Non-medical Students Research Articles

Awareness and attitude of medical sciences students and related factors towards fertility: A narrative review

Fertility, a fundamental physiological process for individuals and society, can be regarded as a prerequisite for any social-economic development. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the awareness and attitude of medical sciences students and related factors towards fertility. The current narrative review study was conducted based on the search of the PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, and Magiran and Google Scholar search engine within the time frame of 2000 to 2022, according to title, abstract, and keywords, using advanced search strategies and appropriate operators. The keywords for article extraction include reproductive, child-having, fertility, and childbearing. The inclusion criteria were full-text articles in Persian and English. The exclusion criteria were lack of access to the full text of the article, review articles and qualitative studies. After searching the databases, 788 studies were found, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and removing duplicates, 27 articles were included in the study. The results showed a positive attitude of students towards parenthood and childbearing. Women were more concerned than men about having a child while studying and its impact on their job market position. Half of the women intended to become pregnant after the age of 35. Most students had little knowledge about the decrease in fertility with increasing age, but women were more aware of the effect of age on fertility than men. The importance of parenthood was higher among non-medical students, especially younger ones. In sum, based on the findings, considering the low level of student's knowledge about the appropriate age and time for fertility in the menstrual cycle and the success rate of assisted reproductive techniques, it is necessary to take a step toward increasing students' fertility awareness by holding educational workshops and creating educational websites.

ОТНОШЕНИЕ СТУДЕНТОВ ВЫСШИХ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ ЮГРЫ К ВАКЦИНОПРОФИЛАКТИКЕ

An anonymous on-line survey of 1 007 students of higher educational institutions of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra was conducted, including 157 students of the medical institute and 850 non-medical students. It was found that 57% of medical students are “completely positive” about vaccination, while in the group of non-medical students – only 21%. Despite the fact that 21% of medical students know the number of infections in the National Immunization Schedule vs 13% in the group of non-medical students, but even among students of 4–6 years of medical school, only 23% gave the correct answer.

How effective are health awareness campaigns in India among young citizens?

Background: COVID-resurgence has been seen of late in 2022. A country’s success against pandemics like COVID-19 depends largely on the health behavior of public, which is a function of health education. Aims and Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of such health campaigns that raises this vital awareness among undergraduate students. Materials and Methods: A web-based questionnaire was circulated among non-medical students and student groups of colleges based in Kolkata city (India), to assess their preparedness through their awareness and preventive practice adopted against COVID-19. Results: Mass media (85.3%) and social media (83.2%) were important sources of vital information. Fever (96.0%) was the most common symptom known, 95.9% aware about human-to-human transmission. 59.4% knew face masks were protective, while 40.2% held a 6-feet social distancing was effective. 82.2% said handwashing for 20 s or more with soap and 86.2% held that hand-rubs with 70% alcohol were helpful in disease prevention. 23.9% resorted to over-the-counter medications to prevent the disease, 43.2% used the Government’s “Aarogya Setu” mobile application. Participants from urban areas, higher socio-economic class, with elderly family member and who personally knew COVID-19 patient(s), tended to have adequate knowledge about the disease. However, many were not practicing adequate preventive measures. Conclusion: Although most were aware about COVID-19, knowledge about the correct application of preventive measures was lacking. Grassroots healthcare workers may be used in the sensitization process, along with mass awareness campaigns. Using the goodwill of political and religious leaders to inculcate protective habits in the general people should also be considered.

Knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among medical and nonmedical students: A comparative study

Background and Objective: Organ transplant is the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure but there is a shortage of donor organs worldwide. Situation in India is even worse. There is a worldwide shortage of donor organs in comparison to the need for transplantation. The present study was designed with the aim to assess knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among medical students and students pursuing courses other than medical and compare among both groups. Materials and Methods: The study included 200 medical students and 200 students pursuing courses other than medical. After taking informed consent, the students were given a prevalidated self-designed questionnaire having three sections to assess knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation. Data were collected, compiled, and analyzed. Results: On average, 98.75% of students were aware that organ donation can save life but a significantly higher number of medical students (P < 0.0001) knew brain death and that organ donation can be done during life and after death. However, willingness to donate their own organs or organs of the relative was seen among a greater number of students pursuing other courses (P < 0.001). To save someone’s life was the reason to will for organ donation among 70% of medical students. Conclusion: It was observed that the medical students had better awareness regarding organ donation but students pursuing other courses had a better attitude toward organ donation.

Perception, Knowledge, and Attitude on Organ Donation among the Medical and Nonmedical Students

Perception, Knowledge, and Attitude on Organ Donation among the Medical and Nonmedical Students

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the education of medical, dental and non-medical healthcare professionals in Bangladesh: Findings and connotation

Introduction: Lockdown measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic had an appreciable impact on the education of all medical, dental and non-medical healthcare professional students. These included the closure of universities necessitating a rapid move to e-learning and a new practical approach to conducting teaching-learning classes. However, initially, there was a lack of knowledge and expertise regarding e-learning approaches and the affordability of internet bundles and equipment. Materials and Methods: We conducted two pilot studies to assess such current challenges, replaced by a two-stage approach including a full investigation involving 32 private and public universities during the early stages of the pandemic, followed by a later study assessing the current environment brought about by the forced tops. Results: The top challenges at the start of the pandemic included a lack of familiarity with the e-learning approaches, the cost of the internet, a lack of IT equipment and the quality of the classes. To address identified challenges, universities offered support to staff and students. Since then, e-learning approaches have widened the possibilities for teaching and learning at convenient times. However, challenges remain. Conclusions: There were considerable challenges at the start of the pandemic. Several key issues have been addressed with hybrid learning here to stay. The remaining challenges include a lack of ICT equipment. However, new innovations will continue.

Road Safety Practices While Driving Among Non-Medical University Students in Karachi

Background: Unsafe road safety practices and disregard for traffic laws among university students have emerged as significant problem that warrants urgent attention. Objective: To assess the road safety practices of non-medical university students of Karachi. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in four non-medical universities in Karachi from August 2017 to February 2018. A self-administered questionnaire assessing road safety practices was filled out by 290 students. The chi-square test was used to detect associations of practices among various categories. Results: Out of 290 respondents, 66.2% were male and 33.8% were female. The majority (65.9%) were aged between 18-25 years, and 34% aged between 25-35 years. The majority (77.6%) had a valid driving license. Most of the students (61.7%) drove cars, 31.3% rode motorcycles/motorbikes and 6.8% drove both car and motorcycle. Fifty-five percent had incorrect and 45% had correct road safety practices. The most common incorrect practices were racing with neighbouring vehicles, using mobile phones, listening to music, and smoking. Among car-driving student respondents with correct practices, the majority were female (65.8%) and had started driving after 18 years of age. Among motorcycle-riding students with correct practices, 86% had a driver's license while for those with incorrect road safety practices, 87% started riding below 18 years of age and 29.3% had met with an RTA. Among respondents driving both cars and motorcycles, 71.4% had a driver's license. Conclusion: Road safety practices were found to be unsafe among university students. Significant associations were observed with gender (0.003) and the presence of a driver's license (0.000).

Comparison of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the risk of cardiovascular diseases between medical students and nonmedical students of the University of Ghana

Comparison of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the risk of cardiovascular diseases between medical students and nonmedical students of the University of Ghana

Knowledge of Students of Medical and Non-medical Faculties on the Principles of Premedical First Aid in Stroke

Introduction. A stroke is a sudden, unexpected condition that can be life threatening and requires hospitalization. The time from the onset of stroke symptoms to the provision of medical attention is very important. The later help is provided, the chances of recovery decrease, and the possibility of permanent disability increases.&#x0D; Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge of students of medical and non-medical faculties on the principles of pre-medical first aid in stroke and to determine the state of general knowledge about stroke.&#x0D; Material and Methods. The study was conducted among students of the Academy of Applied Sciences of Stanisław Staszic in Piła in the academic year 2020/2021. 186 students participated in the study, including 77 students of non-medical faculties and 109 students of medical faculties. The study used the diagnostic survey method using the author’s questionnaire. Each data is described in terms of quantity and percentage. The distribution of features in groups of students of non-medical and medical faculties was checked with the chi-square test. The level of significance was p &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Results. The level of students’ knowledge depended on the field of study. Students of non-medical faculties definitely more often answered “I don’t know” to the questions asked, they had less knowledge about recognizing the symptoms or risk factors of stroke. The average level of knowledge of non-medical students was 2.88 ± 0.79 and was significantly lower (t = –5.73, p &lt; 0.0001) than the average level of knowledge of medical students of 3.60 ± 0.97.&#x0D; Conclusions. Weaker knowledge of the issues related to stroke among students of non-medical faculties indicates the need for urgent education of students in the field of stroke, so that they can recognize a stroke and take appropriate action quickly, thanks to which the patient will have a chance to quickly reach the right hospital, and thus receive the best possible treatment according to current recommendations. Students of both medical and non-medical studies should be able to participate in additional classes developing knowledge and practical skills in the field of stroke management. (JNNN 2022;11(4):154–161)

Knowledge, attitude, perceived effectiveness and self-practice of complementary and alternative medicine: a cross-sectional comparison between medical and non-medical students of Bangladesh

BackgroundBangladesh’s population commonly utilizes Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to treat their health issues. Despite the increasing interest in CAM, it has been excluded from conventional medical training in Bangladesh for many years. Therefore, this study assessed and compared the knowledge level, attitude, perceived effectiveness, and self-practice of CAM among undergraduate students of Bangladesh.MethodsThis cross-sectional group comparison study was conducted among undergraduate (both medical and non-medical) students of Bangladesh between November and December 2021. Data was collected using a self-reported pretested semi-structured online questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions regarding background information, knowledge regarding CAM, source of CAM knowledge, attitude towards CAM, interest in attaining CAM knowledge, perceived effectiveness of CAM, perceived adverse effects of CAM, self-practice of CAM, and whether would they refer CAM to others. A total of 576 students responded and the data gathered allowed for the following: (1) an overview of the study groups, (2) respondents’ general perception and knowledge regarding CAM, and (3) a comparison of respondents’ CAM knowledge, general perception, and usage by area of study. Data were analyzed using STATA (v.16) and descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test were performed.ResultsA total of 329 medical students and 247 non-medical students participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 21.57 ± 1.8 years and 56.2% of them were male. The most known CAM among medical (M) students was homeopathy (44.6%) and among non-medical (NM) students were herbal medicine (45.7%). Non-medical students had significantly better knowledge about nine out of twelve CAM modalities included in the study, and no significant differences were present for the rest of the modalities. Medical (81.1%) and non-medical students (86.2%) perceived traditional Chinese medicine and homeopathy to be the most effective respectively. “Incorporating CAM with conventional medicine would result in increased patient satisfaction” showed the most statistically significant (p = 0.0002) difference among both groups. Yoga was the most often practiced modality among medical students and homeopathy among non-medical students.ConclusionMedical students have a lacking of knowledge and a positive attitude towards CAM, despite its very common practice among the people of Bangladesh. Therefore, emphasis should be put on the inclusion of CAM modules in medical training.

Assessment of Heart Attack Management and Awareness Among Non-Medical Subjects

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the awareness level of heart attack and its management among nonmedical students. &#x0D; Methodology: It was a cross sectional study and took place from Mar to Apr 2022. 301 non-medical consenting students (aged 16-25 years) responded to our online questionnaire, and their responses were compared to standard answers to estimate awareness. This data was analysed using SPSS version 25.1&#x0D; Results: 49(16.3 %) students were male and 252(83.7 %) were females. 265(88 %) of the participants were aware of the term heart attack. 211(70 %) showed good knowledge of risk factors for heart attack. &#x0D; Conclusion: Overall, the subjects showed a good knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. There was however little awareness about emergency management in case of heart attack.

Knowledge and management of first-aid skills between medical and non-medical students at King Saud University.

The study aims to determine the knowledge of first-aid management in medical and non-medical students and how they will act in certain situations. A cross-sectional study has been conducted on a convenience sampling of 375 (medical and non-medical) students. The research proposal was approved by the IRB Committee of King Saud University. The data has been obtained randomly by a validated questionnaire in a sample of 381 participants. The questionnaire had items related to knowledge and management of first-aid skills. The study was conducted from August 2020 to May 2021 in King Saud University. The participants in the current study were medical (53.02%) and non-medical students (46.98%). Overall results showed that all students possessed a good knowledge of first-aid management, but medical students possessed more knowledge in comparison to non-medical students. The awareness of students related to first-aid management was found to be 32.02% 'high', 56.43% 'middle' and 11.54% 'low'. Moreover, results illustrated that medical students are more interested to attend first-aid courses than non-medical students by 60.4% and 43.6% respectively. The study revealed the participants' knowledge and management were not adequate. A statistically significant association was found between being a medical student and having a high level of knowledge about first aid. Awareness campaigns must be conducted to increase awareness among the non-medical community about first-aid knowledge, and how it is essential for every individual.

THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HEALTH PROTOCOLS FOR THE PREVENTION OF COVID-19 TRANSMISSION IN NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS OF SURABAYA, INDONESIA

Lack of public compliance with the implementation of health protocol activities in daily life has resulted in increased cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia, so the government issued the latest policy regarding the health protocol, namely 6M, which consists of wearing masks, maintaining hand hygiene, maintaining distance, reducing mobility, staying away from crowds, and avoid eating together. This study aims to educate and make the public more aware of the importance of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research used total sampling method. The target of the counseling was non-medical students in Surabaya who took part in Covid-19 educational counseling by filling out complete pre-test and post-test questions. The results obtained were an increase in the average score (17.26 points) on tests filled before and after the educational presentation of health protocols with a value of p&lt;0.001 (p&lt;0.05), and 34 of them showed higher post-test scores. From the data that obtained from 92 samples, there was an increase and significant difference in knowledge about 6M health protocols after an online educational presentation given to non-medical students in Surabaya as evidenced by the increase in average score between pre-test and post-test.

THE IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HEALTH PROTOCOLS FOR THE PREVENTION OF COVID-19 TRANSMISSION IN NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS OF SURABAYA, INDONESIA

Lack of public compliance with the implementation of health protocol activities in daily life has resulted in increased cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia, so the government issued the latest policy regarding the health protocol, namely 6M, which consists of wearing masks, maintaining hand hygiene, maintaining distance, reducing mobility, staying away from crowds, and avoid eating together. This study aims to educate and make the public more aware of the importance of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research used total sampling method. The target of the counseling was non-medical students in Surabaya who took part in Covid-19 educational counseling by filling out complete pre-test and post-test questions. The results obtained were an increase in the average score (17.26 points) on tests filled before and after the educational presentation of health protocols with a value of p&lt;0.001 (p&lt;0.05), and 34 of them showed higher post-test scores. From the data that obtained from 92 samples, there was an increase and significant difference in knowledge about 6M health protocols after an online educational presentation given to non-medical students in Surabaya as evidenced by the increase in average score between pre-test and post-test.

Breaking the Silence: A Mental Health Initiative to Reduce Stigma Among Medical Students.

Mental health conditions are common among medical students. While stigma contributes to low rates of help seeking, little programming exists to address stigma. In 2015, the authors developed a mental health initiative (MHI) to combat stigma at the Pritzker School of Medicine featuring 3 elements: (1) Mental Health Panel, an annual first-year event where faculty/peers share mental health stories; (2) Pritzker, I Screwed Up, an annual all-school event where faculty/peers share experiences with failure; and (3) Humans of Pritzker, a social media initiative featuring students' mental health posts. Postevent surveys and the 2021-2022 MHI survey assessed student satisfaction and impact on stigma and help-seeking behaviors. Student Counseling Services utilization rates for medical and nonmedical students were compared for academic years 2014-2015 vs 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 to account for the pandemic's impact on mental health care utilization. The MHI survey response rate was 61% (261/430). Respondents were distributed across class-years. Most were female (57%, 150/261). The majority agreed they could speak about mental health without judgment from peers (78%, 203/259) and faculty (57%, 149/260). Most (62%, 161/260) utilized mental health services during medical school. Of these, 41% (66/161) agreed that MHI programming contributed to their decision to seek care. On the 2021-2022 Mental Health Panel and Pritzker, I Screwed Up evaluations, almost all agreed that faculty/peers sharing experiences destigmatized mental illness (99%, 78/79) and making mistakes (96%, 152/159). Student Counseling Services utilization increased from 8% (32/389) for 2014-2015 to 19% (75/394) for 2018-2019 and 33% (136/406) for 2020-2021 for medical students, compared with 19% (2,248/12,138) to 21% (3,024/14,293) and 22% (3,285/15,004) for nonmedical students. Faculty and peers sharing mental health stories may help reduce stigma and increase help seeking in medical students. Future work should explore the longitudinal impact of programming and disseminating similar initiatives at other institutions.

Attitude of Syrian students toward GAD patients: An online cross-sectional study.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a prevalent condition and a significant cause of mental disability and poor quality of life. People with GAD have chronic worrying, restlessness, and discrimination from the general public; Little is known about the stigmatizing attitudes toward people with GAD among Syrian students. The questionnaires contained demographic data about age, gender, social status, personal stigma toward GAD scale, perceived stigma toward GAD scale, social distance with those with GAD, the participants' usual source of their knowledge about GAD, helpful interventions, and supporting information. A total of 1,370 replies were collected, but only 1,358 were used for analysis as 12 participants declined to complete the survey. About 44.1% of participants agreed that people with GAD could snap out of the problem, most of them being females (32.4% of the total population). Compared to medical students, more non-medical students (7.1% of the total population) believed that anxiety is a sign of personal weakness. This study demonstrated that Syrian college students showed a high level of stigmatizing and socially distancing attitudes toward people with GAD, particularly female and non-medical students.

Awareness of Counterfeit Medicine among Saudi University Students

Background: Lack of knowledge and awareness of the society is one of the major contributing factors to the prevalence of counterfeit medicines in a country. There is limited information in the developing countries on university student’s facts concerning counterfeit medicines.&#x0D; Aim: To assess how the university student either in medial or non-medical colleges identify counterfeit and substandard medicines and to evaluate their vulnerability level toward counterfeit drugs.&#x0D; Methods: Structure electronic questionnaire was distributed in Saudi Arabia, between December 2020 till March 2022. The sample included 1216 respondents selected conveniently from two distinct groups (Student in either medical or non-medical colleges). 1204 participants who were fluent in either English or Arabic were included. The objective of this study is to give better understanding of counterfeiting in drugs and how to fight it.&#x0D; Results: From one thousand two hundred and sixteen questionnaires were distributed to university student both medical college and non-medical college, only 12 were refused to participate, which indicate higher in response rate. 85% of the answers were female, 36% below 20 and 92% of them were Saudi citizen wit 67% single state. Most of the results of the survey (38 items) were insignificant (p-value&gt;0.05) only 13 (34%) question of the survey relived significant. So, more awareness towards counterfeit medicines, in the level of university student will needed reduce the lack of knowledge.&#x0D; Conclusion: Although medical school students have higher knowledge about counterfeit drugs, nevertheless, the overall findings suggested low-level of knowledge, exposure to counterfeit were estimate in both medical and non-medical college students in most of the surveyed items.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of university students regarding COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Vietnam

ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Vietnamese university students regarding COVID-19.MethodsA validated questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.71) was used to survey 1,025 students. A convenience sampling method was used for recruiting students from April to May 2022. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test/Dunn test for multiple comparisons were employed to compare students' KAP scores between two groups and among three groups or more, respectively. Factors associated with students' COVID-19 KAP scores were determined via univariate and multivariate linear regression models. Variables in the multivariate linear regression models were chosen using the Bayesian Model Averaging method in R software version 4.2.0.ResultsA majority of students had good knowledge (75.61%), positive attitudes (98.24%), and good practices toward COVID-19 (94.93%). Regarding the COVID-19 knowledge, the proportions of students who knew that mosquito bites and exposure to/eating wild animals would not lead to COVID-19 infection were not high (47.22 and 34.34%, respectively). More importantly, 70.34% of students thought that vitamins and minerals could help prevent or cure COVID-19. Antibiotics were the first choice for COVID-19 treatment of 438 students (42.73%). Nearly half of students (48.0%) bought antibiotics to keep at home in case of COVID-19 infection. The average KAP scores of medical students (19.97 ± 3.99, 45.10 ± 3.94, 9.72 ± 1.78) and females (18.67 ± 4.44, 44.79 ± 3.79, 9.36 ± 1.84) were significantly higher than those of non-medical students (16.48 ± 4.37, 43.33 ± 4.03, 8.68 ± 1.87) and males (17.01 ± 4.55, 42.79 ± 4.39, 8.77 ± 1.97), respectively (p < 0.001). Older students were more likely to have good knowledge and practices than the younger ones (p < 0.001). In addition, students using websites of the World Health Organization/the Ministry of Health and scientific articles to seek COVID-19 information were significantly associated with higher KAP scores when compared with those not using these sources (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.00139, respectively).ConclusionStudents' KAP scores significantly varied by age, sex, major, and sources of COVID-19 information. Although many students had sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes, and good preventive practices toward COVID-19, additional education and training strategies are paramount, especially for non-medical students and males.

Knowledge and Attitude of Chinese Non-Medical University Students Toward Living Organ Donation: A Narrative Analysis.

This study aims to explore Chinese non-medical university students' knowledge and attitudes toward living organ donation. In this study, sixteen in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted at a Chinese university. Data collection lasted from April 2020 to May 2020. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The method of content analysis was used to analyze non-medical university students' knowledge and attitudes toward living organ donation. Qualitative content analysis of the collected data yielded five themes. Themes involve (1) benefits of living organ donation; (2) disincentives to living organ donation; (3) ways to understand living organ donation; (4) ways to promote the dissemination of living organ donation; and (5) traditional Chinese culture as incentives to living organ donation. This study suggests that almost all participants have positive attitudes toward living organ donation on condition that recipients are their lineal relatives including their parents, children, and siblings. What concerns participants most is the adverse impact of living organ donation on their health. These findings could shed some insight into how to strengthen the knowledge of non-medical university students regarding living organ donation.

Dietary Lifestyle of Clinical Nutrition Students Compared with That of Age-Matched Non-Medical Students

Background: There is an assumption that clinical nutrition (CLN) students should have better nutrition and health statuses and practice healthier lifestyles than other students. However, the effect of pursuing nutritional studies on student dietary lifestyle is not well known. Objective: To investigate differences in nutritional status between CLN-major and Administration/ Humanities-major (AHM) students as well as determine their sources of health and nutrition- related information. Method: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study in which CLN and AHM (mainly English and Arabic majors) students were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and a questionnaire was administered to assess their dietary lifestyle. Results: In total, 160 female students (CLN, 86; AHM, 74) participated in the study. Most students from both groups (&gt;44%) were within the normal body mass index (BMI) range (18.5-24.9 kg/m2); no CLN students had class II or III obesity. No significant difference in BMI between the two groups was observed. CLN students tended to consume breakfast and snacks more than AHM students. Daily fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly higher among CLN than AHM students. No significant difference was found in fried food or water intake between the two groups. Additionally, CLN students were more involved in high-intensity exercise than their counterparts. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that health status and dietary lifestyle among CLN students are influenced by their study major. Obesity is less prevalent, and consumption of healthy foods, such as fruits and vegetables, is higher among CLN students. Future studies investigating the long-term effect of studying CLN on lifestyle and social relations with family and friends are warranted.