Non-intimate Partner Research Articles

Patterns of Violence Against Women: A Latent Class Analysis.

This study examined patterns of nine types of violence against women (VAW) and associated mental health problems. The following self-reported, lifetime violence victimization was examined among 1424 employed women: (1) childhood physical abuse, (2) childhood sexual abuse, (3) physical abuse between parents/guardians during childhood, (4) psychological intimate partner violence (IPV), (5) physical IPV, (6) sexual IPV, (7) adult physical or sexual assault by a non-intimate partner, (8) physical workplace violence, and (9) psychological workplace violence. Latent class analysis was used to identify homogenous patterns, called "classes," of women's "yes/no" responses to experiencing these types of violence. The best model consisted of 4-classes characterized by the following probabilities: low violence (class 1: 63.1%), high psychological and physical IPV (class 2: 15.6%), high physical and psychological workplace violence (class 3: 12.4%), and moderate to high childhood abuse (class 4: 9.0%). When compared to class 1 (low violence), membership in classes 2 (IPV) and 4 (childhood abuse) was associated with screening positive for depression in the past week at baseline after controlling for the influence of demographic characteristics on class membership. Also, when compared to class 1 (low all), membership in class 2 (IPV) was associated with greater odds of screening positive for posttraumatic stress disorder in the past month at the six month follow-up assessment. Findings document distinct patterns of VAW and associated proximal and distal mental health outcomes. Implications for interventions aimed to improve employed women's health are discussed.

Forensic Medicine in South Africa: Associations between Medical Practice and Legal Case Progression and Outcomes in Female Murders

BackgroundForensic medicine has been largely by-passed by the tide of health systems research and evidence based medicine. Murder victims form a central part of forensic medical examiners' case load, and women murdered by intimate partners are an important subgroup, representing the most severe form and consequence of intimate partner violence. Our aim was to describe the epidemiology of female murder in South Africa (by intimate and non-intimate partners); and to describe and compare autopsy findings, forensic medical management of cases and the contribution of these to legal outcomes.MethodsWe did a retrospective national study in a proportionate random sample of 25 medico-legal laboratories to identify all homicides in 1999 of women aged 14 years and over. Data were abstracted from the mortuary file and autopsy report, and collected from a police interview.FindingsIn 21.5% of cases the perpetrator was convicted. Factors associated with a conviction for the female murders included having a history of intimate partner violence 1.18 (95%CI: 0.16–2.20), weapon recovered 1.36 (95% CI:0.58–2.15) and a detective visiting the crime scene 1.57 (95% CI:0.14–3.00). None of the forensic medical activities increased the likelihood of a conviction.ConclusionThe findings raise important questions about the role of forensic medicine in these cases.

The Association Between Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Women

Those who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) are often subjected to multiple types of victimization such as physical violence, sexual violence, psychological aggression, and stalking. However, relatively few studies have used a national population-based sample and multivariate methods to analyze the associations between these different types of violence. This study uses multivariate methods to analyze a national population-based sample of women in order to document empirically the extent to which different types of IPV overlap, while controlling for personal and behavioral characteristics. Results indicated significant levels of overlap, with victims often experiencing more than one type of victimization by an intimate partner. Findings also indicated that women who had experienced violence by non-intimate partners were often more likely to experience violence by intimates. Finally, women who had experienced stalking by an intimate were more likely to experience more forms of IPV on average than those who had experienced physical violence, sexual violence, or emotional aggression.

Variabilidad geográfica de la violencia contra las mujeres en España

Objectives To describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence and non-partner violence against women in Spain overall and by autonomous regions, as well as the characteristics of this violence, and to study the association between the prevalence of intimate partner violence and the frequency of formal complaints and deaths. Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed through a self-administered questionnaire in 11,475 women attending primary care from 2006 to 2007. Multistage stratified sampling was carried out in a representative sample in each autonomous region. Data on intimate partner and non-intimate partner violence, formal complaints to the police and deaths due to intimate partner violence were gathered. A descriptive analysis was conducted. Correlations between the prevalence of intimate partner violence and police reports and deaths from this cause were determined through Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results A total of 24.8% (23.4%–26.3%) of the sample reported having experienced intimate partner violence at some time. The highest prevalence of intimate partner violence was found in Ceuta and Melilla (40.2%) and the Balearic Islands (32.5%) and the lowest in Cantabria (18%). Fifteen percent of the sample reported having experienced non-partner violence at some time, and the most frequent type was that committed by a relative. Again, the highest prevalence of non-partner violence was found in Ceuta and Melilla and the Balearic Islands and the lowest in Cantabria. A significant positive linear correlation was found between intimate partner violence in the previous year and the rate of reports of intimate partner violence in the autonomous regions ( r=0.398; p=0.005). Conclusions The prevalence of intimate partner violence varies from one autonomous region to another. The reasons for this variation should be further explored in future studies.

Psychological Aggression, Physical Aggression, and Injury in Nonpartner Relationships Among Men and Women in Treatment for Substance-Use Disorders

This study focused on the prevalence and predictors of psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury rates in nonintimate partner relationships in a substance-use disorder treatment sample. The sample included 489 (76% men, 24% women) participants who completed screening measures for inclusion in a randomized control trial for an aggression-prevention treatment. Primary outcome measures included rates of past-year psychological aggression, physical aggression, and injury (both from the participant to nonpartners and from nonpartners to the participant). Potential predictors included individual factors (e.g., age, gender), developmental factors (e.g., family history of drug use, childhood physical abuse), and recent factors (e.g., depression, cocaine use). Rates of participant-to nonpartner psychological aggression (83%), physical aggression (61%), and injury (47%) were high, as were rates of nonpartner-to-participant aggression. Bivariate analyses revealed significant relationships between the aggression outcomes and most of the individual, developmental, and recent factors. However, multivariate analyses (zero-inflated Poisson regression) revealed that age, treatment status, current symptoms of depression, heavy periods of drinking, and cocaine use were related most frequently to the occurrence of aggression to and from nonpartners. Nonpartner aggression may be as common within a substance-use disorder sample as partner aggression, and it is associated with heavy drinking episodes, cocaine use, and depressive symptoms. The findings highlight the need for the development of effective violence interventions addressing violence in nonpartner relationship types.

Trajectories of non-intimate partner and intimate partner homicides, 1980-1999: The importance of rurality

Research had consistently shown that intimate partner homicide rates had been on a steady downward decline over the past two decades; however, a relatively recent movement in intimate partner homicide research had emphasized the need for further dissecting the aggregate trends by factors such as gender, race, victim-offender relationship, and same-sex partners. Taking this a step forward, this study utilized trajectory analysis for comparing and contrasting non-intimate partner homicide and intimate partner homicide rates over time in order to explore the importance of rurality when investigating intimate partner violence. Results of the analysis indicated that although intimate partner homicide rates had been declining over the 1980-1999 period for the majority of the 1,341 U.S. counties examined, there was evidence that rurality was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of assignment to a non-declining intimate partner homicide trajectory. In light of the findings, the authors also consider how these results can direct future research on intimate partner violence in rural areas.

Women's Status and Risk of Homicide Victimization

Several feminist theories predict that women's socioeconomic status, both absolute status and their status relative to men, influences the prevalence of violence against women, with some suggesting a positive correlation and others a negative one. Although each theory provides insight into the possible causal connection between women's status, gender inequality, and violence, empirical tests of these relationships are inconclusive. The present study addresses this issue by using a cross-sectional design with 2000 census and crime data to assess the impact of women's absolute status and gender inequality along educational, employment, income, and occupational dimensions and their risk of homicide victimization by intimate partners and nonintimates. The findings indicate that women's absolute status is significantly correlated with female homicide victimization rates by intimate partners. However, tests for equality of regression coefficients between the intimate and nonintimate partner models suggest that these differences may be attributed to random chance.

Differing Effects of Partner and Nonpartner Sexual Assault on Women's Mental Health

This study contrasted the effects of intimate partner and nonpartner sexual assault on women's mental health among a sample (N=835) of low-income, ethnically diverse community women. Compared to sexual assault by a previous partner or by a non-intimate partner, sexual assault by a current partner was the strongest predictor of PTSD, stress, and dissociation. Non-intimate partner sexual assault was only a significant predictor of PTSD and only for African American women. These findings suggest that the victim-offender relationship is important when considering the impact of sexual assault. Specifically, sexual assault perpetrated by an intimate partner may be especially traumatic.

Femicide in New York City

This article reports resultsof an ongoing studyof femicide in New York City. Using medical examiner records, femicides occurring between 1990 and 1999 were categorized according to whether an intimate partner perpetrated the homicide. Descriptive analyses results revealed that most femicide victims were young, Black, and killed in poor neighborhoods. Among cases with a known perpetrator, 40% were intimate partner femicides. Whereas the rate of nonintimate partner femicide decreased between 1990 and 1999, the rate of intimate partner femicide remained relatively stable. Multivariate analyses revealed that the strongest predictors of femicide by an intimate partner included having children under 18, living in a private residence, and being foreign born. Homicide followed by the suicide of the offender was also strongly associated with intimate partner femicide. Intimate partner femicide exhibits a unique epidemiology, and this knowledge should be used to plan and guide prevention activities.

The Role of Alcohol Use in Intimate Partner Violence and Nonintimate Partner Violence

The Role of Alcohol Use in Intimate Partner Violence and Nonintimate Partner Violence

The role of alcohol use in intimate partner violence and non-intimate partner violence.

Alcohol use is a risk factor for violent victimization in general, and intimate partner violence in particular. However, there has been limited empirical attention on whether alcohol use is more often associated with IPV or non-IPV offenses. Further, few studies on the association between alcohol use and victimization have assessed for incident-specific alcohol use, or examined both victim and perpetrator alcohol use. We used data from the National Violence Against Women Survey to determine if incident-specific alcohol use is more prevalent in IPV or non-IPV physical assaults, and to determine if the association varied by gender. Results indicated that among women, perpetrator alcohol use was twice as likely in IPV incidents than in non-IPV incidents, but among men, perpetrator alcohol use was four times less likely in IPV incidents than in non-IPV incidents. Our results highlight the important role of gender in understanding the association between alcohol use and victimization risk.

Violence against women: a global burden

At least one in five women have been physically or sexually abused by a man at some time in their lives. 1 WHO Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention (VIP)WHO violence against women information pack, 1997. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/vaw/infopack.htm Google Scholar According to the World Bank, gender-based violence accounts for as much death and ill-health in women aged 15–44 years as cancer, and is a greater cause of ill-health than malaria and traffic accidents combined. 2 World BankWorld development report 1993: investing in health. Oxford University Press, New York1993 Crossref Google Scholar G8 leaders have set ambitious targets for reducing the global burdens of disease caused by tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS by 2010, but why does violence against women, a massive cause of morbidity and mortality, remain overlooked by governments? Not for any lack of awareness; many conferences, policy statements, and reports have highlighted and debated the problem. For example, in 1996, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) established a trust fund to provide direct support to hundreds of women's development and empowerment projects around the world. In 1999, the UN designated Nov 25 the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. In October, 2001, Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs launched an information and resource website entitled End Violence Against Women. In 1993, one of the most comprehensive international policy statements on gender-based violence, the Declaration against Violence against Women, was adopted by the UN General Assembly. And, later this year, WHO will launch the first Global Report on Violence and Health, with one of seven topic-specific chapters devoted to violence by an intimate partner. Violence against women: global scope and magnitudeAn increasing amount of research is beginning to offer a global overview of the extent of violence against women. In this paper we discuss the magnitude of some of the most common and most severe forms of violence against women: intimate partner violence; sexual abuse by non-intimate partners; trafficking, forced prostitution, exploitation of labour, and debt bondage of women and girls; physical and sexual violence against prostitutes; sex selective abortion, female infanticide, and the deliberate neglect of girls; and rape in war. Full-Text PDF

Femicide and Social Disorganization

In the United States, homicide is a leading cause of death among young women. In New York City between 1990 and 1997, although the overall number of femicides declined markedly, intimate partner femicides increased. The reason for this is unclear. Sociostructural accounts of homicide rates have traditionally focused on the importance of socioeconomic factors indicative of social disorganization. A feminist critique of this perspective suggests that such factors are less important to intimate partner femicide. Using census data on community-level sociostructural factors and surveillance data on femicides between 1990 and 1997 in New York City, the authors evaluate the relative importance of sociostructural factors in models of intimate partner and non-intimate partner femicide.

Intimate-Partner Assailants

Although a number of studies have examined arrest, prosecution, and treatment of intimate-partner assailants, a few studies have focused on those sentenced to probation. This study aims at comparing and analyzing the characteristics and interventions of intimate-partner assailants at a probation department. This research analyzed a random sample of 108 records from cases of assault and battery referred to a district court in Michigan, from January to December 1992. Major findings revealed that 76% of the cases of assault and battery occurred between male and female intimate partners. The variables of gender and deferred prosecution demonstrated to have significant relationships (p < 0.004) with the variable of intimate relationship. The results suggested that in a significant percent of cases nonintimate partner assailants received the same punishment as intimate-partner assailants.

Alcohol & homicide: A deadly combination of two American traditions : By Robert Nash Parker and Linda-Anne Rebhun State University of New York Press (State University Plaza, Albany, New York 12246), 1995, 185 pp., softcover — $16.95

Intimate partner violence (IPV) results in deaths of both primary and corollary (i.e., nonintimate partner) victims. Alcohol use is a known risk factor for IPV, yet the relationship between alcohol policies and IPV homicides is unclear. This repeated cross-sectional study characterizes alcohol involvement, and the relationship between alcohol policies and alcohol involvement, among victims of IPV homicides in the U.S.Homicide victim data from 17 states in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed in 2017–2018. Alcohol Policy Scale scores characterized alcohol policies by state year and were used in generalized estimating equation logistic regression models to predict the odds of alcohol involvement among victims of IPV homicide.Among victims of IPV homicide, 36.5% of primary and 41.1% of corollary victims had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.00%. Of the victims with a positive BAC, 67.6% had a BAC ≥0.08%. In adjusted models, a 10–percentage point increase in Alcohol Policy Scale score was associated with reduced odds of having a positive BAC (AOR=0.77, 95% CI=0.64, 0.93) and having a BAC ≥0.08% (AOR=0.82, 95% CI=0.68, 0.99) among all victims, primary victims (AOR=0.78, 95% CI=0.63, 0.98; AOR=0.82, 95% CI=0.65, 1.04), and corollary victims (AOR=0.61, 95% CI=0.42, 0.89; AOR=0.68, 95% CI=0.48, 0.97).Alcohol use was prevalent among victims of IPV homicide, and more-restrictive alcohol policies were associated with reduced odds of alcohol involvement. Strengthening alcohol policies is a promising strategy to reduce alcohol-involved IPV homicide victimization.

On Cultural Explanations of Southern Homicide: Comment on Dixon and Lizotte

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommentary and DebateOn Cultural Explanations of Southern Homicide: Comment on Dixon and LizotteJay Corzine and Lin Huff-CorzineJay Corzine Search for more articles by this author and Lin Huff-Corzine Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 95, Number 1Jul., 1989 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/229219 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 15Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1989 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jessica M. Doucet, Julia M. D’Antonio-Del Rio, Chantel D. Chauvin G.R.I.T.S., Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29, no.55 (Oct 2013): 806–823.https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505707Patricia L. McCall, Kenneth C. Land, Karen F. Parker An Empirical Assessment of What We Know About Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: A Return to a Classic 20 Years Later, Homicide Studies 14, no.33 (May 2010): 219–243.https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767910371166Matthew R. Lee, Shaun A. Thomas, Graham C. Ousey Southern Culture and Homicide: Examining the Cracker Culture/Black Rednecks Thesis, Deviant Behavior 31, no.11 (Dec 2009): 60–96.https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620902854761Wesley G. Jennings, Alex R. Piquero Trajectories of non-intimate partner and intimate partner homicides, 1980-1999: The importance of rurality, Journal of Criminal Justice 36, no.55 (Sep 2008): 435–443.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.07.002Timothy C. Hayes, Matthew R. Lee THE SOUTHERN CULTURE OF HONOR AND VIOLENT ATTITUDES, Sociological Spectrum 25, no.55 (Aug 2006): 593–617.https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170500174877Jon Gunnar Bernburg, Thorolfur Thorlindsson Violent Values, Conduct Norms, and Youth Aggression: A Multilevel Study in Iceland, The Sociological Quarterly 46, no.33 (Dec 2016): 457–478.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2005.00022.xEllen G. Cohn, James Rotton, Amy G. Peterson, Deborah B. Tarr Temperature, City Size, and the Southern Subculture of Violence: Support for Social Escape/Avoidance (SEA) Theory1, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34, no.88 (Aug 2004): 1652–1674.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02792.xMatthew R. Lee, John P. Bartkowski Civic Participation, Regional Subcultures, and Violence, Homicide Studies 8, no.11 (Jul 2016): 5–39.https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767903256528Mari A. Dewees, Karen F. Parker Women, Region, and Types of Homicide, Homicide Studies 7, no.44 (Jul 2016): 368–393.https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767903256462Christopher G. Ellison, Jeffrey A. Burr, Patricia L. Mccall The Enduring Puzzle of Southern Homicide, Homicide Studies 7, no.44 (Jul 2016): 326–352.https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767903256463Steven Stack Southernness, migration, and homicide risk: An analysis of individual-level data, American Journal of Criminal Justice 26, no.22 (Mar 2002): 165–179.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02887825B. B. Benda Religion and Violent Offenders in Boot Camp: A Structural Equation Model, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39, no.11 (Feb 2002): 91–121.https://doi.org/10.1177/002242780203900104MARIAN J. BORG The Southern Subculture of Punitiveness? Regional Variation in Support for Capital Punishment, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34, no.11 (Aug 2016): 25–45.https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034001003Tom W. Rice, Carolyn R. Goldman Another look at the subculture of violence thesis: Who murders whom and under what circumstances, Sociological Spectrum 14, no.44 (Jul 2010): 371–384.https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1994.9982077F. Frederick Hawley, Steven F. Messner The southern violence construct: A review of arguments, evidence, and the normative context, Justice Quarterly 6, no.44 (Aug 2006): 481–511.https://doi.org/10.1080/07418828900090351

THE DISCLOSURE-LIKING RELATIONSHIP.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of a perceiver's own disclosure on attraction for self-disclosing others. In Experiment 1, female undergraduates selected two topics and disclosed information on them to a confederate partner. This disclosure occurred either before or after the confederate disclosed information on three different topics that were either high or low in intimacy. Based on self-perception theory, it was predicted and found that intimacy of the subject's self-disclosure would be positively correlated with attraction for the confederate when the subject disclosed before her partner but not when she disclosed after her partner. A second prediction that subjects would be attracted toward a highly intimate partner only if they had previously disclosed was not confirmed. Instead, attraction for the confederate was greater when she had disclosed before the subject and when she had disclosed intimately. Experiment 2 varied the intimacy of the response of a partner to the subject's initial self-disclosure and whether this response dealt with the same topics or different topics. It was found that attraction was greater for an intimate than a nonintimate partner when topics for disclosure were the same. When disclosure topics were different, there was no significant difference in attraction for the intimate and nonintimate partner. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the disclosure-liking hypothesis.