Non-normal Modal Logics Research Articles

Fractional-Valued Modal Logic and Soft Bilateralism

In a recent paper, under the auspices of an unorthodox variety of bilateralism, we introduced a new kind of proof-theoretic semantics for the base modal logic \(\mathbf{K}\), whose values lie in the closed interval \([0,1]\) of rational numbers [14]. In this paper, after clarifying our conception of bilateralism – dubbed “soft bilateralism” – we generalize the fractional method to encompass extensions and weakenings of \(\mathbf{K}\). Specifically, we introduce well-behaved hypersequent calculi for the deontic logic \(\mathbf{D}\) and the non-normal modal logics \(\mathbf{E}\) and \(\mathbf{M}\) and thoroughly investigate their structural properties.

Arithmetical completeness theorems for monotonic modal logics

We investigate modal logical aspects of provability predicates PrT(x) satisfying the following condition:M: If T⊢φ→ψ, then T⊢PrT(⌜φ⌝)→PrT(⌜ψ⌝).We prove the arithmetical completeness theorems for monotonic modal logics MN, MN4, MNP, MNP4, and MND with respect to provability predicates satisfying the condition M. That is, we prove that for each logic L of them, there exists a Σ1 provability predicate PrT(x) satisfying M such that the provability logic of PrT(x) is exactly L. In particular, the modal formulas P: ¬□⊥ and D: ¬(□A∧□¬A) are not equivalent over non-normal modal logic and correspond to two different formalizations ¬PrT(⌜0=1⌝) and ¬(PrT(⌜φ⌝)∧PrT(⌜¬φ⌝)) of consistency statements, respectively. Our results separate these formalizations in terms of modal logic.

Non-Deterministic Matrices: Theory and Applications to Algebraic Semantics

AbstractWe call multioperation any operation that return for even argument a set of values instead of a single value. Through multioperations we can define an algebraic structure equipped with at least one multioperation. This kind of structure is called multialgebra. The study of them began in 1934 with the publication of a paper of Marty. In the realm of Logic, multialgebras were considered by Avron and his collaborators under the name of non-deterministic matrices (or Nmatrices) and used as semantics tool for characterizing some logics which cannot be characterized by a single finite matrix. Carnielli and Coniglio introduced the semantics of swap structures for LFIs (Logics of Formal Inconsistency), which are Nmatrices defined over triples in a Boolean algebra, generalizing Avron’s semantics. In this thesis, we will introduce a new method of algebraization of logics based on multialgebras and swap structures that is similar to classical algebraization method of Lindenbaum-Tarski, but more extensive because it can be applied to systems such that some operators are non-congruential. In particular, this method will be applied to a family of non-normal modal logics and to some LFIs that are not algebraizable by the very general techniques introduced by Blok and Pigozzi. We also will obtain representation theorems for some LFIs and we will prove that, within out approach, the classes of swap structures for some axiomatic extensions of mbC are a subclass of the class of swap structures for the logic mbC.Abstract prepared by Ana Claudia de Jesus Golzio.E-mail: anaclaudiagolzio@yahoo.com.brURL: http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/322436

Non-Normal Super-Strict Implications

This paper introduces the logics of super-strict implications that are based on C.I. Lewis' non-normal modal logics S2 and S3. The semantics of these logics is based on Kripke's semantics for non-normal modal logics. This solves a question we left open in a previous paper by showing that these logics are weakly connexive.

Meta-inferences and Supervaluationism

Many classically valid meta-inferences fail in a standard supervaluationist framework. This allegedly prevents supervaluationism from offering an account of good deductive reasoning. We provide a proof system for supervaluationist logic which includes supervaluationistically acceptable versions of the classical meta-inferences. The proof system emerges naturally by thinking of truth as licensing assertion, falsity as licensing negative assertion and lack of truth-value as licensing rejection and weak assertion. Moreover, the proof system respects well-known criteria for the admissibility of inference rules. Thus, supervaluationists can provide an account of good deductive reasoning. Our proof system moreover brings to light how one can revise the standard supervaluationist framework to make room for higher-order vagueness. We prove that the resulting logic is sound and complete with respect to the consequence relation that preserves truth in a model of the non-normal modal logic NT. Finally, we extend our approach to a first-order setting and show that supervaluationism can treat vagueness in the same way at every order. The failure of conditional proof and other meta-inferences is a crucial ingredient in this treatment and hence should be embraced, not lamented.

Modal Logic With Non-Deterministic Semantics: Part II—Quantified Case

Abstract In the first part of this paper we analyzed finite non-deterministic matrix semantics for propositional non-normal modal logics as an alternative to the standard Kripke possible world semantics. This kind of modal system characterized by finite non-deterministic matrices was originally proposed by Ju. Ivlev in the 70s. The aim of this second paper is to introduce a formal non-deterministic semantical framework for the quantified versions of some Ivlev-like non-normal modal logics. It will be shown that several well-known controversial issues of quantified modal logics, relative to the identity predicate, Barcan’s formulas and de re and de dicto modalities, can be tackled from a new angle within the present framework.

Non-normal modal logics and conditional logics: Semantic analysis and proof theory

We introduce proper display calculi for basic monotonic modal logic, the conditional logic CK and a number of their axiomatic extensions. These calculi are sound, complete, conservative, and enjoy cut elimination and subformula property. Our proposal applies the multi-type methodology in the design of proper display calculi, starting from a semantic analysis which motivates syntactic translations from single-type non-normal modal logics to multi-type normal poly-modal logics.

Neighbourhood Semantics for FDE-Based Modal Logics

We investigate some non-normal variants of well-studied paraconsistent and paracomplete modal logics that are based on N. Belnap’s and M. Dunn’s four-valued logic. Our basic non-normal modal logics are characterized by a weak extensionality rule, which reflects the four-valued nature of underlying logics. Aside from introducing our basic framework of bi-neighbourhood semantics, we develop a correspondence theory in order to prove completeness results with respect to our neighbourhood semantics for non-normal variants of $$\mathsf {BK}$$ , $$\mathsf {BK^{FS}}$$ and $$\mathsf {MBL}$$ .

Proof-search and countermodel generation for non-normal modal logics: The theorem prover PRONOM

In this work we present PRONOM, a theorem prover and countermodel generator for non-normal modal logics. PRONOM implements some labelled sequent calculi recently introduced for the basic system E and its extensions with axioms M, N, and C based on bi-neighbourhood semantics. PRONOM is inspired by the methodology of leanTAP and is implemented in Prolog. When a modal formula is valid, then PRONOM computes a proof (a closed tree) in the labelled calculi having a sequent with an empty left-hand side and containing only that formula on the right-hand side as a root, otherwise PRONOM is able to extract a model falsifying it from an open, saturated branch. The paper shows some experimental results, witnessing that the performances of PRONOM are promising.

Hypersequent calculi for non-normal modal and deontic logics: countermodels and optimal complexity

AbstractWe present some hypersequent calculi for all systems of the classical cube and their extensions with axioms ${T}$, ${P}$ and ${D}$ and for every $n \geq 1$, rule ${RD}_n^+$. The calculi are internal as they only employ the language of the logic, plus additional structural connectives. We show that the calculi are complete with respect to the corresponding axiomatization by a syntactic proof of cut elimination. Then, we define a terminating proof search strategy in the hypersequent calculi and show that it is optimal for coNP-complete logics. Moreover, we show that from every failed proof of a formula or hypersequent it is possible to directly extract a countermodel of it in the bi-neighbourhood semantics of polynomial size for coNP logics, and for regular logics also in the relational semantics. We finish the paper by giving a translation between hypersequent rule applications and derivations in a labelled system for the classical cube.

Sequent Calculi and Interpolation for Non-Normal Modal and Deontic Logics

G3-style sequent calculi for the logics in the cube of non-normal modal logics and for their deontic extensions are studied. For each calculus we prove that weakening and contraction are height-preserving admissible, and we give a syntactic proof of the admissibility of cut. This implies that the subformula property holds and that derivability can be decided by a terminating proof search whose complexity is in Pspace. These calculi are shown to be equivalent to the axiomatic ones and, therefore, they are sound and complete with respect to neighbourhood semantics. Finally, a Maehara-style proof of Craig’s interpolation theorem for most of the logics considered is given.

Labelled Sequent Calculi for Lewis’ Non-normal Propositional Modal Logics

C. I. Lewis’ systems were the first axiomatisations of modal logics. However some of those systems are non-normal modal logics, since they do not admit a full rule of necessitation, but only a restricted version thereof. We provide G3-style labelled sequent calculi for Lewis’ non-normal propositional systems. The calculi enjoy good structural properties, namely admissibility of structural rules and admissibility of cut. Furthermore they allow for straightforward proofs of admissibility of the restricted versions of the necessitation rule. We establish completeness of the calculi and we discuss also related systems.

Intuitionistic Non-normal Modal Logics: A General Framework

We define a family of intuitionistic non-normal modal logics; they can be seen as intuitionistic counterparts of classical ones. We first consider monomodal logics, which contain only Necessity or Possibility. We then consider the more important case of bimodal logics, which contain both modal operators. In this case we define several interactions between Necessity and Possibility of increasing strength, although weaker than duality. We thereby obtain a lattice of 24 distinct bimodal logics. For all logics we provide both a Hilbert axiomatisation and a cut-free sequent calculus, on its basis we also prove their decidability. We then define a semantic characterisation of our logics in terms of neighbourhood models containing two distinct neighbourhood functions corresponding to the two modalities. Our semantic framework captures modularly not only our systems but also already known intuitionistic non-normal modal logics such as Constructive K (CK) and the propositional fragment of Wijesekera’s Constructive Concurrent Dynamic Logic.

Proof theory for quantified monotone modal logics

Abstract This paper provides a proof-theoretic study of quantified non-normal modal logics (NNML). It introduces labelled sequent calculi based on neighbourhood semantics for the first-order extension, with both varying and constant domains, of monotone NNML, and studies the role of the Barcan formulas in these calculi. It will be shown that the calculi introduced have good structural properties: invertibility of the rules, height-preserving admissibility of weakening and contraction and syntactic cut elimination. It will also be shown that each of the calculi introduced is sound and complete with respect to the appropriate class of neighbourhood frames. In particular, the completeness proof constructs a formal derivation for derivable sequents and a countermodel for non-derivable ones, and gives a semantic proof of the admissibility of cut.

Synthesizing Normal and Non-Normal Modal Logics in Philosophical Epistemology Axiomatic System Modeled by the Logic Square and Hexagon of Opposition

The paper aims at coping with the difficult problem of rationally uniting astonishingly huge amount of qualitatively different modal logics. For realizing this aim artificial languages of symbolic logic and the axiomatic methodology are used. Therefore, the method of constructing and studying formal logic inferences within the axiom system under investigation is exploited systematically. Inventing and elaborating a hitherto not-considered axiomatic system of epistemology uniting normal and not-normal modal logics is the new nontrivial scientific result of this work. History of philosophy and systematical philosophy, formal ethics and formal aesthetics, philosophical epistemology and analytical theology, philosophy of law and philosophy of science are among the important fields of application of the nontrivial abstract-theoretic principles demonstrated in this paper. Using the above-indicated machinery the author has arrived to the following main conclusion: the famous philosophical principles of utilitarianism, hedonism, optimism, pragmatism, fideism, falsifiability, verifiability, “Hume’s Guillotine”, “naturalistic fallacies” et al have not absolutely indefinite (unlimited) but quite definite (limited) sphere of relevant applicability; the precise formal definition of the border-line of mentioned sphere of relevance is the axiomatic one submitted and discussed in the paper. This general conclusion is instantiated in the text by several particular conclusions concerning explication and clarification of specific philosophical ideas and principles, for example, the one of kalokagathia. The author concludes that constructing and investigating the axiomatic systems of universal philosophical epistemology is indispensable for adequate representing human knowledge in artificial intellectual systems, for instance, in autonomous AI‑robots

Modularisation of Sequent Calculi for Normal and Non-normal Modalities

In this work, we explore the connections between (linear) nested sequent calculi and ordinary sequent calculi for normal and non-normal modal logics. By proposing local versions to ordinary sequent rules, we obtain linear nested sequent calculi for a number of logics, including, to our knowledge, the first nested sequent calculi for a large class of simply dependent multimodal logics and for many standard non-normal modal logics. The resulting systems are modular and have separate left and right introduction rules for the modalities, which makes them amenable to specification as bipole clauses. While this granulation of the sequent rules introduces more choices for proof search, we show how linear nested sequent calculi can be restricted to blocked derivations, which directly correspond to ordinary sequent derivations.

A capacity-based framework encompassing Belnap–Dunn logic for reasoning about multisource information

Belnap–Dunn four-valued logic is one of the best known logics for handling elementary information items coming from several sources. More recently, a conceptually simple framework, namely a two-tiered propositional logic augmented with classical modal axioms (here called BC logic), was suggested by the second author and colleagues, for the handling of multisource information. It is a fragment of the non-normal modal logic EMN, whose semantics is expressed in terms of two-valued monotonic set functions called Boolean capacities. We show BC logic is more expressive than Belnap–Dunn logic by proposing a consequence-preserving translation of Belnap–Dunn logic in this setting. As special cases, we can recover already studied translations of three-valued logics such as Kleene and Priest logics. Moreover, BC logic is compared with the source-processor logic of Avron, Ben Naim and Konikowska. Our translation bridges the gap between Belnap–Dunn logic, epistemic logic, and theories of uncertainty like possibility theory or belief functions, and paves the way to a unified approach to various methods for handling inconsistency due to several conflicting sources of information.

Эволюционная эпистемология и ненормальная модальная логика знания

Эволюционная эпистемология и ненормальная модальная логика знания

Uniting Normal and Non-Normal Modal Logics by One Axiomatic System of Philosophical Epistemology

Uniting Normal and Non-Normal Modal Logics by One Axiomatic System of Philosophical Epistemology

Weak subintuitionistic logics

A system |${\sf WF}$| of subintuitionistic logic is introduced, weaker than Corsi’s basic subintuitionistic system |${\sf F}$|⁠. A derivation system with and without hypotheses is given in line with the authors’ derivation system for |${\sf F}$|⁠. A neighbourhood semantics is introduced with a somewhat more complex definition than the neighbourhood semantics for non-normal modal logics. Completeness is proved for |${\sf WF}$| with respect to this neighbourhood semantics, and similarly for some logics between |${\sf WF}$| and |${\sf F}$| which characterize nice frame classes. The study by the authors of the conservativity of |${\sf IPC}$| over |${\sf F}$| with respect to some classes of implications is extended to |${\sf WF}$|⁠, and shows clearly the difference in strength between the two logics. Study of translations of these weak subintuitionistic logics into non-normal modal logics turned out to be hard because of the difference between their respective neighbourhood structures and leaves us with some open problems.