As very powerful and important tools in the study of nonlinear sciences, variational inequalities and vector optimization have attracted so much attention. Over the last decades, variational inequality and vector optimization techniques have been applied extensively in such diverse fields as biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, game theory, management science, physics, and so on. The thorough study of both theory and methods about variational inequalities and vector optimization contained in the literature will help us to find new variational inequalities and vector optimization techniques for solving the practical problems. The aim of this special issue is to present new approaches and theories for variational inequalities and vector optimization problems arising in mathematics and applied sciences. This special issue includes 24 high-quality peer-reviewed papers that deal with different aspects of variational inequalities and vector optimization problems.These papers contain some new, novel, and innovative techniques and ideas. We hope that all the papers published in this special issue can motivate and foster further scientific works and development of the research in the area of the theory, algorithms, and applications of variational inequalities and vector optimization problems.