Nonionic Surfactant Triton X-100 Research Articles

Experimental optimization for synthesis of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles by modified sol-gel process

A systematic experimental optimization procedure was developed for the synthesis of cerium-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (CeTNPs) based on modified sol-gel process. The nanocomposite was prepared using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a catalyst precursor, while utilizing the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 in cyclohexane as a stabilizing agent. The synthesis process was optimized by identifying the main experimental factors that affect the properties of the nanoparticles, primarily the structural phase and particle size. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase and size, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) for morphology, particle size analyzer (PSA) for size distribution, and Brunaur, Emmett, and Teller (BET) for surface area and pores characteristics. The photocatalytic activity of the optimized sample was tested for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions, and the results indicate superior performance as the catalyst uptakes were 14.8 mg/l and 11.4 mg/l for methyl orange and lead (II), respectively.The main highlights of the proposed procedure are as follows:•Identification of the key variables impacting the structural and morphological properties.•Establishing the levels of each factor based on experimental findings.•Generation of all possible combinations of factors based on ANOVA, then characterization of the synthesized material from every possible combination.

Eco-friendly, high-effective, and biocompatible sorbent based on specially designed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for wastewater treatment from non-ionic surfactants

A new approach to the development of sorbents based on surface-modified hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles (NPs) for extraction of nonionic surfactants is proposed and tested. The essence of the approach is the building HAp NPs through a non-classical oriented attachment (OA) mechanism from smaller NPs under hydrothermal treatment. Based on characterization data and quantum-chemical calculations, a possible mechanism for final NPs formation is suggested. An additive of ammonium nitrate was used as a source of ammonium ions to specifically regulate the process of OA impacting the size of final NPs, the increase of additive amount resulted in the final NPs size decrease. An original procedure for NPs surface modification by fatty acids in order to create required for sorption of nonionic surfactants combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas was developed. Obtained NPs were used as sorbents for extraction of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 from aqueous solutions, including solutions based on water taken from city water channel, showing extraction efficiency up to 100 %. The extraction efficiency is determined not only by the fatty acid used for surface modification, but also by the location of modifier on NP surface.

Polymer-assisted dispersion of reduced graphene oxide in electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers for enhanced piezoelectric monitoring of human body movement

Electrospun graphene oxide (GO)/polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/PVDF piezoelectric hybrid nanofibers were prepared via electrospinning to enhance the β-phase content of the PVDF crystal structure. The addition of rGO increased the number of nucleation sites in the PVDF matrix, leading to an improved β-phase content in the nanofibers. Although the inclusion of GO also increased the β-phase content, rGO addition resulted in higher output voltages due to its greater conductivity compared to GO. rGO/PVDF produced higher output voltages than GO/PVDF because rGO has few oxygen-containing groups on its carbon atoms. The 1 wt% GO/PVDF nanofibers exhibited an 86.24 % β-phase content and an average output voltage of 3.2 V under a 15 N load. The 0.5 wt% rGO/PVDF nanofibers demonstrated an 84.09 % β-phase content and an average output voltage of 3.66 V under the same load. The nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 improved rGO dispersal, enhancing its effectiveness in inducing β-phase formation, and increasing the number of stress concentration points in the nanofibers. A piezoelectric device composed of TX-100/rGO/PVDF nanofibers exhibited stable performance even after 1,500 load cycles, generating an average output voltage of 7.13 V under a 15 N load. This device serves as both an energy harvester and a footwear sensor, offering potential applications in new sports monitoring technologies and self-powered wearables.

Staphylococcus aureus Stress Response to Bicarbonate Depletion.

Bicarbonate and CO2 are essential substrates for carboxylation reactions in bacterial central metabolism. In Staphylococcus aureus, the bicarbonate transporter, MpsABC (membrane potential-generating system) is the only carbon concentrating system. An mpsABC deletion mutant can hardly grow in ambient air. In this study, we investigated the changes that occur in S. aureus when it suffers from CO2/bicarbonate deficiency. Electron microscopy revealed that ΔmpsABC has a twofold thicker cell wall thickness compared to the parent strain. The mutant was also substantially inert to cell lysis induced by lysostaphin and the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. Mass spectrometry analysis of muropeptides revealed the incorporation of alanine into the pentaglycine interpeptide bridge, which explains the mutant's lysostaphin resistance. Flow cytometry analysis of wall teichoic acid (WTA) glycosylation patterns revealed a significantly lower α-glycosylated and higher ß-glycosylated WTA, explaining the mutant's increased resistance towards Triton X-100. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed altered gene expression profiles. Autolysin-encoding genes such as sceD, a lytic transglycosylase encoding gene, were upregulated, like in vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus mutants (VISA). Genes related to cell wall-anchored proteins, secreted proteins, transporters, and toxins were downregulated. Overall, we demonstrate that bicarbonate deficiency is a stress response that causes changes in cell wall composition and global gene expression resulting in increased resilience to cell wall lytic enzymes and detergents.

Inhibitory effect of calcium carbonate precipitation induced by Triton X-100 and microorganisms on coal dust

During underground tunnel construction, dust endangers the safety and health of workers. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) represents a novel green dust suppression technology for addressing coal dust pollution, capable of effectively mitigating coal dust pollution. Nevertheless, the concentration of urease will exert a certain influence on the performance of MICP to some extent. Therefore, how to improve the efficiency of urease activity on coal dust suppression is a popular research topic. In this study, based on MICP technology, the properties of microbial dust suppression materials were investigated through contact angle, surface tension, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests in combination with molecular dynamics simulations, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction using Bacillus megaterium and the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. The results demonstrate that when the concentration of the bacterial solution is 20 % and the concentrations of urea and calcium chloride are 0.7 mol·L–1, the addition of 1 % Triton X-100 can increase the yield of calcium carbonate to 21.83 %, enhance the structural density of the gel, and increase the UCS by 15.63 %. The calcite and quartz formed on the coal dust surface improved its wettability with a contact angle of only 22°, showing an excellent dust-suppression effect. These research findings serve as a reference for enhancing the MICP dust suppression efficacy and have significant implications for the development and application of microbial dust-suppression agents. This dust suppression method has potential applications in quarries and underground environments.

Coomassie Brilliant Blue G for Smart Colorimetric Determination of the Ionic Surfactants in Triton X-100 Solutions.

The conditions for the smart colorimetric determination of cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate by reaction with Coomassie brilliant blue G (CBBG) have been proposed. The nature of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of aqueous solutions of CBBG as a function of acidity has been investigated. A variety of reagent forms and associations with ionic surfactants have been demonstrated. The composition of the associates formed in the CBBG-cationic surfactant system has been established. The increase in the analytical signal of the cationic surfactant and the stabilization of the colloid-chemical state of the system during reactions in the organized medium of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 has been demonstrated. These effects are realized through association in premicellar solutions and as a result of the solubilization of components in Triton X-100 micellar solutions. The addition of long-chain cationic surfactants to the reagent occurs with the replacement of the heteroatom proton. The absorption of CBBG-cationic surfactant associates solutions increases with the length of the cationic surfactant hydrocarbon chain. Ethanol additives decrease the aggregation of CBBG. The technique of cationic surfactant determination has been tested in the analysis of the pharmaceutical. The results show that the simplicity of analytical signal registration with satisfactory correctness and acceptably high sensitivity of determination is an advantage of the developed technique.

Synthesis of copolymer of aniline-o-phenylenediamine using nonionic surfactant Triton X-100: analysis of electrical conductivities and supercapacitor properties

Synthesis of copolymer of aniline-o-phenylenediamine using nonionic surfactant Triton X-100: analysis of electrical conductivities and supercapacitor properties

LOW TEMPERATURE ANALYTICAL CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION. 2: PRECONCENTRATION AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GE(IV)

Cloud point extraction is a powerful tool for the analytical preconcentration of trace amounts of analytes. The standard cloud point extraction procedure requires prolonged heating of the solution, which is not always appropriate in the case of thermally unstable analytes or analytical forms and significantly limits the capabilities of the method. One of the ways to modify cloud point extraction is to find approaches to intensifying the process of analytical concentration. The main disadvantage of cloud point extraction is the need for thermal, ultrasonic, infrared or any other initiation of the formation of the surfactant rich phase. It has been shown that salts of aromatic carboxylic acids can cause instantaneous formation of a surfactant-rich phase. In this work, the conditions of micellar extraction concentration of Ge(IV) in the form of a complex with 6,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4-methylbenzopyrylium bromide into the micellar phase of the nonionic surfactant triton X-100 were studied and optimized. It is shown that the introduction of ammonium benzoate into the system at a pH of 1.0 and a triton X-100 concentration of 0.5 vol.% leads to the initiation of the formation of a micellar phase at room temperature. The method of spectrophotometric determination of Ge(IV) with 6,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4-methylbenzopyrylium bromide after its micellar- extraction concentration has been developed. The calibration graph is linear in the concentration range of 4.36–472 μg/L, and the limits of detection and determination are 1.31 and 4.36 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method was tested in the analysis of model solutions and biologically active additives, and the relative standard deviation does not exceed 5.1%.

Effects of promoter and dedoping process on electrorheological response of polyaniline-graft-chitosan copolymer

In this study, electrorheological (ER) properties of biodegradable and conducting polyaniline-graft-chitosan (PAni-g-CS) copolymer particles were investigated. For this purpose, PAni and PAni-g-CS particles were synthesized by using in situ oxidative radicalic polymerization method. At first, PAni and PAni-g-CS/silicone oil (SO) ER suspensions (15% V/V) were subjected to external electric field and they exhibited low ER activity. When the external electric field strengths ([Formula: see text] were increased, both the suspensions showed electrical breakdown. Therefore, virgin PAni and PAni-g-CS were first subjected to dedoping process by treating with 1.0 M NaOH(aq) and non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (T-X) surfactant to enhance the expected ER activity and prevent the electrical breakdown. But we observed that the addition of T-X as promoter had no significant effect on the ER activity. On the other hand, electric filed-induced viscosities of both the suspensions were observed to enhance after the dedoping (DD) process and electrical breakdown prohibited. After the DD process, DD PAni-g-CS/SO ER system exhibited the highest electric field-induced viscosity by reaching 400[Formula: see text]Pa[Formula: see text]⋅[Formula: see text]s at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kV/mm. The highest ER efficiency was also obtained for DD PAni-g-CS/SO system at 15% (V/V) as 79. Additionally, typical shear thinning non-Newtonian viscoelastic behavior was observed under externally applied E. The conduction model of DD PAni-g-CS/SO system was determined to well fit the conduction model by showing a slope of [Formula: see text] calculated from the E vb. yield stress graph. In conclusion, conducting and biodegradable-dedoped PAni-g-CS particles would be a good candidate for potential ER applications as dry-based ER materials having high colloidal stability of 76%.

Enhanced crystalline cellulose degradation by a novel metagenome-derived cellulase enzyme

Metagenomics has revolutionized access to genomic information of microorganisms inhabiting the gut of herbivorous animals, circumventing the need for their isolation and cultivation. Exploring these microorganisms for novel hydrolytic enzymes becomes unattainable without utilizing metagenome sequencing. In this study, we harnessed a suite of bioinformatic analyses to discover a novel cellulase-degrading enzyme from the camel rumen metagenome. Among the protein-coding sequences containing cellulase-encoding domains, we identified and subsequently cloned and purified a promising candidate cellulase enzyme, Celcm05-2, to a state of homogeneity. The enzyme belonged to GH5 subfamily 4 and exhibited robust enzymatic activity under acidic pH conditions. It maintained hydrolytic activity under various environmental conditions, including the presence of metal ions, non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, organic solvents, and varying temperatures. With an optimal temperature of 40 °C, Celcm05-2 showcased remarkable efficiency when deployed on crystalline cellulose (> 3.6 IU/mL), specifically Avicel, thereby positioning it as an attractive candidate for a myriad of biotechnological applications spanning biofuel production, paper and pulp processing, and textile manufacturing. Efficient biodegradation of waste paper pulp residues and the evidence of biopolishing suggested that Celcm05-2 can be used in the bioprocessing of cellulosic craft fabrics in the textile industry. Our findings suggest that the camel rumen microbiome can be mined for novel cellulase enzymes that can find potential applications across diverse biotechnological processes.

Enhanced washing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils by the empowered surfactant properties of de novo O-alkylated humic matter

Aqueous solutions of humic acid (HA) derivatized by a catalyzed O-alkylation reaction with methyl, pentyl, and benzyl groups at 40, 60, and 80% of total HA acidity were used to wash off polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from two contaminated soils. The enhanced surfactant properties enabled the alkylated HA to remove phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene from both soils more extensively than the original unmodified HA, the 60% benzylation generally showing the greatest soil washing efficiency. For both soils, all alkylated HA revealed greater PAH removals than Triton X-100 nonionic surfactant, while the benzylated and methylated HA nearly and fully matched pollutants release by the anionic SDS in the coarse- and fine-textured soils, respectively. A consecutive second washing with 60% benzylated HA removed additional PAHs, in respect to the first washing, from the coarser-textured soil, except for fluoranthene, while removal from the finer-textured soil incremented even more for all PAHs. These findings indicate that the enhanced hydrophobicity obtained by a simple and unexpensive chemical derivatization of a natural humic surfactant can be usefully exploited in the washing of polluted soils, without being toxic to the soil biota and by potentially promoting the subsequent bio-attenuation of organic pollutants.

Enhanced charge capacity and stability of Germanium(IV) Sulfide-Based anodes through Triton X100-Assisted synthesis and polysulfide shuttle mitigation

Highly soluble germanium oxide,an amorphous macroreticular form of germanium oxide, was used as a precursor for the deposition of GeS2on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a low-temperature, wet-chemistry process. Thermal treatment of the solid provided an ultrathin rGO – supported amorphous GeS2coating. The GeS2@rGO composite was tested as a lithium ion battery (LIB) anode. Leveraging the versatility of wet chemistry processing, we employed strategies initially developed for mitigating polysulfide shuttle effects in lithium-sulfur batteries to enhance anode performance. The anode exhibited exceptional stability, surpassing 1000 cycles, with charge capacities exceeding 1220 and 870 mAh.g−1 at rates of 2 and 5 A.g−1, respectively. Performance improvements were achieved by minimizing GeS2 grain size using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 during synthesis and preventing polysulfide shuttle effects through a negatively charged thick glass fiber separator, fluoroethylene carbonate additive (FEC) in EC:DEC (ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate) solvent, and a polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder. These cumulative modifications more than tripled the charge capacity of the germanium sulfide LIB anode. Feasibility was further demonstrated through full cell studies using a LiCoO2 counter electrode.

Aspirin Spectrophotometric Determination using Cloud Point Extraction and HPLC in Several Pharmaceuticals Sold in Iraqi Markets

In this work, a sensitive tandem cloud-point extraction (CPE) method with a solvation system was employed to detect aspirin in various pharmaceuticals. Aspirin, in a dilute acidic solution, formed a complex with Zn(II) ions ([Zn(II)-aspirin] complex), which was then extracted using two different surfactant systems - nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 and a mixture of surfactants (SDS-Tween 80). The extracted complex was subsequently determined using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 293 nm for Triton X-100 and 231 nm for SDS-Tween 80. The parameters for extraction, including HCl and Zn(II) concentration, temperature, heating time, and solvent used to dissolve the cloud point layer, were thoroughly investigated. Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as the standard method to compare the quantitative analysis of the cloud-point extraction-onium system.

A novel approach to mixed micelles formation: study the interactions between bis-quaternary ammonium salts and nonionic surfactant Triton X-100

Abstract This article focuses on the description of novel mixed system formulations of bis-quaternary ammonium salts (bis-QASs) and the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100). Measurements of surface tension (γ), foam stability, contact angle (CA) and cloud point (CP) were investigated at different ratios of the given compounds. The results indicated that changes in the structure of the bis-QASs amphiphilic cation, including the length of the alkyl spacer and the presence or absence of –OH groups, affected the adsorption and micellization. Furthermore, the elongation of the alkyl spacer in the bis-QASs structure affects the increase in the CP temperature. The research carried out shows the future potential of mixed combinations (bis-QASs and TX-100) to be used in industrial applications.

Photocatalytic Destruction of Non-Ionic Surfactant Triton X-100 with Hydrogen Peroxide in Water in the Reactors with Immobilized TiO2

Photocatalytic Destruction of Non-Ionic Surfactant Triton X-100 with Hydrogen Peroxide in Water in the Reactors with Immobilized TiO2

Phase partitioning nature, interaction forces and thermodynamic parameters of triton X-100 and bovine serum albumin mixture: impacts of the composition of Na-salt

Herein, the assessment of interactions between a non-ionic surfactant (NIS) triton X-100 (TNX-100) and a globular protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) was explored through the determination of clouding nature in aqueous solution of sodium salts (Na-salts). Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaOAc), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium oxalate (Na2Oxal), sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), and sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) have been chosen to assess their impacts on the clouding nature of TNX-100 + BSA mixture. The estimated cloud point (CP) values were noticed to be lowered with the enhancement of [Na-salts]. The lessening of CP values has been explained by the salting out effect of anions. The calculated standard Gibbs free energy change ( Δ G c o ) was positive at all examined conditions which illustrates the nonspontaneity of phase change. The standard enthalpy ( Δ H c o ) and entropy ( Δ S c o ) changes exhibited negative values at low contents of aq. Na-salts and positive values at high aq. Na-salts content. These consequences illustrate the presence of electrostatic interactions at low Na-salts concentration and hydrophobic interactions at high Na-salts concentration. Furthermore, enthalpy-entropy parameters were successfully computed and explained with proper clarification.

A sparse-dense hierarchical structured conductive elastomer composites for highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensor

Flexible strain sensor using conductive elastomer (CE) have fostered hope for the development of healthcare, human–machine interfaces, and soft robotics technologies. However, it is still challenging to obtain CE based strain sensor with excellent stretchability, wide strain range, high sensitivity coupled with outstanding stability via facile preparation process. Herein, combining the advantages of sparse and dense conductive network, a sparse-dense hierarchical structured conductive elastomer composites (CECs) based on natural rubber (NR) and modified MWCNTs (m-MWCNTs) is developed through facile one-pot synthesis. By means of the low cloud point of nonionic surfactant Triton x-100, the thick-sparse and thin-dense conductive layers as well as the excellent interface between hierarchical structure are formed by controlling the content of Triton x-100 and dispersed temperature. The severe slippage of sparse conductive network at small deformation and the avulsion of dense conductive network at large strain could synergistically enhance mechanical property and sensing performance of NR/m-MWCNTs CECs. Consequently, the designed stain sensor can achieve high sensitivity and linearity at a strain range of 0–200 % and 200–423 %, which are superior to most other state-of-the-art CECs strain sensors. Meanwhile, a wide range of detection (1 %-423 %), a fast response time (0.23 s), excellent repeatability, and stability are also obtained. Besides, our developed strain sensor was successfully applied in elbow pad and knee pad for monitoring human motion. In addition, NR/m-MWCNTs CECs exhibit the superior electric heating performance. The above satisfactory results reveal that our developed sparse-dense hierarchical CECs has the potential for applications in smart wearable electronics.

Extraction of chrysin from propolis and its selective encapsulation in synthetic/natural surfactant-based micelles

The encapsulation characteristics of chrysin (important flavonoid with potential food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications) was studied with nonionic surfactants Triton X-114 (TX) and Quillaja Saponin (QS), individually. The factors influencing the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of standard chrysin that is surfactant concentration, pH, NaCl concentration, and chrysin concentration were analyzed. The maximum EE of standard chrysin was found to be 98.23 ± 1.63% with TX micelles and 83 ± 2.31% with QS micelles under the following conditions: 0.02 mg/mL standard chrysin, 5% NaCl, pH 7, and 4% w/w TX 6% w/w QS. Selective extraction of chrysin from propolis was tried using three extraction techniques namely Maceration, Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE), and Maceration with Microwave-assisted Extraction (MMAE). MAE, which gave a chrysin yield of 3 mg/g, was deemed the most suitable method for chrysin extraction from propolis. This MAE crude extract was subjected to encapsulation under the conditions previously optimized for standard chrysin. Specific encapsulation of chrysin from the propolis crude extract was achieved, with an EE of 92 ± 0.86% with TX and 84.97 ± 1.34% with QS. The encapsulated chrysin was characterized using particle size analysis and antioxidant activity. TX system was found to be the most suitable for the encapsulation, as it was able to selectively encapsulate chrysin from propolis, despite the presence of other interfering flavonoids in the crude extract. The microwave-assisted extraction combined with surfactant-based micellar encapsulation can be said to be an effective process for the extraction and encapsulation of chrysin from propolis.

Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Toxicity of o-Xylene-Bridged Porphyrin Dimers

In this work, a number of new porphyrin dimers coupled with spacers based on α,α’-dibromo-o-xylene were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY NMR, UV-vis-spectroscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The initial A3B-type hydroxy-substituted porphyrins form dimer structures with high yields of 80–85%, while the use of amino-substituted porphyrins as starting compounds leads to the heterocyclization and formation of N-heterocycle fused porphyrins. For porphyrin dimers, photophysical properties and quantum yields of singlet oxygen were investigated. The peripheral alkoxy-substituents increase fluorescence quantum yield in comparison with the unsubstituted compounds. Also, it was found that dimers are characterized by lower singlet oxygen quantum yields compared to the corresponding monomers. Model aggregation experiments in micellar systems demonstrate stabilization of the photoactive monomolecular form of all the porphyrins, using nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. Cytotoxicity of received dimers shows high inhibition against HEK293T cells in the absence of light.

Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Rhodamine-B for CuO/CdO nanosheets attained through simple co-precipitation method

In the present investigation, the growth of CuO/CdO nanosheets by simple coprecipitation method and characterized by XRD, SEM with EDX, TEM, UV–visible and PL. The incorporation of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 blend with CuO/CdO resulted in hexagonal shaped grains with a nanoporous structure. The pristine CuO and CdO display monoclinic and cubic phases, respectively, whereas the CuO/CdO exhibits a combination of two phases, as proven by XRD analysis. According to TEM analysis the CuO/CdO composite particle size was reduced in the range between 20 and 50 nm resulting, the bandgap value is decreased around 1.26 eV due to size effect. The photocatalytic activity against Rhodamine-B (RhB) showed a 94 % degradation efficiency as compared to pristine CuO (71.42 %) and CdO (77.83 %). Furthermore, the CuO/CdO nanocomposite catalyst dosage increasing the degradation efficiency was found to be 97.62 %. Although the nitration process is more efficient at pH 6, the degradation efficiency for CuO, CdO, and CuO/CdO was found to be 75.74, 85.96 %, and 99.88 % at pH 6. In acidic solution, the reusability of CuO/CdO was outstanding with a 95.80 % degradation efficiency after five successive cycles.