Non-positive Integers Research Articles

Some results for the q-Bernoulli, q-Euler numbers and polynomials

The q-analogues of many well known formulas are derived by using several results of q-Bernoulli, q-Euler numbers and polynomials. The q-analogues of ζ-type functions are given by using generating functions of q-Bernoulli, q-Euler numbers and polynomials. Finally, their values at non-positive integers are also been computed.

On generalized poly-Bernoulli numbers and related L-functions

Different two generalizations of the Dirichlet L-functions which are based on the construction of Arakawa–Kanekoʼs zeta function are treated. Further special values at non-positive integers of such functions are evaluated and generalized poly-Bernoulli numbers are introduced via those values.

FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS FOR DOUBLE L-FUNCTIONS AND VALUES AT NON-POSITIVE INTEGERS

We consider double L-functions with periodic coefficients and complex parameters. We prove functional equations for them, which is of traditional symmetric form on certain hyperplanes. These are character analogs of our previous result on double zeta-functions. We further evaluate double L-functions at non-positive integers and construct certain p-adic double L-functions.

Some limit formulas for the Gamma and Psi (or Digamma) functions at their singularities

Both the Gamma function Γ(z) and the Psi (or Digamma) function ψ(z) are meromorphically continued to the whole complex z-plane with singularities (which are simple poles) at z=−k for non-positive integer values of k. Here, in this presentation, we derive the following (presumably new) limit formulas: for positive integer values of n and q, k being a non-negative integer. One of the above limit formulas is used here to partition the singularities of Γ(z) into the first set of singularities (at z=0,−1,−2,−3) and the second set of singularities (at z=−4,−5,−6, …). Some other closely-related formulas are also considered.

Arakawa–Kaneko L-functions and generalized poly-Bernoulli polynomials

We introduce and investigate generalized poly-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. We state and prove several properties satisfied by these polynomials. The generalized poly-Bernoulli numbers are algebraic numbers. We introduce and study the Arakawa–Kaneko L-functions. The non-positive integer values of the complex variable s of these L-functions are expressed rationally in terms of generalized poly-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. Furthermore, we prove difference and Raabeʼs type formulae for these L-functions.

A note on sums of products of Bernoulli numbers

In this work we obtain a new approach to closed expressions for sums of products of Bernoulli numbers by using the relation of values at non-positive integers of the important representation of the multiple Hurwitz zeta function in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function.

The first derivative multiple zeta values at non-positive integers

In this article, we prove some explicit results for the first derivative multiple zeta values at non-positive integers and apply them to a certain classical problem in number theory which was studied and developed by E. Hecke, A. Fujii and K. Matsumoto. Further, we consider the relation between regular values and reverse values for the multiple zeta-function via a certain functional relation.

Nested Sums of Symbols and Renormalized Multiple Zeta Values

We define discrete nested sums over integer points for symbols on the real line, which obey stuffle relations whenever they converge. They relate to Chen integrals of symbols via the Euler-MacLaurin formula. Using a suitable holomorphic regularisation followed by a Birkhoff factorisation, we define renormalised nested sums of symbols which also satisfy stuffle relations. For appropriate symbols they give rise to renormalised multiple zeta functions which satisfy stuffle relations at all arguments. The Hurwitz multiple zeta functions fit into the framework as well. We show the rationality of multiple zeta values at nonpositive integer arguments, and a higher-dimensional analog is also investigated.

The Lerch zeta and related functions of non-positive integer order

It is known that the Lerch (or periodic) zeta function of non-positive integer order, ℓ − n ( ξ ) \ell _{-n}(\xi ) , n ∈ N 0 := { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , … } n\in \mathbb {N}_{0}:= \{0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots \} , is a polynomial in cot ⁡ ( π ξ ) \cot (\pi \xi ) of degree n + 1 n + 1 . In this paper, a very simple explicit closed-form formula for this polynomial valid for any degree is derived. In addition, novel analogous explicit closed-form formulae for the Legendre chi function, the alternating Lerch zeta function and the alternating Legendre chi function are established. The obtained formulae involve the Carlitz-Scoville tangent and secant numbers of higher order, and the derivative polynomials for tangent and secant are used in their derivation. Several special cases and consequences are pointed out, and some examples are also given.

Number theoretic properties of generating functions related to Dyson’s rank for partitions into distinct parts

Let Q(n) denote the number of partitions of n into distinct parts. We show that Dyson's rank provides a combinatorial interpretation of the well-known fact that Q(n) is almost always divisible by 4. This interpretation gives rise to a new false theta function identity that reveals surprising analytic properties of one of Ramanujan's mock theta functions, which in turn gives generating functions for values of certain Dirichlet L-functions at nonpositive integers.

Evaluations of multiple Dirichlet L-values via symmetric functions

We explicitly evaluate a special type of multiple Dirichlet L-values at positive integers in two different ways: One approach involves using of symmetric functions, while the other involves using of a generating function of the values. Equating these two expressions, we derive several summation formulae involving the Bernoulli and Euler numbers. Moreover, values at non-positive integers, called central limit values, are also studied.

The Continuing Story of Zeta

We show how the Binomial Theorem can be used to continue the Riemann Zeta Function to the left hand half-plane. This method yields the explicit values of the function at non-positive integers in terms of the Bernoulli numbers.

AN INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION OF MULTIPLE HURWITZ-LERCH ZETA FUNCTIONS AND GENERALIZED MULTIPLE BERNOULLI NUMBERS

A surface integral representation of a multiple generalization of the Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function is given, which is a direct analogue of the well-known contour integral representation of the Riemann zeta function of Hankel's type. From this integral representation, we derive a detailed description of the set of its possible singularities. In addition, we present two formulae for special values of the zeta function at non-positive integers in terms of generalizations of Bernoulli numbers. These results are refinements of previously known ones.

Reachability Relations and the Structure of Transitive Digraphs

In this paper we investigate reachability relations on the vertices of digraphs. If $W$ is a walk in a digraph $D$, then the height of $W$ is equal to the number of edges traversed in the direction coinciding with their orientation, minus the number of edges traversed opposite to their orientation. Two vertices $u,v\in V(D)$ are $R_{a,b}$-related if there exists a walk of height $0$ between $u$ and $v$ such that the height of every subwalk of $W$, starting at $u$, is contained in the interval $[a,b]$, where $a$ ia a non-positive integer or $a=-\infty$ and $b$ is a non-negative integer or $b=\infty$. Of course the relations $R_{a,b}$ are equivalence relations on $V(D)$. Factorising digraphs by $R_{a,\infty}$ and $R_{-\infty,b}$, respectively, we can only obtain a few different digraphs. Depending upon these factor graphs with respect to $R_{-\infty,b}$ and $R_{a,\infty}$ it is possible to define five different "basic relation-properties" for $R_{-\infty,b}$ and $R_{a,\infty}$, respectively. Besides proving general properties of the relations $R_{a,b}$, we investigate the question which of the "basic relation-properties" with respect to $R_{-\infty,b}$ and $R_{a,\infty}$ can occur simultaneously in locally finite connected transitive digraphs. Furthermore we investigate these properties for some particular subclasses of locally finite connected transitive digraphs such as Cayley digraphs, digraphs with one, with two or with infinitely many ends, digraphs containing or not containing certain directed subtrees, and highly arc transitive digraphs.

Renormalization of multiple q-zeta values

In this paper we shall define the renormalization of the multiple $q$-zeta values (M$q$ZV) which are special values of multiple $q$-zeta functions $\zeta_q(s_1,...,s_d)$ when the arguments are all positive integers or all non-positive integers. This generalizes the work of Guo and Zhang (math.NT/0606076v3) on the renormalization of Euler-Zagier multiple zeta values. We show that our renormalization process produces the same values if the M$q$ZVs are well-defined originally and that these renormalizations of M$q$ZV satisfy the $q$-stuffle relations if we use shifted-renormalizations for all divergent $\zeta_q(s_1,...,s_d)$ (i.e., $s_1\le 1$). Moreover, when $\qup$ our renormalizations agree with those of Guo and Zhang.

An integral representation of the Mordell-Tornheim double zeta function and its values at non-positive integers

A surface integral representation of the Mordell-Tornheim double zeta function is given, which is a direct analogue of a well-known integral representation of the Riemann zeta function of Hankel’s type. As an application, we investigate its values and residues at integers, where generalizations of a generating function of Bernoulli numbers naturally appear.

Renormalization of multiple zeta values

Multiple zeta values (MZVs) in the usual sense are the special values of multiple variable zeta functions at positive integers. Their extensive studies are important in both mathematics and physics with broad connections and applications. In contrast, very little is known about the special values of multiple zeta functions at non-positive integers since the values are usually undefined. We define and study multiple zeta functions at integer values by adapting methods of renormalization from quantum field theory, and following the Hopf algebra approach of Connes and Kreimer. This definition of renormalized MZVs agrees with the convergent MZVs and extends the work of Ihara–Kaneko–Zagier on renormalization of MZVs with positive arguments. We further show that the important quasi-shuffle (stuffle) relation for usual MZVs remains true for the renormalized MZVs.

Frobenius Problem and dead ends in integers

Let a and b be positive and relatively prime integers. We show that the following are equivalent: (i) d is a dead end in the (symmetric) Cayley graph of Z with respect to a and b, (ii) d is a Frobenius value with respect to a and b (it cannot be written as a non-negative or non-positive integer linear combination of a and b), and d is maximal (in the Cayley graph) with respect to this property. In addition, for given integers a and b, we explicitly describe all such elements in Z . Finally, we show that Z has only finitely many dead ends with respect to any finite symmetric generating set. In Appendix A we show that every finitely generated group has a generating set with respect to which dead ends exist.

Some Relationships between the Analogs of Euler Numbers and Polynomials

We construct new twisted Euler polynomials and numbers. We also study the generating functions of the twisted Euler numbers and polynomials associated with their interpolation functions. Next we construct twisted Euler zeta function, twisted Hurwitz zeta function, twisted Dirichlet-Euler numbers and twisted Euler polynomials at non-positive integers, respectively. Furthermore, we find distribution relations of generalized twisted Euler numbers and polynomials. By numerical experiments, we demonstrate a remarkably regular structure of the complex roots of the twisted-Euler polynomials. Finally, we give a table for the solutions of the twisted-Euler polynomials.

On twisted q-Hurwitz zeta function and q-two-variable L-function

In this study, by applying the Mellin transformation to the generating function of the ( h, q)-Bernoulli polynomials, we construct integral representation of the twisted ( h, q)-Hurwitz function and twisted ( h, q)-two-variable L-function. These functions are interpolate the twisted ( h, q)-Bernoulli polynomials and generalized twisted ( h, q)-Bernoulli numbers at non-positive integers, respectively. We also give the relation between twisted ( h, q)-Hurwitz zeta function and twisted ( h, q)-two-variable L-function.