receive from friends (96.7%) and / or from family (79.8%). Results of the categorical regression model used to explain the behavior of young people to the labor market information, showed that have a statistically significant affect of employment status (P