Synthetic Nonionic Surfactants Research Articles

Anti-lipidemic and protein restoration potential of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) in rats fed with cassava containing crude oil

Consumption of cassava meal affected by crude oil has significant effects on lipid and protein metabolism. The hepatoprotective action of spices is mostly attributed to the suppression of lipid oxidation and protein breakdown. This study examined the protein restoration and anti-lipidemic potential of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) in rats fed with cassava contaminated with crude oil.
 The research involved 36 albino rats separated into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 (control) consumed cassava without crude oil. Group 2 received cassava with crude oil. Groups 3, 4, and 5 fed on cassava with crude oil and various extracts of M. myristica, i.e., aqueous, ethanol, and diethyl ether, respectively. Group 6 received non-ionic synthetic surfactant Tween 80. The experiment relied on standard methods.
 Blood serum and liver obtained from the rats of Group 2 showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and malondialdehyde, as well as a decrease in total protein, albumin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The groups that received M. myristica extracts showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total protein, albumin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. They also had lower total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and malondialdehyde as compared to Group 2, which dieted on cassava contaminated with crude oil without additives.
 In this research, crude oil-contaminated cassava affected proteins and lipids in rats. Diethyl ether extract of M. myristica demonstrated the best anti-lipidemic and protein restoration.

Insight into molecular structures and dynamical properties of niosome bilayers containing melatonin molecules: a molecular dynamics simulation approach.

Niosomes represent vesicular carriers capable of encapsulating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs within their inner core or bilayer shell. They are typically composed of non-ionic synthetic surfactants such as sorbitan monostearate (Span60) with the addition of cholesterol (Chol). The physical properties and stability of niosomal vesicles strongly depend on the composition of their bilayers, which plays a significant role in determining the efficiency of drug encapsulation and release in drug delivery systems. In this study, we have explored the interactions between melatonin (Mel) molecules and the niosome bilayer, as well as their resulting physical properties. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate melatonin-inserted niosome bilayers, both with and without the inclusion of cholesterol. The simulation results revealed that cholesterol notably influences the location of melatonin molecules within the niosome bilayers. In the absence of cholesterol, melatonin tends to occupy the region around the Span60 tail groups. However, in the presence of cholesterol, melatonin is found in the vicinity of the Span60 head groups. Melatonin molecules in niosome bilayers without cholesterol exhibit a more ordered orientation when compared to those in bilayers containing 50 mol% cholesterol. The bilayer structure of the Span60/Mel and Span60/Chol/Mel systems exhibited a liquid-disordered phase (Ld). In contrast, the Span60/Chol bilayer system displays a liquid-ordered phase (Lo) with less fluidity. This study reveals that melatonin induces a disorderly bilayer structure and greater lateral expansion, whereas cholesterol induces an orderly bilayer structure and a more condensed effect. Cholesterol plays a crucial role in condensing the bilayer structure with stronger interactions between Span60 and cholesterol. The addition of 50 mol% cholesterol in the Span60 bilayers not only enhances the stability and rigidity of niosomes but also facilitates the easier release of melatonin from the bilayer membranes. This finding is particularly valuable in the context of preparing niosomes for drug delivery systems.

Review on Niosome-A Future of Targeted Drug Delivery System

Niosome are non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or their lipids. They are vesicular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosome appears to be a well preferred drug delivery system over liposome as niosome being stable and economic. Also niosomes have great drug delivery potential for targeted delivery of anti-cancer, anti-infective agents. Niosomes can entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and can prolong the circulation of the entrapped drug in body. Encapsulation of drug in vesicular system can be predicted to prolong the existence of drug in the systemic circulation and enhance penetration into target tissue, perhaps reduce toxicity if selective uptake can be achieved. This review article focuses on the advantages, disadvantages, preparation methods, factors affecting, characterizations, mechanism of action, and applications of noisome.

Investigations of non-ionic surfactants derived from triazoles and pyrroles as potent corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid

The effectiveness of two synthetic non-ionic surfactants (NIS), including triazole and pyrrole derivatives, to inhibit corrosion of C-steel in 1.0 M HCl solution was tested. Their chemical compositions were verified using some of the analytical data. All of the synthesized compounds displayed good surface activity when different surface coefficients were tested. The corrosion parameters were determined employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The surface features of these compounds were identified. The anticorrosion efficacy (AE%) rises with rising the concentration of NIS compounds and with reducing temperature, surface and interfacial tension, and critical micelle concentration. The EIS diagram showed that as the concentration of NIS compounds increased, charge transfer resistance raised and double-layer capacitance reduced due to its adsorption of on the C-Steel surface. The values of AEPDP %. reached 89.98% and 91.45% at 500 ppm of compounds A and B, respectively by applying the polarization method. The anti-corrosion process was explained by the formation of adsorbed film that separated the C-steel surface from the corrosive HCl solution. The adsorption is subjected to Freundlich isotherm. The two NIS compounds functioned as mixed-type inhibitors, as revealed by potentiodynamic polarization. Some surface characteristics. were identified and emphasized the anticorrosive effect of two NIS compounds

Preparation and Evaluation of Niosomal Transdermal Patch of Clozapine

Niosomes are the non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic non-ionic surfactants. These are the promising vehicles for effective transdermal drug delivery. The present research work was aimed to develop niosomal-based transdermal Clozapine patch containing a stable formulation with improved drug permeation. Niosomes were prepared by solvent casting method. All the formulations were evaluated for vesicle size, zeta potential and percent entrapment efficiency. All the patches were then characterized for thickness, folding endurance, drug content determination, Flatness, and in vitro permeation studies. F3 formulation having optimum vesicle size (2.6m), highest zeta potential (-32.56mV) and maximum percent entrapment efficiency (98.09%) was selected as optimized formulation. The transdermal patch was prepared using solvent casting method from the optimised niosomes formulation F3 formulation. The prepared optimised niosomes F3 formulation were loaded into the patch formulation. Patches loaded with niosomes (F3NT3) showed 95.78 % cumulative amount of drug permeated. The optimized formulation (F3NT3) followed first order release kinetics.

Recent Advances in Niosomal Drug Delivery: A Review

The production of niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vessels, involves hydrating synthetic non-ionic surfactants, either with or without the addition of cholesterol or another lipid. Due to their distinctive qualities, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, chemical stability, low production cost, ease of storage and handling, and low toxicity, non-ionic surfactant vesicles also known as niosomes have received a lot of attention in the field of modern drug delivery system. Niosomes are hydrated vesicular systems with a lamellar bilayer structure made of non-ionic surfactants with or without cholesterol, and they have a wide spectrum of solubilities that allow them to encapsulate a variety of bioactive chemicals. Niosomes have been tested as a delivery system for a variety of anti-cancer medications, genes, antigens, and other bioactive substances. This article focuses on recent developments in niosomal drug delivery, possible benefits over alternative delivery mechanisms, formulation techniques, characterisation techniques, and ongoing niosome research.

Urticarial drug eruption following tocilizumab administration

Tocilizumab is a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody that exerts its immunosuppressive effect by blocking IL-6 receptor-mediated signal transduction and shows therapeutic anti-inflammatory action in autoimmune diseases. On the contrary, several cutaneous adverse reactions have been reported in patients treated with tocilizumab administration. Herein, we report a case of urticarial drug eruption following tocilizumab administration. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis.1 Tocilizumab is a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody that exerts its immunosuppressive effect by blocking IL-6 receptor-mediated signal transduction2, 3 and shows therapeutic anti-inflammatory action in autoimmune diseases. On the contrary, several cutaneous adverse reactions have been reported in patients treated with tocilizumab administration.4 Herein, we report a case of urticarial drug eruption following tocilizumab administration. A 50-year-old woman had developed rheumatoid arthritis 5 years ago and was treated with methotrexate and certolizumab. She had no history of urticaria. Because her arthritis was intractable by these treatments, tocilizumab was administrated. One month after the repeated tocilizumab administration, she recognized urticarial eruption in trunk and extremities after the second-time administration of tocilizumab (Figure 1). Her eruption occurred in several hours and disappeared within 24 h after the tocilizumab administration. Her eruption continued to repeat the occurrence of urticaria following repeated tocilizumab administration. Blood examination showed that eosinophil frequency in peripheral blood (11.9%) and IgE-RAST (443 U/ml) were elevated, while the white blood cell count (6,000/μl) and CRP (0.04 mg/dl) were within normal ranges. Although an anti-histamine agent showed less response to her eruption, her urticaria completely diminished after switching into certolizumab without the recurrence of her eruption. Tocilizumab was administrated in total 12 times before switching into certolizumab. Because her urticaria was reproducible following every tocilizumab administration recognized as a positive reaction to challenge test, we diagnosed her skin eruption as urticaria following tocilizumab administration. Tocilizumab shows various cutaneous adverse reactions, and the majority of these cases are type IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions. However, this case showed an unusual clinical manifestation of type I allergic reaction. As a reason to cause urticarial eruption, we thought there were several possibilities. The first one is an immune response to additives in this drug. Tocilizumab contains polysorbate 80, which is a synthetic nonionic surfactant and is used in various medications. Polysorbate 80 is also known as one of the representative agents to cause type I allergic reactions.5 Indeed, polysorbate 80 containing medication induces urticaria.6 Although allergic skin test could be conducted in our case, it should be kept in mind a possibility to cause the same skin eruption following polysorbate 80 containing biologic agents. The second one is a pharmacological effect of tocilizumab mediated by the IL-6 blocking pathway. However, IL-6 increases in various types of urticaria,7 suggesting that a pharmacological effect of tocilizumab mediated by the IL-6 blocking pathway might not contribute to the development of urticaria. As another possibility, tocilizumab might become a trigger to produce tocilizumab-specific anti-IgE production and contribute to the development of urticaria. Since there is no case report of urticaria responding to biologics itself, a further case study is expected to conclude the possibility. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Approval of the research protocol: No. Informed Consent: N/A. Registry and the Registration: N/A. Animal Studies: N/A.

Polysorbate-Based Drug Formulations for Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery and Anticancer Therapy

Polysorbates (PSs) are synthetic nonionic surfactants consisting of polyethoxy sorbitan fatty acid esters. PSs have been widely employed as emulsifiers and stabilizers in various drug formulations and food additives. Recently, various PS-based formulations have been developed for safe and efficient drug delivery. This review introduces the general features of PSs and PS-based drug carriers, summarizes recent progress in the development of PS-based drug formulations, and discusses the physicochemical properties, biological safety, P-glycoprotein inhibitory properties, and therapeutic applications of PS-based drug formulations. Additionally, recent advances in brain-targeted drug delivery using PS-based drug formulations have been highlighted. This review will help researchers understand the potential of PSs as effective drug formulation agents.

Comparison of surfactants at solubilizing, forming and stabilizing nanoemulsion of hesperidin

In this study, a high shear-high pressure homogenization bonding technology, natural surfactant glycyrrhizic acid (GA), synthetic nonionic surfactant Tween 80 (T80) and synthetic ionic surfactant (SDS) were used to prepare the nanoemulsion of hesperidin (HDN-NE), and their solubilization, forming and stabilization mechanism were studied respectively. From the perspective of solubilization, the order of molar solublization ratio (MSR) was GA > T80 > SDS. From forming, there were a uniform appearance, smaller particle size (<300 nm), absolute value of zeta potential (about 30 mV) and suitable turbidity in GA-stabilized HDN-NE compared to T80 and SDS. From stabilization, T80-stabilized HDN-NE was stable under alkaline conditions (pH 2–10) and ionic strengths (0–500 mM NaCl), while the particle size increased across a range of temperatures (80–90 °C). HDN-NE stabilized by GA and SDS exhibited a relatively weak stability under pH 2–4 and high ionic strength conditions (400–500 mM), while maintained a stable state under heating conditions (30–90 °C). The difference in stability owing to the difference in stabilization mechanism of these surfactants. The results of this paper indicated that GA was an effective natural emulsifier that may have applications in nanoemulsion products.

Wetting of glass surface using natural surfactants

Background: Surfactant adsorption at the interfaces (solid–liquid, liquid–air, or liquid–liquid) is receiving considerable attention from a long time due to its wide range of practical applications. Objective: Specifically wettability of solid surface by liquids is mainly measured by contact angle and has many practical importances where solid–liquid systems are used. Adsorption of surfactants plays an important role in the wetting process. The wetting behaviours of three plant-based natural surfactants (Reetha, Shikakai, and Acacia) on the glass surface are compared with one widely used nonionic synthetic surfactant (Triton X-100) and reported in this study. Methods: The dynamic contact angle study of three different types of plant surfactants (Reetha, Shikakai and Acacia) and one synthetic surfactant (Triton X 100) on the glass surface has been carried out. The effect of two different types of alcohols such as Methanol and amyl alcohol on wettability of shikakai, as it shows little higher value of contact angle on glass surface has been measured. Results: The contact angle measurements show that there is an increase in contact angle from 47° (pure water) to 67.72°, 65.57°, 68.84°, and 68.79° for Reetha, Acacia, Shikakai, and Triton X-100 respectively with the increase in surfactant concentration and remain constant at CMC. The change in contact angle of Shikakai-Amyl alcohol mixtures are slightly different than that of methanol-Shikakai mixture, mostly there is a gradual increase in contact angle with the increasing in alcohol concentration. Conclusion: There is no linear relationship between cos θ and inverse of surface tension. There was a linear increase in surface free energy results with increase in concentration as more surfactant molecules were adsorbing at the interface enhancing an increase in contact angle.

Показатели оценки состояния активного ила в процессе водоочистки: сравнительный анализ

This article presents the results of biodiagnostics of activated sludge formed in the wastewater of organic synthesis plants. They are characterized by changes in the concentrations of control pollutants (phenol, non-ionic synthetic surfactants, glycols), as well as chemical oxygen demand in a fairly wide range, which negatively affects at the activated sludge state and does not allow to achieve the regulatory requirements for the quality of treated wastewater. In this paper, the state of active biomass in the process of biological wastewater treatment was evaluated using three quantitative assessment systems: a five-point scale, hydrobiological indices of biodiversity Shannon and Cuba. The paper presents a comparative analysis of systems for quantifying the state of activated sludge, that are recommended for use in water treatment practice, both for simple systems, in which only one control factor affects the state of activated sludge, and for complex systems, that include the impact of a large number of control ecotoxicants on the activated sludge ecosystem. It is shown that in quantitative terms, the established regularities of the influence of control pollutants on the state of activated sludge differ: the five-point evaluation system, in comparison with the Shannon index, reflects deeper changes in the state of the biocenosis, because it evaluates not only the number of hydrobionts, but also their state, as well as the state of activated sludge flakes and the liquid above it. However, the assessment of the activated sludge state by the Cube index revealed a quantitative discrepancy in the change of this index compared to the aforementioned, which suggests that it is not appropriate to use it to describe the dynamics of changes in the state of the bioagent in the process of water treatment.

Niosomes: a promising drug delivery system

Targeting is a phenomenon in which the distribution of a drug in the body occurs in such a way that the main part of it interacts with the target tissue at the cellular or subcellular level to achieve the desired pharmacological effect on the selected site without undesirable interactions in other organs. This can be achieved using a drug delivery system such as niosomes, which are non-ionic vesicles of surfactants obtained by hydrating synthetic non-ionic surfactants with the inclusion of cholesterol. They are vestibular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic or lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are a promising drug delivery tool, and it has been widely evaluated as a possibility of controlled release and targeted delivery of the active substance for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, viral and other infectious diseases. It can be assumed that encapsulation of the drug in the vesicular system prolongs its presence in the systemic circulation and increases the possibility of penetration into the target tissue, possibly reducing toxicity if selective absorption can be achieved.

Noisomes: as novel vesicular drug delivery system

Target-specific drug-delivery systems for the administration of pharmaceutical compounds enable the localization of drugs to target sites within the body. The basic component of drug delivery systems is an appropriate carrier that protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and thereby enhances drug concentration in target tissues. Niosome are microscopic non-ionic surfactant bilayer vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or their lipids. The amphiphilic nature of niosomes promotes their efficiency in encapsulating lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs. Noisome are promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non-ionic, more stable, inexpensive, biodegradable, biocompatible, non immunogenic and exhibit flexibility in their structural characterization. Various additives in niosomes include nonionic surfactant as film forming agent, cholesterol as stabilizing and rigidizing agent for the bilayer and various charge inducers which develop a charge on the surface of niosomes and stabilize the prepared formulation by the resulting repulsive forces. Niosomes have been widely evaluated for controlled release and targeted delivery for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, microbial diseases, psoriasis, leishmaniasis, migraine, parkinson and other diseases. Niosomes can prolong the circulation of the entrapped drug in body. Encapsulation of drug in vesicular system can be predicted to prolong the existence of drug in the systemic circulation and enhance penetration into target tissue, perhaps reduce toxicity if selective uptake can be achieved. In addition to conventional, oral and parenteral routes, they are amenable to be delivered by ocular, transdermal, vaginal and inhalation routes. Delivery of biotechnological products including vaccine delivery with niosomes is also an interesting and promising research area. More concerted research efforts, however, are still required to realize the full potential of these novel systems. This review article focuses on the concept of niosomes, advantages and disadvantages, composition, method of preparation, separation of unentrapped drug, factors influencing the niosomal formulation and characterization, marketed formulations of niosomes and also gives up to date information regarding recent applications of niosomes in drug delivery.&#x0D; Keyword: Drug-delivery system, Niosomes,

An Overview on Niosomes: A Drug Nanocarrier

Niosome are non-ionic surfactant vesicles acquired on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without consolidation of cholesterol or their lipids. They are vesicular systems like liposome’s that can be utilized as transporters of amphiphilic and lipophilic medications. Niosomes are promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non-ionic; and Niosomes are biodegradable, biocompatible non immunogenic and show adaptability and flexibility in their structural characterization.

Safety of Polysorbate 80 in the Oncology Setting.

Polysorbate 80 is a synthetic nonionic surfactant used as an excipient in drug formulation. Various products formulated with polysorbate 80 are used in the oncology setting for chemotherapy, supportive care, or prevention, including docetaxel, epoetin/darbepoetin, and fosaprepitant. However, polysorbate 80, like some other surfactants, is not an inert compound and has been implicated in a number of systemic and injection- and infusion-site adverse events (ISAEs). The current formulation of intravenous fosaprepitant has been associated with an increased risk of hypersensitivity systemic reactions (HSRs). Factors that have been associated with an increased risk of fosaprepitant-related ISAEs include the site of administration (peripheral vs. central venous), coadministration of anthracycline-based chemotherapy, number of chemotherapy cycles or fosaprepitant doses, and concentration of fosaprepitant administered. Recently, two polysorbate 80-free agents have been approved: intravenous rolapitant, which is a neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist formulated with the synthetic surfactant polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate, and intravenous HTX-019, which is a novel NK-1 receptor antagonist free of synthetic surfactants. Alternative formulations will obviate the polysorbate 80-associated ISAEs and HSRs and should improve overall management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Funding Heron Therapeutics, Inc.

Natural antimicrobial delivery systems: Formulation, antimicrobial activity, and mechanism of action of quillaja saponin-stabilized carvacrol nanoemulsions

The objective of this research was to develop antimicrobial nanoemulsions using quillaja saponin as a natural surfactant, carvacrol as an antimicrobial agent, and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil as a ripening inhibitor. Oil-in-water antimicrobial nanoemulsions were fabricated by homogenizing 10 wt% oil phase (carvacrol and MCT) with 90 wt% aqueous phase (quillaja saponin in 5 mM sodium citrate buffer, pH 3.5). The physical stability and antimicrobial activity of these systems was compared to nanoemulsions formed using a synthetic non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80). Stable nanoemulsions with small mean droplet diameters (d < 150 nm) could be formed by optimizing oil phase composition and surfactant level. The antimicrobial activity of carvacrol nanoemulsions formulated with Q-Naturale® was higher than that formulated with Tween 80. Dialysis and chromatography were used to monitor the transfer of carvacrol from one hydrophobic phase to another, to mimic transport from oil droplets to bacterial cell membranes. The antimicrobial activity depended on the concentration and type of surfactant used and the ability of surfactant micelles to transfer carvacrol through the aqueous phase.

Niosomes: A Novel Trend in Drug Delivery

Niosomes a novel trend in drug delivery in which medication is encapsulated in a vesicle and the vesicle made up of bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and then it is named as niosomes. However niosomes are structurally similar to liposomes in having a bilayer, and the materials used to prepare niosomes make them more stable. After preparing the dispersion of niosomes unentrapped drug is separated by gel filtration or centrifugation. A method of invitro release rate study includes the use of dialysis tubing. niosomes are either unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles formed from synthetic non-ionic surfactants. Niosomal drug delivery applicable to many pharmacological agents for their action through various diseases. Hence niosomes have more penetrating capability than the previous preparations of emulsions.

The Behevior of Lauryl glucoside as cement paste admixture

The use of air entraining agents have been accepted practice in cement technology for many years. A large number of uniform and stable micro bubbles is intentionally entrained to improve the durability and reduce the potential for damage from freezing and thawing, but these bubbles are inversely affected the hardened cement paste compressive strength. The Physiochemical and Mechanical Properties of cement pastes containing synthetic nonionic surfactant Lauryl glucoside (LG) as air-entraining agents are investigated. Different cement pastes with and without LG are prepared for five interval times (3, 7, 28, 90 and 360 days). The influence of the different surfactant concentrations on the air content of the pastes and accordingly the bulk density, compressive strength and microstructure of the hardened cement specimens is discussed. The optimal level of factors to achieve the desired goals are determined. The results show that LG causes a uniform distribution of small air voids in the cement paste, beside its ability to accelerate the hydration reaction, which may greatly improve the compressive strength of the pastes.

Oxidation of nonionic surfactants with molecular oxygen

Kinetic regularities are studied for the air oxidation of surfactants that are widely used in the food industry, such as natural phosphatidylcholine (egg lecithin, PC) and synthetic nonionic surfactants Triton X-100 (ТХ-100), Tween 65, and Pluronic F68. Azobis(amidinopropane)-dichloride-initiated oxidation of these surfactants in an aqueous medium at 37°C develops via the chain free-radical mechanism. The chain length is equal to 5–10 units, depending on the initiator-to-surfactant concentration ratio. The rate of surfactant oxidation in an aqueous medium is proportional to the rate of radical initiation. At the same mass concentrations of the reagents, the rate of PC oxidation is several times higher than the oxidation rates of the other surfactants. The addition of TX-100 to PC liposomes decelerates the oxidation; i.e., TX-100 plays the role of an antioxidant for PC. The superposition of the oxidation rates of individual and mixed PC and TX-100 with the sizes of the microaggregates formed in their aqueous solutions shows that the antioxidation action of TX-100 is realized via the formation of a protective layer composed of its ethylene oxide groups, which shields PC liposomes from radicals, which are initiated in the bulk of an aqueous phase due to the decomposition of azobis(amidinopropane) dichloride.

Lemon oil nanoemulsions fabricated with sodium caseinate and Tween 20 using phase inversion temperature method

The phase inversion temperature (PIT) method has been studied to fabricate nanoemulsions using non-ionic synthetic surfactants, but not food biopolymers. The objective of this study was to investigate the PIT formation of lemon oil nanoemulsions by combinations of Tween 20 and sodium caseinate (NaCas). The emulsions prepared with combinations of NaCas and Tween 20 had lower turbidity and smaller droplets than those prepared with one surfactant, and the co-adsorption of NaCas on oil droplets decreased with increasing Tween 20 concentration. Negative and positive impacts on nanoemulsion formation were observed at 0.2–0.4 and 0.6–0.8 mM NaCl, respectively. Turbidity and rheology results showed the PIT between 80 and 90 °C. The nanoemulsions prepared with 2% NaCas, 0.4–1.2% Tween 20 and 1.5% lemon oil had a volume-area mean diameter of around 100 nm and were stable during 15-day storage. Therefore, NaCas can be used to partially replace synthetic surfactants to prepare flavor oils nanoemulsions using the PIT method.