Nonionic Surface Active Agents Research Articles

Visualization of the three-dimensional structure of absorbed power of electromagnetic waves–a synthetic paste phantom containing a nonionic surface active agent and measurement of its physical properties

This paper considers the means of research for the biological effect on electromagnetic irradiation such as the electromagnetic environmental problem. The physical model for the biological system, i.e., phantom, together with the quantitative knowledge about its construction, is described. A function of the phantom is that it can visualize in a three-dimensional way, the region where the temperature exceeded a certain value. The phantom has electrical constants similar to those of the biological system with known physical (electrical and thermal) properties. For this purpose, the phantom composed of the synthetic paste is considered. It has the property that the material becomes white and opeque due to the segregation of the surface active agent when the temperature exceeds a certain level. The electrical and thermal properties of the material are measured. A quantitative evaluation is made of the density of the added material in the construction of the tissue-equivalent phantom, as well as the dependencies of physical properties on the added salt. A method of constructing the phantom according to the purpose and application is described. As a result of a series of measurements, it is demonstrated that the biological phantom of any shape with the tissue-equivalent electrical and thermal properties, can be realized for any frequency by the commercial paste plus salt.

Alkyl Glycosides and Neighboring Compounds

Of the hydrophilic groups functioning as surface-active agents, sugar esters of the higher fatty acid have long been known. Recently, alkyl glycosides have been found to be similar surface-active agents, and are being applied domestically as detergents for kitchen and so forth.Several properties have been observed which have lead to the use of alkyl glycosides. They are nonionic surface-active agent, with high stability and good lathering. They are also low in toxicity, low in skin irritability, and is biodegradable. Alkyl glycosides are not just surface-active agents, however. They can be used in cellulose processing, are enzyme stabilizers, have applications in the biochemical field, and are components used in artificial cell (liposome). In the future, it is to be supposed, functional compounds containing sugar components, such as alkyl glycosides, will see increasingly wide-spread use.

The effects of surface active agents on jet breakup in liquid‐liquid systems

AbstractAn experimental study has been made of the effects of anionic, cationic and nonionic surface active agents on jet length, jet contraction and drop size resulting from the formation and breakup of liquid jets in another immiscible liquid, while undergoing mass transfer.Correlations previously established for uncontaminated systems with various rates of mass transfer successfully fitted the present data, when used with the diminished value of interfacial tension caused by the surfactant. Variables included nozzle size, flow rate, and type and concentration of surfactant. Data were obtained from measurements on over 3,000 drops, plus jet lengths and jet diameters from 501 photographs.

Contact sensitivity to nonoxynols as a cause of intolerance to antiseptic preparations

Twelve cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by antiseptic preparations are presented. The reactions resulted not from the active principles but rather from nonoxynols used in the offending substances as nonionic surface-active agents. Nonoxynols are ethoxylated alkyl phenols or nonylphenylethers that conform in general to the formula C9H19C6H4(OCH2CH2)nOH. They have emulsifying, wetting, foaming, and solubilizing properties and are used in a large number of industrial, household, agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. They also are used as spermicides. There are very few reports in the literature of skin problems caused by nonoxynols.

Use of the Tension Cell to Monitor Particle Interactions in Suspensions

AbstractThe tension cell was able to monitor the effect of adsorbing either a nonionic or ionic surface active agent on particle arrangements in kaolinite suspensions. Adsorption of polysorbate 80 affected particle interactions by steric stabilization. Adsorption of sodium dodecylbenzenosulfonate produced dispersion by a combination of electrostatic repulsion and steric stabilization. The interpretation of the effect of the adsorbed surface active agents was supported by rheological studies

フェノールレジンベース多鎖型高分子量非イオン界面活性剤の脱墨効果

フェノールレジンベース多鎖型高分子量非イオン界面活性剤の脱墨効果

The Correlation Between Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) and Griffin's HLB-Value of Nonionic Surface-Active Agents

The Correlation Between Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) and Griffin's HLB-Value of Nonionic Surface-Active Agents

Supercritical fluid chromatography of alkylene oxide‐fatty alcohol condensates: Their quantitation in water samples

AbstractA method is described for the quantitative determination of linear alkylene oxide‐fatty alcohol condensates, nonionic surface active agents in water. Surface active agent is extracted from water samples with benzene. Surfactant is further extracted by salting out into chloroform. Capillary, supercritical fluid chromatography allows the separation and quantitative determination of oligometric constituents using carbon dioxide as a supercritical fluid. In this case, a fingerprint of the surfactant is obtained. Analysis time, however, is approximately 60 minutes. In the second case, the ether groups of ethylene oxide fatty alcohol condensates are cleaved by reaction with 50 percent hydrobromic acid in glacial acetic acid in sealed ampoules. The resulting alkyl bromides are extracted with carbon disulfide and chromatographed by both the supercritical fluid, capillary column chromatography (SFC) and high resolution open tubular column gas chromatography (OTC – HRGC). Results are in good agreement between these two techniques.

Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and theta temperature of aqueous solutions of nonionic surface active agents of various polyoxyethylene chain lengths

Cloud points of aqueous solutions of homogeneous poly(oxyethylene)dodecyl ether derivatives (C12(OE)n: n=2–8) and the apparent theta temperatureTθ ap were determined from the abrupt changes in optical transmittance and the temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient obtained by light scattering measurements. It was found that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) shifts to a lower temperature and lower concentration as the number of oxyethylene units in a molecule decreases. Because of this behavior of LCST, the modified Flory-Schultz plot of phase separation was applied to the present nonionic surfactant-water system, and its theta temperature obtained. The dependence ofTθ ap on the number of oxyethylene units suggests that the polyoxyethylene chain has different effects on the solubility of C12(OE)n in water forn less than or equal to 3 from those forn greater than or equal to 4.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxorubicin-loaded polymethacrylic nanoparticles in rabbits

The anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DXR), was coupled to polymethacrylic nanoparticles having an average diameter of 0.3 μm. Using new methods for the determination of doxorubicin and its main metabolites in plasma and tissue samples, blood clearance and organ deposition of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles were studied in the rabbit after intravenous injection. It was shown that adsorption of DXR on the nanospheres caused a prolonged elevation in DXR plasma levels and a reduction of the total clearances. However, no statistical differences were observed between the pharmacokinetic parameters determined after intravenous administra tion of doxorubicin linked to nanoparticles, coated or not with a non-ionic surface-active agent. One hour after the injection of doxorubicin-bound nanospheres, the concentration of DXR in the liver was found to be 75% higher and the levels of both metabolites were 2-fold lower than those corresponding to the free injected drug. Modifications of the concentrations of DXR and its metabolites were also demonstrated in the kidneys after administration of DXR-loaded nanoparticles. As pharmacokinetics, organ distribution and metabolism of nanoparticle-bound doxorubicin became modified, the activity of polymethacrylic nanospheres as intrahepatic slow-release systems and their potential therapeutic application as new drug carriers for anthracycline targeting are discussed.

Ｎｉ‐黒鉛分散めっきの塑性加工における潤滑性

The friction characteristics of Ni-graphite composites electrodeposited on the surfaces of tools used for plastic forming of metals were studied by measuring coefficients of friction and by examining the characteristics of tool surfaces after ring compression of aluminum alloy. The coefficient of friction reached a minimum of 0.12 with a composite deposited by using a electrolyte including 20g/L of graphite and no surface active agent, at a current density of 3A/dm2, a pH of 6 and a temperature of 80°C. When a non-ionic surface active agent was used, the graphite content in the composite increased but the coefficient of friction also increased as much as that of Ni plate. The graphite particles deposited with Ni particles still remained in the composite after five tests and the composites seem to be capable of acting as good lubricants in plastic metal forming.

Temperature dependence of the micellar aggregation number of n-dodecylpolyethyleneoxide surfactants

The number average micellar molar masses of the series of nonionic surface active agents, C 12EO m ( m = 4, 5, 6, and 8) have been determined over the temperature range 0 to 70°C using freezing point and vapor pressure methods. These surfactants have a sharp cmc and the micelles were assumed to be monodisperse with a single aggregation number independent of concentration. The results were interpreted using McMillan-Mayer theory. The micellar aggregation numbers did not increase significantly with temperature. The aggregation numbers decrease as m increases in accordance with theories of micelle formation.

Synthesis de tensioactifs F-alkyles non ioniques monodisperses

Synthesis of monodisperse fluorinated nonionic surface-active agents is usually difficult, long and expensive. We found a new synthetic strategy easy to work up from commercially available products which allows us to obtain, with good yields, homogeneous series of pure and monodisperse bisequenced nonionic perfluoroalkyl surfactants.

Analysis of non-ionic surface active agents by supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Application of supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry (SFC/MS) to the analysis of non-ionic surface active agents (NSAAs). The non-ionic surface active agents used as samples are R-O-(CH2CH2O)n-H, R-COO-(CH2CH2O)n-H, and R-N(CH2CH2OH)2. Polyethylene glycol-400 is also analyzed as a related compound. Their selected ion monitoring traces are shown together with some representative mass spectra. These NSAAs composed of many components are spearated and identified easily and rapidly by this SFC/MS system.

ヨウ素の殺卵効果に及ぼす塩類および界面活性剤の影響

Ovicidal activity of iodine was observed in the acid solution of iodine and a 50% growth inhibtion dose (GID50) ranged from 9.4 to 16.8μg/ml. It was hardly observed in the alkaline soultion. In the test of an anion of various salts, an increase in activity of iodine was observed in the following increasing order: chioric, sulfuric acid, citric acid and phosphoric acid ion.ion. Moreover, an increase in activity of iodine was observed in the test of an anionic surface active agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl benzenesulfonate and sodium dialkylsulfosuccinate, as well as in the test of the acid soultion. GID50 ranged from 18.0 to 22.0μg/ml. An increase in activity of iodine on Ascaris eggs was observed in the test of sorbitane mono laurate (T-20) and stearate succharose fatty acid ester 1570 of 15 nonionic surface active agents examined. No activity of iodine was observed on cationic surface active agents.

Determination of antimony in nail and hair by thermal neutron activation analysis

The concentration of antimony in nail and hair was determined by thermal neutron activation analysis. Samples were collected from the workers of an antimony refinery, inhabitants near the refinery, and residents in control area. They were irradiated by Kyoto University 5 000 kW Reactor for 1 h, and cooled for 30 to 100 days. After cooling, the concentration of Sb in nail and hair was estimated by measuring the intensity of gamma-ray from 124Sb of the samples, then the samples were washed by 0.1% aqueous solution of nonionic surface active agent in an ultrasonic cleaner. The gamma-ray spectrometry was done again (after washing). The concentration of Sb in nail before washing was 730 ppm for the workers, 2.46 ppm for habitants near the refinery, and 0.19 ppm for the control; after washing, it became 230 ppm for the workers, 0.63 ppm for habitants, and 0.09 ppm for the control. The concentration of Sb in hair before and after washing was 222 ppm and 196 ppm for the workers, and 0.21 ppm and 0.15 ppm for the control, respectively.

The elasticity of weakly flocculated suspensions

Monodisperse polystyrene lattices, at high electrolyte concentrations and with an adsorbed layer of nonionic surface active agent, produced weakly flocculated dispersions which sedimented rapidly to give a final sediment concentration of ∼30% by volume. Three lattices were used with particle sizes in the range 1–2 μm. The surface active agent used was C12E6. Optical microscopy of dilute systems showed that dense flocs were formed which were easily disrupted by small shear stresses. Shear wave propagation experiments were used to give the volume fraction dependence of the wave rigidity modulus, G̃, of these systems at high frequency. The high frequency limit to the shear modulus, G(∞), was calculated from the particle pair potential and the particle pair distribution function determined by using one of the current perturbation theories. The interparticle pair potential was calculated from a combination of van der Waals’ attraction, and both steric and electrostatic repulsion. Good agreement was obtained between the value of G(∞) obtained from this statistical mechanical analysis and the experimental value of G̃ over the full range of volume fraction studied.

Voluntary food consumption and gastric emptying in rats given intravenous Triton WR-1339.

Intravenously administered Triton WR-1339, a nonionic surface active agent, has been used as an endogenous hyperlipemic agent since 1951. We expected Triton to increase food consumption to supply, at least partially, the energy and acetyl groups necessary for producing the hyperlipemic state. In this study, however, we observed that the rats injected intravenously with various dose levels of Triton decreased their voluntary food intake in a dose-related manner. Two other nonionic surface active agents, Tween 20 and Tween 80, given intravenously did not alter food intake. Further studies revealed that Triton WR-1339 administered intravenously 30 min before feeding by stomach tube resulted in a marked delay in the rate of gastric emptying which was also dose related. A delay in gastric emptying has previously been suggested as one mechanism that controls food intake. Tween 20 and Tween 80 did not alter the rate of gastric emptying. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for the decrease in voluntary food consumption in Triton WR-1339 injected rats may be due to the delay of gastric emptying in these animals.

多鎖型高分子量非イオン界面活性剤のＣＯＭ中の石炭粒子に対する吸着

This paper reports an examination to find how to determine a nonionic surface active agent existing in a COM and adsorptive property of this agent.Consequently, the authors established a technique to measure the amount of additive in C heavy oil by means of paper chromatography.Multi-branched high molecular nonionic surface active agents, as an excellent stabilizer for COM, proved to possess a high adsorptivity to coal. That is, the saturated adsorption of them on pulverized coal particles, conventional size for combustion of about 80% passing 200 mesh was of 0.44 to 0.46g/100g coal. On the other hand, the conventional nonionic surface active agents having a poor stabilizing effect showed a low saturated adsorption.

Effects of Polyethylenepolyamine Base Multi-Branched High Molecular Weight Nonionic Surface Active Agents on Fluidity of Highly-Loaded Coal-Water Slurry

The authors synthesized polyethylenepolyamine base multi-branched high molecular weight nonionic surface active agents and studied their physicochemical properties so as to evaluate their effects for improving the fluidity of coal-water slurry (CWS). The following results were obtained.1) A surface active agent prepared by the addition of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) to polyethylenepolyamine (PEPA) improved the fluidity of CWS.2) Surface active agents prepared by adding only EO to PEPA brought about less improvement than the above mentioned agent.3) The effects of the agents depended on the molecular weight of polyoxyalkylene side chain and improvement was best at a molecular weight of 5, 000 or more.4) Using a small amount of the above agent, Tatung coal CWS with low viscosity and high coal concentration was made.