Non-nodulating Line Research Articles

Excess moisture injury of soybeans cultivated in an upland field converted from paddy. IV. The significance of nodulation under excess moisture condition.

The purpose of this experiment was to clarify the significance of nodulation of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under the excess moisture condition. A pair of nodulating and non-nodulating lines, T202 and T201, were grown in an upland field converted from paddy. Flooding treatments were made in the furrows to the depth of 5 to 8 cm for 8 to 10 days at three different stages: the flower-bud differentiation, the flowering and the ripening. Nitrogen content in the leaf blade and dry matter production of both lines were decreased by the treatments in all stages, however those of T202 were not reduced so much as those of T201. At the flower-bud differentiation and the flowering stages, leaf nitrogen content and dry matter production of T202 recovered to the level of the control within 15 days after the end of the treatments, while those of T201 did not. Decrease in dry matter production induced by the treatments caused the decrease in seed yield, but seed yield of T202 was not reduced so much as that of T201. These differences in two lines were attributed to whether or not fixed nitrogen could be supplied by root nodules. As mentioned above T202, a nodulating line, could reduce excess moisture injury and could soon recover from it. Therefore, it can be proved that root nodules play an important role to reduce the excess moisture injury.

Supplemental nitrogen fertilizer to soybeans. IV. Influences of soil conditions on the yield response to supplemental nitrogen.

土壌条件が大豆の窒素追肥による増収効果に及ぼす影響について検討した。とくに, 窒素追肥が作物体の窒素同化に及ぼす効果を解析するため, 根粒非着生大豆系統を対照に用い, 供試栽培品種の窒素同定量, 追肥窒素の吸収量や追肥窒素による窒素固定の減少量を推定した。堆肥投与によって土壌の肥沃度を高めた時, 窒素追肥による増収量や増収率は低下した。逆に, 土壌からの窒素供給量が減少するにしたがい, 窒素追肥による増収効果は逓増した。土壌の種類が異なる場合には, 無追肥条件下での作物体の土壌窒素吸収量, 窒素固定量や全窒素同化量の大小と, 追肥の増収効果には直接的な関係は認められなかった。しかし, 開花期から最大繁茂期までの同化窒素量を高める効果が大きい土壌条件の下では, 追肥による増収効果も大きかった。追肥効果が高かった原因は, 灰色低地土のシルト質埴壌土では, 無追肥時の窒素固定機能が低く, 追肥による窒素固定の低下が少なかったためであった。主た, 灰色低地土の壌土の中には, 追肥窒素が迅速に吸収され, 追肥窒素の利用率が極めて高かったものもあった。一方, 黒ボク土の壌土は, 窒素追肥による窒素固定の減少が著しく, 同等の土性の灰色低地土の壌土に比べでも追肥効果が上がらなかった。その著しい窒素固定阻害は, 黒ボク土の可給態燐酸の濃度が低いためであると推察された。

Compositional Changes in the Nodulating and Nonnodulating Peanut Plant during Development

Summary Leaf, root and nodules from nodulating and non-nodulating lines of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) were analysed to determine differences in selected biochemical components before and during nodule appearance. Samples from the greenhouse grown plants were collected at weekly intervals for 15 weeks and then analysed. The non-nodulating line contained higher amounts of chlorophyll «a» and «b» than the nodulating line during the first 3 weeks of planting. However, after 9 weeks of planting the nodulating line had more (α = 0.01) chlorophyll than the non-nodulating line. In general the nodulating line contained higher amounts of soluble carbohydrates, a-amino nitrogen and crude protein than the non-nodulating line. Leaf and root α-amino nitrogen and crude protein contents of nodulating and non-nodulating lines decreased between the first and 4 weeks after planting. During plant development carbohydrate content of the roots varied between 2.7 % and 6.5 % and that of the leaves between 2.6 % to 5.2 %. The «amino nitrogen and crude protein levels of the nodulating root was higher (α = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) than the non-nodulating root during the initial 4 weeks of planting. It is suggested that higher amounts of free amino acids and protein present in the nodulating root during the early root development may be able to support the nutritional requirements of the Rhizobium.

Growth, Nitrogen Uptake, and Partitioning in Nitrogen‐Fertilized Nodulating and Nonnodulating Peanut1

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) is known to be effective in symbiotic N2fixation, but N deficiencies may occur during rapid vegetative and/or reproductive growth. The effects of N fertilization on growth, N uptake, and N partitioning in nodulating and nonnodulating peanut genotypes were studied during 1982 in the field and a greenhouse experiment at the University of Florida, Gainesville. Three lines, 'Florunner' (FL), 'Early Bunch' (EB), and a nonnodulating line ('M4‐2') were grown in the field on a Lakeland sandy soil (hyperthermic coated Thermic Quartzipsamment) at four N rates (0, 6, 12, and 24 g m−2N) and in pots in the greenhouse at N rates at a factor of 0.05, 0.50, 0.95, and 1.40 N‐strength of Hoagland no. 2 solution, modified to adjust the other nutrients at 0.50 strength. In the field experiment, only the biomass crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI) of all genotypes were significantly increased by N rates. A leaf area index of 3.0 was achieved at 60 days after planting (DAP) when 6 g m−2N or more was applied on the nodulating genotypes. For the nonnodulating genotype (M4‐2), 120 days at 6 g m−2N or 85 days at 24 g m−2N were required to achieve LAI of 3.0. The vegetative and reproductive responses of M4‐2 to N increments were highly positive and essentially linear. Pod and seed yields of nodulated genotypes in field‐grown plants were not significantly influenced by N fertilization. Pod yields were increased in pot‐grown plants in the greenhouse, but nodule number and weight were reduced. A genotype X N rates interaction for plant component yield, leaf N concentration, and N content was observed due primarily to the differential response to N between the nodulating and nonodulating lines. Partitioning of photoassimilate to pods was generally reduced by N fertilization, probably due to vegetative growth stimulation. Florunner cultivar biologically fixed more N2than EB, the amount in FL exceeding the seed requirement (12.2 m−2) if fertilizer N rate was low. These studies suggest that the practice of N fertilization of well‐nodulated peanut does not increase pod or seed yield and is economically counter‐productive.

Yield of soybeans as influenced by genetic characteristics, climatic conditions, and nitrogen nutrition

Eleven soybean cultivars, including a set of nodulating and non-nodulating isogenic lines, were tested in a field of Hokkaido University with and without nitrogen application (300 kg N/ha) for 2 to 5 years, and the data of grain yield and yield components were collected. The following results were obtained. 1. Among the cultivars, there was a positive correlation between the grain number per unit field area and the grain yield, while there was a negative correlation between the grain number per unit field area and the 1,000 grain weight. 2. Under favorable climatic conditions the grain yield was higher because the grain number was larger. 3. The yield increase associated with the improvement of the nitrogen status of the plants was due to increases of both the grain number per unit field area and the 1,000 grain weight. The increase of yield at low yield levels was considered to be more related to the increase of the 1,000 grain weight, while that at high levels was more associated with the increase of gr...

Response of Nodulating and Non-Nodulating Peanuts to Foliarly Applied Nitrogen1

Abstract Field experiments were conducted on Lakeland sand (Thermic, coated Typic Quartz-ipsaments) during 1981-82 to determine the effect of foliarly applied N on yield, grade, and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration of leaves and seed of nodulating and non-nodulating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Nodulating cultivars; Florunner, Early Bunch, and Tifrun, and three non-nodulating experimental lines were sprayed 0, 1, 2 or 4 times at 13.5 kg N/ha beginning 28 days after emergence. Foliar application of N increased the yield of Florunner, Tifrun, and all non-nodulating lines, but had no effect on Early Bunch. The addition of N to non-nodulating peanut increased the percent fancy pods, extra large kernels, and weight of seed. Seed N concentration of non-nodulating lines increased with higher rates of N, but was higher in the nodulating cultivars. Seed of non-nodulating lines contained higher levels of P, K, and Mg than seed of nodulating lines. Nodulating lines had higher concentration of leaf N than did non-nodulating lines. The leaves of the non-nodulating lines contained higher levels of P, Ca, and Mg than those of the nodulating cultivars; whereas levels of K were higher for nodulating lines.

Management Tactics that Complement Host Resistance for Control of Cylindrocladium Black Rot of Peanuts1,,2

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were evaluated in field microplots infested with Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loose) Bell and Sobers. In experiment I there were three genotypes, two inoculum densities, and two levels (0, 100 kg/ha) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. A non-nodulating peanut genotype was less susceptible to C. crotalariae than either of its nodulating parents. Application of N to the nodulating parents decreased disease severity if inoculum density was low. Application of N to the non-nodulating line increased disease severity compared to disease in unfertilized plots of the non-nodulating line. Experiment II evaluated effects of cultivar (susceptible Florigiant, resistant NC 8C), two inoculum denities, N fertilizer [0, 100 kg/ha), and high carbon:nitrogen organic matter amendment (0, 400 kg/ha). Root rot severity was reduced if the cultivar was resistant, if inoculum density was low, and if N was applied. Soil amendment did not affect disease severity. In experiment III, planting date effects on disease severity were evaluated on resistant NC 8C and resistant NC 18016. Planting on May 2, when minimum soil temperature was below 18 C, resulted in more severe disease than planting on May 17, or May 30, 1983 when minimum soil temperature was above 18 C. Benefits of combining management tactics of resistance, preventing high inoculum densities, N management, and proper planting date are discussed.

Differences in the seed protein composition of genus Arachis

Seed proteins from various Arachis species were extracted and fractionated by gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-300 column. Comparison of the protein profiles revealed the presence of wide variations in their protein composition. Major differences were observed in the amounts of methionine-rich proteins, arachin, and the high molecular weight proteins among the various species. Additionally, differences in the total amino acid composition (histidine, threonine, proline, glycine, cystine, valine, methionine, and tyrosine) were also detected. The defatted meals of the nonnodulating line contained the lowest amount (36%) of protein, while the other species ranged between 49 and 57%. Leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase activities were highest in Arachis villosulicarpa and lowest in Arachis monticola.

The effect of exogenous DNA on the nodulation of a non-nodulating line of Pisum sativum L.

The nodulation response of a non-nodulating field pea line (Pisum sativum L., PRL-H722) following treatment with DNA from an effectively nodulating cultivar (Trapper) has been investigated. DNA was introduced to the non-nodulating cultivar via imbibition and germination of seeds in DNA solutions under aseptic conditions. The DNA preparations used were >5×106 Daltons, had a smooth melting profile showing ≥40% hyperchromicity with a Tm=70–72°C in 0.1×SSC0 buffer, and 260/280 nm ratio of >1.8. A significant correction (ϰ2(I d.f.) = 2032**) of the mutant phenotype was observed in seeds treated with wild-type DNA. The nodulation response in treated plants was not observed in subsequent generations suggesting that the change observed did not involve integration of genetic information into the genome of germ line cells.

Composition of Seeds Obtained from Non-nodulating and Nodulating Peanut Lines and Cultivars1

Abstract The composition of seeds obtained from non-nodulating and nodulating peanut lines was studied. Peanut samples from the non-nodulating genotype were low in oil and protein, high in α-amino nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, and the amino acids lysine, alanine, methionine, and threonine as compared to its nodulating parental lines and ‘Florunner’. No differences however, were noted in iodine value of the oil. Peanuts from the non-nodulating line were also found to have higher activities of the hydrolytic enzymes leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase.

Effects of POD Removal Upon Seeds of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Line1

Previous studies have shown that removal of developing pods from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants can result in prolonged nodule activity and in increased percent protein content of the remaining seeds. In order to investigate the hypothesis that the increase in percent seed protein is associated with the lengthened period of N fixation, we initiated this study in which we compared the responses of nodulating and nonnodulating lines to pod removal. Depodding increased average seed weight and percent protein and, in most cases, decreased percent oil in both nodulating and nonnodulating lines. Apparently, increases in seed size and percent protein following pod removal result from reduction of competition from other pods rather than from prolonged N fixation during pod filling.

Variation in Mobilization of Plant Nitrogen to the Grain in Nodulating and Non‐Nodulating Soybean Genotypes1

Due to the large nitrogen requirement by soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.), efficient N utilization might conserve plant energy for other metabolic processes. One method of improving efficiency of N utilization would be to have a high total N content in the seeds vs. that in the above‐ground portion of the plant (i.e. a high N index). The objective of this field study was to evaluate a diverse group of 32 nonnodulating lines and nodulating and non‐nodulating near isogenic lines of ‘Clark’ and ‘Harosoy’ for genetic variability in harvest nitrogen index when grown at three N fertilizer rates. In a second year's experiments lines representing extremes in harvest N index were sampled throughout reproductive development and quantity of N in leaflets, petioles, stems and pods was determined. Harvest indices for grain yield and N varied among the genotypes tested. Harvest indices and harvest nitrogen indices were positively correlated with seed yield. A significant positive correlation between harvest and harvest nitrogen indices suggested that certain genotypes are efficient in mobilizing both N and dry matter to the developing seed. Differences in harvest nitrogen index at maturity resulted from differential N mobilization from leaflets, petioles and stems of efficient (high harvest N index) as compared to inefficient (low harvest N index) genotypes. In general stem N characteristics were most diagnostic of harvest N index. At maturity harvest N index was statistically correlated with grams of N in stems, percent N in stems, and percent of maximum N accumulated that was translocated from the stems. Averaged across genotypes adding N fertilizer increased the quantity of whole plant N, grain yield and percent protein in the seed. However harvest N indices were not significantly affected by N fertilization. The ranking of genotypes for harvest and harvest N indices were consistent in different environments, but the inclusion of abscised leaflets and petioles caused some differences in ranking. Of the genotypes evaluated noduating Harosoy had the greatest grain yield and was among the highest in N index.

Studies on Cool Injury in Bean Plants : IV. Effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on the growth and yield of soybeans as subjected to low temperature from early to mid-reproductive stage

1) Experiment-I was conducted to examine the effects of a high level of nitrogen (N) application with several fertilizers, including slowly available N as a farmyard manure, rape seed cake, fish meal, IB and CDU on the growth and yield of soybeans subjected to low temperature, at 15°C, day and night under the natural light condition of a glasshouse in the phytotron for 15 days (L-1) or 30 days (L-2), from a few days before the onset of the flowering of the controls grown in a glasshouse, similar to the natural condition. In addition to an indeterminate type of American variety which was mostly used, its isogenic line, genetically alike in characters other than inability of nodulation, was referred to measuring the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on growth and yield. The results will be described with nodulating plants unless otherwise indicated. Based on the flowers developed under 15°C during the sensitive stages to low temperature and their corresponding controls, seed yield and yield components of each fertilizer plot were compared with the L-2 and control condition for measuring the direct effect of low temperature injury. The major sources of decrease in seed yield were the decrease in the pod number, or pod setting rate, and the fertile seed percentage, but the statistical difference among fertilizers was only obtained in the pod number, or the pod setting rate. The rate of damage caused by the low temperature treatment was least at the farmyard manure and greatest at the CDU plot. In the total seed weight produced through the flowering period, the farmyard manure plot was the highest in both the two low temperature treatments and the control. All of the other four slowly available N fertilizers tested were also superior to both the high and standard level of ammonium sulfate. The weights of leaves and stems at maturity were the highest at the farmyard manure plot and all of the fertilizers tested showed similar trend to the seed yield. The nonnodulating line markedly responded to N fertilization in growth and yield, but the trend of response to fertilizers was in contrast to that of the nodulating line. Compared with the high level of ammonium sulfate plots, the plots slowly available N including the farmyard manure produced about 30% less in dry matter weight. The excellence of the farmyard manure for growth and yield was only shown in the nodulated plants in which no significant depression of N fixation was observed through plant development in spite of the high rate of N contained 2) Experiment-II was conducted to confirm the results of experiment-I and to examine the effects of the application of humates or oat straw, combined with the nitrogenous fertilizers, on the plants, when subjected to low temperature for 15 days, from the onset of flowering (L-4), five days before (L-3), or after (L-5) the onset of flowering of the controls, grown under the natural condition. The variety used is a representative of the determinate type in Hokkaido. The farmyard manure again exhibited stable and high seed weight over three different stages of low temperature treatments and the control. The plot, combined with 80% of N from slowly available N as CDU and 20% from ammonium sulfate, with or without the addition of humate or oat straw, showed as significantly high as farmyard manure in the seed yield, compared with the plots of high and standard levels of ammonium sulfate. Despite the increase in the 100-seed weight, the addition of humate, and or oat straw indicated no increase in the seed weight because of the depression of vegetative growth and the tendency of decrease in the flower number. [the rest omitted]

Relationships of Nitrate Reductase Activity to Protein Content in Related Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybeans1

Every 2 weeks over a 2‐month period we measured nitrate reductase (NR) activity and nitrate nitrogen content in leaves of soybean plants (Glycine max L. Merrill) from eight pairs of lines differing in ability to nodulate. Six of the pairs were F3 lines derived by crossing six nodulating P.I. lines to either the ‘Clark’ or the ‘Harosoy’ variety and to corresponding nonnodulating backcrossderived versions of these varieties. Two of the pairs were Clark and Harosoy and their respective (near isogenic) nonnodulating versions. NR activity of nodulating F3 and parental lines was significantly higher than that of corresponding nonnodulating lines, especially in the late stage of the growing season. A greater difference in NR activity was found between members of late‐maturing pairs than between members of early‐maturing lines. Nitrate content was higher in nodulating than in nonnodulating lines, and higher in late maturing than in early maturing lines. A significant positive correlation was observed between NR level and nitrate content and between stem protein and seed protein. NR activity was strongly associated with vegetative growth and plant maturity.

Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Isolines: I. Agronomic and Chemical Attributes1

AbstractAgronomic and chemical attributes for a pair of nodulating and nonnodulating soybean isolines were field‐tested under varying environmental and soil conditions for 6 years. The nonnodulating line usually gave large increases in the following attributes with increased amounts of applied N: seed and dry matter yields, seed size, protein in seed and dry matter, plant height, and lodging suceptibility. Maturity date was delayed. Oil content was the only attribute that decreased. The nodulating line gave very small responses in these attributes with increasing N under the same conditions.With adequate N, yield and all other attributes in the isolines were essentially alike except for the nodulating character. Elemental N obtained through fixation by the nodulating line supplemented soil N; in contrast, the nonnodulating line used only available soil N.With moisture limiting, the attributes of the isolines were equalized at 50 pounds per acre of applied N; with favorable moisture, the isolines were not quite equalized in their attributes with 150 pounds per acre of applied N. When corncobs were used to partly immobilize soil N, the isoline traits were essentially equalized with 600 pounds per acre of applied N.Nonseed dry matter to seed yield ratios for the nonnodulating line increased with stresses for moisture, N, or both. Consistently smaller ratios for the nodulating line compared with the nonnodulating line may indicate that symbiotic N may be more biologically suitable for seed production than combined N.

Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Isolines: II. Response to Applied Nitrogen and Modified Soil Conditions1

AbstractNodulating and nonnodulating soybean isolines field‐tested for 7 years produced essentially equal N yields when adequate combined N was available. The amount of N fixed symbiotically depended largely upon the availability of soil N, water, or both, and ranged from 1 to 142 pounds per acre, that is, 1 to 74% of the total N uptake, respectively. The amount of symbiotic N fixation decreased rapidly with increases in fertilizer N. Nodule weight, number, and size were directly related to increased N fixation and inversely related to increased increments of applied N. The correlation of symbiotic N fixation with nodule mass was r = 0.9. Except for a severe moisture stress, the nonnodulating line responded linearly to applied N, with 3.2 pounds of fertilizer N equivalent to 1 pound of plant N. Short‐term rotation studies indicated that, when no fertilizer N was used, the residual effect of a nodulated soybean crop in the previous year was 33 pounds of N per acre.

NODULATION RESPONSES OF TWO NEAR ISOGENIC LINES OF THE SOYBEAN

Nodulation responses and certain other characteristics of a mutant soybean line highly recalcitrant to nodulation were compared with those of a nodulating sister line. Roots of the two lines were found to harbor equal numbers of rhizobia. Stem graftings to provide top growths of one line on roots of the other failed to alter the distinctive nodulation responses of rootstocks. Ascorbic acid contents in the two lines were identical, both in the tops and in the roots, although contents in tops greatly exceeded those found in roots. Chromatographic studies on the amino acids in seed hydrolyzates and in alcoholic extracts of seedlings showed no differences between the two lines either in kind or quantities of amino acids. In a survey of stock rhizobia for cultures effective on the nonnodulating line, bacteria were discovered which formed nodules on such soybeans growing in sand and nutrient solution. Isolates from these nodules again yielded effective nodulation on plants in sand culture, but gave no nodulation whatsoever on plants growing in soil. This negative response was confirmed in three different soils. Admixtures of soil and of miscellaneous materials with sand were employed to alter nodulation responses from those shown in sand cultures.