Non-infected Persons Research Articles

Covid-19 Pandemic & Post Pandemic-Technology and Education

The COVID-19 pandemic, was occurred in 2019. It is a worldwide pandemic which effect the whole world. The disease is mainly pass through the respiratory track; Infected people transmit the COVID-19 virus when they are Come in contact with other non-infected persons. However, infection can also be occurred in longer distances, particularly indoors. This pandemic has drastically changed the use of digital technologies in the field of education due to the social distancing norms and nationwide lockdowns. People and organizations all over the world have had to adjust to new ways of work and life. Education is field in which there is a dramatic shift to the online mode of transacting. Since the beginning of the lockdown, schools, colleges and universities around the world have shifted their classes to video conferencing platforms like Zoom, goggle classroom, Microsoft and goggle meet Suit. This increases the on-screen community. Some universities are now shifting entirely to the online mode, with the exception where require a physical presence is necessary. Due to Covid-19 pandemic we imagine a largest shift of digital usage on all fields of work and life. These changes are largely depended on our responses to and shaping of the emerging trends (e.g., Some School App). The Covid-19 pandemic has led to online revolution in education fields to shift to work-from-home (WFH). The Covid-19 post pandemic introduce a new mode of education i.e. hybrid or blended mode of learning.

Linkage between ACE2 Gene Polymorphisms and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Burkina Faso, sub-Saharan Africa

The ACE2 gene polymorphisms (rs143936283, rs146676783, and rs4646116) in infected and noninfected persons by SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina Faso. Our cross-sectional study population comprised 137 SARS-CoV-2 infected persons and 181 non-infected persons. Three ACE2 gene polymorphisms rs143936283, rs146676783, and rs4646116, were genotyped using the real-time PCR standard TaqMan allelic discrimination technique. The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the polymorphisms were evaluated by a binary logistic regression. There was no association between the polymorphisms rs143936283, rs4646116 haplotypes, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in our study population. However, in the female population, the heterozygous genotype CT of rs146676783 increased by two and half the risk (OR=2.58 95%CI (1.2-5.48), p= 0.014) of being infected by SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, carrying the homozygous minor allele (genotype TT) of rs146676783 increased by more than five and half the risk (OR=5.57 95%CI (1.64-18.78), p=0.006) of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 among females. This study showed that the ACE2 gene variant rs146676783 was associated with an increased risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 in females, suggesting a need for further investigation to contribute to a better understanding of the African COVID-19 enigma.

On Transmission of COVID-19 in Terms of Semigraph

Semigraph Theory plays a significant role in most of the areas of science and technology. Every situation can be understandably articulated in terms of suitable graphs by using various approaches of Semigraph theory. Considering the recent advent of the pandemic in the world and the precautions taken for prevention of the COVID-19, it is the most appropriate way to utilize the Semigraph models with practical as well as theoretical aspects to prevent this epidemic. This work defines the two types of variable sets depending on the time factor. In this project, the mechanism of infection of the virus has been described in a simple way. The prevention method of the virus infection includes the partition of the semigraph i.e. isolating from other non-infected persons. The whole world is using the same method while controlling the infection of viruses.

Diagnostic performance of two antigen-tests compared to one PCR-Test to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an emergency department and emergency service

In the German hospital landscape and emergency care the COVID-19 pandemic was astress test. Emergency medical health care in Germany is ensured by the supply chain between prehospital emergency rescue and clinical emergency care in the emergency rooms. In hospitals and emergency care settings arapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective test is needed to identify SARS-CoV‑2. In the central emergency department it is important to strictly separate patients with suspected COVID-19 from non-infected emergency persons. Given the background mentioned above, the performance of antigen tests in the ambulance service of the city Jena and the central emergency department of the university hospital Jena was analysed and in addition verified by using the RT-PCR gold standard. Several multiple testing procedures were performed by using antigen tests in the ambulance service and the central emergency department, and by using one or both of these antigen tests followed by the RT-PCR test. Atotal of 980 patients were included in the study over atwo-month period (October/November 2022). The average age of all patients was 65years. More than half of the actively treated patients came from the city of Jena. The sensitivity and specificity of the antigen tests were 66.7% and 99.2% in the clinical setting (the central emergency department) and 68.8% and 96.7% in the prehospital setting (in the ambulance service) compared to RT-PCR. In the prehospital setting the sensitivity of the antigen testing was slightly higher (2%) than the clinical antigen testing. Regarding the parallel testing, 6% of antigen tests had afalse negative SARS-CoV‑2 antigen test result in the ambulance service and 4.6% of antigen tests had afalse negative SARS-CoV‑2 antigen test result in the central emergency department. The false-negative antigen tests, and thus the potentially unrecognized individuals, were further reviewed by considering the Ct-value. The use of antigen testing in the ambulance service and the emergency department can lead to aquick classification of COVID and non-COVID areas of an emergency department. The measurement accuracy of antigen testing in the ambulance service and central emergency department is not equivalent to the RT-PCR. Nevertheless, antigen testing is auseful initial screening tool for early detection of SARS-CoV‑2 in prehospital and clinical settings. Dual antigen testing may be useful for more accurate diagnosis of the SARS-CoV‑2 pathogen.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Lifestyle of Students of Taibah University, Madinah.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown affected the daily habits of people around the world. Many countries have contributed to restricting its transmission by ensuing a quarantine, including Saudi Arabia, by shutting down educational facilities. Therefore, the system adapted to those changes, and people were required to stay home for work and education. Objectives This study aimed to explore the effect of the lockdown and house confinement during the COVID-19pandemic on the important aspects of lifestyle, such as body weight, dietary habits, sleeping patterns, stress levels, screen time, and physical activity among students of Taibah University in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out by a self-administered online questionnaire that was quoted from a Palestinian study. Thenwas translated from English to Arabic. In total, 528 Taibah University students were eligible to participate. It addressed food-related behavior (types of foods consumed) and lifestyle behavior (physical activity, sleep quality, and screen time). Results Study participants aged from 17 to 30 years, males and females. Mainly non-infected COVID-19 persons previously (54.4%). Participants showed an increase in body weight, intake of fried food, intake of sweets, sleep hours, screen time, and physical activity during lockdown. The most reported sources of stress during lockdown were staying at home all day (62.3%) and distance learning (44.9%). Conclusion The COVID-19 lockdown and the closure of universities have led to many changes in the everyday routine of university students, leading to changes in their lifestyle behaviors.

Acute respiratory viral infections in active-duty military personnel: Early diagnosis using biometric video analytics

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) are an important cause of morbidity in the military setting for many decades. It has high rates of seeking medical care and job loss. Due to the stressful living conditions and activities and other abundance of risk factors, the most effective anti-epidemic measures in military teams should be considered the early detection of infected persons and their timely isolation. We used a modern data present a review that focuses on technical level of current software and hardware systems for biometric video analytics and artificial intelligence algorithms, which make it possible to detect early symptoms of infectious diseases. A list of most common symptoms in ARVIs that can be recognized using video surveillance and video analytics was determined. These symptoms can be used as initial empirical data for a comprehensive automated assessment of the person’s individual state parameters. A scheme for the operation of a software and hardware complex for video data analytics for the early detection of infected persons is proposed. This scheme is necessary because some infected persons appear healthy for some time but keep infecting others when they interact with them. The use of independent machine learning based on the principle of a retrospective statistical analysis of locomotor data and other signs identified in infected persons in the prodromal period of the disease can establish reliable diagnostic correlations based on big data. The data accumulation of the features of the preclinical stages of ARVIs using the proposed approach will lead to the formation of a minimum informative set of video analytical signs (markers) that allow them to be reliably recognized in the prodromal period for the purpose of timely isolation and additional examination of the infected persons and to protect non-infected persons. The implementation of the developed direction will improve the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures through early localization and liquidation of the epidemic.

Pathogens Enter Mosquito’s Salivary Glands through the Existing Lesions in their Organs: A Potential Transmission Mechanism for Infectious Diseases

Whether pathogens in the ingested blood meal can enter the salivary glands of mosquitoes is a decisive factor in disease transmission. Unlike the known mosquito-borne pathogens (e.g. ZIKA, dengue, etc.), most human pathogens cannot enter the salivary glands of mosquitoes, and their survival time inside mosquito is usually short. Studies have reported that some mosquito species infected with certain mosquito-borne pathogens developed lesions in organs (e.g. holes in the midgut). Therefore, some of the pathogens which cannot enter the salivary glands of mosquitoes on their own (PWCESGMTO) may quickly enter using the existing lesions in the organs. This highly plausible issue has been neglected in research, and may involve the transmission of many infectious diseases. Since PWCESGMTOes can usually survive inside mosquitoes for only short period, successful transmission occurs only if mosquitoes bite a non-infected person before the ingested pathogens die. Therefore, the infected people should usually be in close proximity. The present paper discusses the neglected issue and the puzzling correlation between mosquitoes and three example diseases, and calls for urgent research into the issue.

Mpox in the United States: Current implications for public health nursing.

In 2022, mpox, an orthopoxvirus first isolated in 1958 in cynomolgus monkeys, became a global public health threat. While the virus can be communicated through skin-to-skin contact from any infected person to non-infected person, most cases in the United States have been in gay and bisexual men. Consequently, early public health and community-based efforts concentrated on reducing infections in this population. This article explores current mpox case count epidemiologic data and trends. In addition, vaccination indications, contraindications, adverse events, and national administration data are provided along with directions for nurses and other clinicians moving forward in the outbreak.

Autoantibody levels in blood of <i>H. pylori</i>-infected patients with chronic gastritis

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) increases the risk of diseases associated with mucous membrane inflammation of gastrointestinal tract, in particular, gastritis, stomach ulcers, and duodenal ulcers. It may also induce a chronic immune response, causing damage to the mucous membrane and development of these diseases. In addition, the role of H. pylori in the initiation of a wide range of autoimmune diseases is discussed. The aim of this study was to assess the level of autoantibodies – markers of various autoimmune diseases in the blood of H. pylori-infected patients with chronic gastritis. We used samples of whole peripheral blood from 267 primary patients with chronic gastritis in the acute stage. The presence of H. pylori in gastric juice from patients was determined using real-time PCR. The level of autoantibodies to double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, concentration of rheumatoid factor, IgG autoantibodies to the cyclic citrullinated peptide, IgM and IgG autoantibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein were determined by the enzyme immunoassay. The average level of rheumatoid factor in blood serum was similar for H. pylori-infected and non-infected patients, and did not exceed the normal values. The level of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide, one of the sensitive markers of rheumatoid arthritis, was increased in all patients, being, however, significantly lower in H. pylori-infected patients compared with non-infected persons. Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase are considered classic markers of autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland. In blood of H. pylori-infected patients we have found an increased concentration of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase in comparison with non-infected ones, but the average level of these antibodies did not exceed the normal range. Any differences in the levels of systemic lupus erythematosus serological markers, i.e., autoantibodies to double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, were found between H. pylori-infected and non-infected patients. The levels of thrombosis risk marker in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (IgG and IgM autoantibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein) were also within the normal ranges. However, in H. pylori-infected patients, it even turned out to be statistically significantly lower than in non-infected ones. Thus, no data have been obtained on increased levels of the tested markers of autoimmune pathology in blood of H. pylori-infected patients with chronic gastritis at the acute stage. However, this does not allow us to make an unambiguous conclusion that the influence of H. pylori does not affect the development of immunological changes associated with autoimmune diseases.

Predicting infection with COVID-19 disease using logistic regression model in Karak City, Jordan

Background: On March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) labeled coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic. COVID-19 has rapidly increased in Jordan which resulted in the announcement of the emergency state on March 19th, 2020. Despite the variety of research being reported, there is no agreement on the variables that predict COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to test the predictors that probably contributed to the infection with COVID-19 using a binary logistic regression model. Methods: Based on data collected by Google sheet of COVID-19 infected and non-infected persons in Karak city, analysis was applied to predict COVID-19 infection probability using a binary logistic regression model. Results: A total of 386 participants have completed the questionnaire including 323 women and 63 men. Among the participants 295 (76.4%) were aged less than or equal 45 years old, and 91 (23.6%) were aged over 45 years old. Among the 386 participants a total of 275 were infected with COVID-19. The LR chi-square test was used to analyze every demographic characteristic (sex, age, job, smoking, chronic disease, yearly flu injection) in this study to find predictors of the likelihood of COVID-19 infection. The findings indicate that the participants' sex and age are the most important demographic determinants of infection. Cox & Snell R Square (R2 = 0.028) and Nagelkerke R Square (R2 = 0.039) indicators was used to measure model fineness with significant P-value < 0.05. Conclusions: Given a person's age and sex, the final model presented in this study can be used to calculate the probability of infection with COVID-19 in Karak city. This could help aid health-care management and policymakers in properly planning and allocating health-care resources.

Predicting infection with COVID-19 disease using logistic regression model in Karak City, Jordan

Background: On March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) labeled coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic. COVID-19 has rapidly increased in Jordan which resulted in the announcement of the emergency state on March 19th, 2020. Despite the variety of research being reported, there is no agreement on the variables that predict COVID-19 infection. We have analyzed the data collected from Karak city citizens to predict the probability of infection with COVID-19 using binary logistic regression model. Methods: Based on data collected by Google sheet of COVID-19 infected and non-infected persons in Karak city, analysis was applied to predict COVID-19 infection probability using a binary logistic regression model. Results: The ultimate logistic regression model provides the formula of COVID-19 infection probability based on sex and age variables. Conclusions: Given a person's age and sex, the final model presented in this study can be used to calculate the probability of infection with COVID-19 in Karak city. This could help aid health-care management and policymakers in properly planning and allocating health-care resources.

Relevance of HLA-DP/DQ and INF-λ4 Polymorphisms to COVID-19 Outcomes.

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms provide information on individuals' potential reactions to environmental factors, infections, diseases, as well as various therapies. A study on SNPs that influence SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity may provide a predictive tool for COVID-19 outcomes and improve the customized coronavirus treatment. Aim: To evaluate the role of human leukocyte antigens DP/DQ and IFNλ4 polymorphisms on COVID-19 outcomes among Egyptian patients. Participants and Methods: The study involved 80 patients with severe COVID-19, 80 patients with mild COVID-19, and 80 non-infected healthy volunteers. Genotyping and allelic discrimination of HLA-DPrs3077 (G/A), HLA-DQrs7453920 (A/G), and IFNλ4 rs73555604 (C/T) SNPs were performed using real-time PCR. Results: Ages were 47.9 ± 8, 44.1 ± 12.1, and 45.8 ± 10 years in severe, mild and non-infected persons. There was a statistically significant association between severe COVID-19 and male gender (p = 0.002). A statistically significant increase in the frequency of HLA-DPrs3077G, HLA-DQrs7453920A, and IFNλ4rs73555604C alleles among severe COVID-19 patients when compared with other groups (p < 0.001). Coexistence of these alleles in the same individual increases the susceptibility to severe COVID-19 by many folds (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for the studied parameters showed that old age, male gender, non-vaccination, HLA-DQ rs7453920AG+AA, HLA-DPrs3077GA+GG, and IFNλ4rs73555604CT+CC genotypes are independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 among Egyptian patients. Conclusion: HLA-DQ rs7453920A, HLA-DPrs3077G, and IFNλ4rs73555604C alleles could be used as markers of COVID-19 severity.

CDLX: An Efficient novel approach for COVİD detection lung x-rays throw transfer learning based on State of the art deep learning image classification models

When compared to the general population, lung cancer patients have a higher incidence of COVID-19 infection, pulmonary problems, and poorer survival results. As a reference for prioritising cancer care issues during the epidemic, the world's main professional organisations issued new recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of lung cancer patients. In today's world, we are fighting one of the greatest pandemics in human history, known as COVID-2019, which is caused by a coronavirus. The patient can be treated promptly if the infection is detected early (before it enters the lower respiratory tract). To observe ground-glass opacity in the chest X-ray due to fibrosis in the lungs once the virus has reached the lungs. Artificial intelligence techniques can be utilised to detect the presence and degree of illness based on the major discrepancies between X-ray images of an infected and non-infected person. For this study, I employed feature extraction from Transfer Learning, which entails importing a pre-trained CNN model, such as Distributed Deep Convolutional VGGNet or Distributed Deep Convolutional with ResNet Model, and changing the last layer to meet my needs.

Oral manifestations in young adults infected with COVID-19 and impact of smoking: a multi-country cross-sectional study.

BackgroundOral manifestations and lesions could adversely impact the quality of people’s lives. COVID-19 infection may interact with smoking and the impact on oral manifestations is yet to be discovered.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the self-reported presence of oral lesions by COVID-19-infected young adults and the differences in the association between oral lesions and COVID-19 infection in smokers and non-smokers.MethodsThis cross-sectional multi-country study recruited 18-to-23-year-old adults. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19-infection status, smoking and the presence of oral lesions (dry mouth, change in taste, and others) using an online platform. Multi-level logistic regression was used to assess the associations between the oral lesions and COVID-19 infection; the modifying effect of smoking on the associations. ResultsData was available from 5,342 respondents from 43 countries. Of these, 8.1% reported COVID-19-infection, 42.7% had oral manifestations and 12.3% were smokers. A significantly greater percentage of participants with COVID-19-infection reported dry mouth and change in taste than non-infected participants. Dry mouth (11.1% vs 7.5%, p = 0.009) and change in taste (11.5% vs 2.7%, p < 0.001) were greater in COVID-19 infected than non-infected persons. The association between COVID-19-infection and dry mouth was stronger among smokers than non-smokers (AOR = 1.26 and 1.03, p = 0.09) while the association with change in taste was stronger among non-smokers (AOR = 1.22 and 1.13, p = 0.86).ConclusionDry mouth and changed taste may be used as an indicator for COVID-19 infection in low COVID-19-testing environments. Smoking may modify the association between some oral lesions and COVID-19-infection.

Thermal effects on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in peristaltic blood flow: Mathematical modeling

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel viral species that has been identified as a highly infectious disease. Scientists have endeavored to collect essential information to better characterize the behavior of this virus, including droplet transmission and airborne effects. However, it is not clear, thus far, whether temperature can substantially alter the pandemic trajectory. This present study, therefore, aims to investigate how temperature may affect virus transmission in peristaltic blood vessels and, furthermore, how virus density and particle diameter will affect the transmission of the virus from an infected person to a non-infected person. The modeling deployed assumes that coronavirus particles with a diameter of 120 μm and a density of 1 g/cm3 move in the direction of blood flow. The quantity of SARS-CoV-2 virions (entire virus particles) inside a microdroplet is calculated by considering the Kepler conjecture method, and the transmission percentage of the viral load is also computed. It is observed that the microdroplet carries a smaller amount of coronavirus particles, so an airborne (DP&amp;lt;2 μm) infection is less harmful. Furthermore, computational simulations using the proposed model reveal some interesting insight into how rapidly the SARS-CoV-2 virus propagates in the circulatory system, and estimate the infection in blood and tissues. From these results, it is found that the small virion (dp&amp;lt;100 nm) rapidly settles inside the bloodstream and infects tissues; however, the duration of infection is short due to the low viscosity of the blood. Furthermore, the closed packed structure of the virions is loosened in the blood vessel due to the temperature of the blood.

The Search for Biomarkers and Treatments in Chagas Disease: Insights From TGF-Beta Studies and Immunogenetics.

The anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays an important role in Chagas disease (CD), a potentially life-threatening illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. In this review we revisited clinical studies in CD patients combined with in vitro and in vivo experiments, presenting three main sections: an overview of epidemiological, economic, and clinical aspects of CD and the need for new biomarkers and treatment; a brief panorama of TGF-β roles and its intracellular signaling pathways, and an update of what is known about TGF-β and Chagas disease. In in vitro assays, TGF-β increases during T. cruzi infection and modulates heart cells invasion by the parasite fostering its intracellular parasite cycle. TGF-β modulates host immune response and inflammation, increases heart fibrosis, stimulates remodeling, and slows heart conduction via gap junction modulation. TGF-β signaling inhibitors reverts these effects opening a promising therapeutic approach in pre-clinical studies. CD patients with higher TGF-β1 serum level show a worse clinical outcome, implicating a predictive value of serum TGF-β as a surrogate biomarker of clinical relevance. Moreover, pre-clinical studies in chronic T. cruzi infected mice proved that inhibition of TGF-β pathway improved several cardiac electric parameters, reversed the loss of connexin-43 enriched intercellular plaques, reduced fibrosis of the cardiac tissue, restored GATA-6 and Tbox-5 transcription, supporting cardiac recovery. Finally, TGF-β polymorphisms indicate that CD immunogenetics is at the base of this phenomenon. We searched in a Brazilian population five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (-800 G>A rs1800468, -509 C>T rs1800469, +10 T>C rs1800470, +25 G>C rs1800471, and +263 C>T rs1800472), showing that CD patients frequently express the TGF-β1 gene genotypes CT and TT at position -509, as compared to noninfected persons; similar results were observed with genotypes TC and CC at codon +10 of the TGF-β1 gene, leading to the conclusion that 509 C>T and +10 T>C TGF-β1 polymorphisms are associated with Chagas disease susceptibility. Studies in genetically different populations susceptible to CD will help to gather new insights and encourage the use of TGF-β as a CD biomarker.

Manifestations of epidemic process of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients and dependence of infection frequency on immunodeficiency level and HIV viral load

Objective. To assess the manifestations of the epidemic process of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected persons and the frequency of infection depending on the level of immunodeficiency and viral load.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The epidemiological manifestations of TB incidence among HIV-infected and HIV-negative population of the Perm Region for 20142019 were studied. The frequency of TB in HIV-infected patients was determined depending on the level of immunodeficiency (96 patients) and viral load (61 patients).&#x0D; Results. On average, the incidence of TB among HIV-infected persons was by 36 times higher than that of noninfected persons. Among those infected and noninfected with HIV, TB was registered significantly more often among adults, and mainly men. The incidence of TB among HIV-infected persons is higher among urban population, while HIV-negative among rural residents. The incidence of TB in HIV-infected persons increases with an increase in the immunodeficiency and viral load.&#x0D; Conclusions. Persons with HIV infection are at risk for TB. The incidence of TB in HIV-infected persons increases with an increase in immunodeficiency and viral load.

Kinetics and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation and antibodies after BNT162b2 vaccination in a Swiss cohort.

IntroductionSince the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), substantial effort has been made to gain knowledge about the immunity elicited by infection or vaccination.MethodsWe studied the kinetics of antibodies and virus neutralisation induced by vaccination with BNT162b2 in a Swiss cohort of SARS‐CoV‐2 naïve (n = 40) and convalescent (n = 9) persons. Blood sera were analysed in a live virus neutralisation assay and specific IgG and IgA levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay and analysed by descriptive statistics.ResultsVirus neutralisation was detected in all individuals 2–4 weeks after the second vaccine. Both neutralisation and antibodies remained positive for >4 months. Neutralisation and antibodies showed positive correlation, but immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion took place 2–4 weeks faster than neutralisation. Spike‐protein specific IgG levels rose significantly faster and were more stable over time than virus neutralisation titres or IgA responses. For naïve but not convalescent persons, a clear boosting effect was observed. Convalescent individuals showed faster, more robust and longer‐lasting immune responses after vaccination compared to noninfected persons. No threshold could be determined for spike protein‐specific IgG or IgA that would confer protection in the neutralisation assay, implicating the need for a better correlate of protection then antibody titres alone.ConclusionsThis study clearly shows the complex translation of antibody data and virus neutralisation, while supporting the evidence of a single dose being sufficient for effective antibody response in convalescent individuals.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Application of machine learning (ML) and internet of things (IoT) in healthcare to predict and tackle pandemic situation.

The pandemic situation has pretentious the habitual life of the human, it also has surpassed the regional, social, business activities and forced human society to live in a limited boundary. In this paper, the application of the internet of things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) based system to combat pandemic situation in health care application has been discussed. The developed ML and IoT based monitoring system help in tracking the infected persons from the previous data and makes them get isolate from the non-infected person. The developed ML combined IoT system uses parallel computing in tracking the pandemic disease and also in the prevention of pandemic disease by predicting and analysing the data using artificial intelligence. The implementation of ML-based IoT in the pandemic situation in healthcare application has proved its performance in tracking and prevents the spreading of pandemic disease. It also further has a positive impact on reducing medical costs and has recorded improved treatment for infected patients. The proposed methodology has an accuracy of 93 % in monitoring and tracking. The result obtained help in preventing the spread of the pandemic and provide support to the healthcare system.

The Potential for Transmission of Coronaviruses via Sports Equipment; A Cricket Case Study.

A review of literature on the role of fomites in transmission of coronaviruses informed the development of a framework which was used to qualitatively analyse a cricket case study, where equipment is shared and passed around, and identify potential mitigation strategies. A range of pathways were identified that might in theory allow coronavirus transmission from an infected person to a non-infected person via communal or personal equipment fomites or both. Eighteen percent of potential fomite based interactions were found to be non-essential to play including all contact with another persons equipment. Six opportunities to interrupt the transmission pathway were identified, including the recommendation to screen participants for symptoms prior to play. Social distancing between participants and avoiding unnecessary surface contact provides two opportunities; firstly to avoid equipment exposure to infected respiratory droplets and secondly to avoid uninfected participants touching potential fomites. Hand sanitisation and equipment sanitisation provide two further opportunities by directly inactivating coronavirus. Preventing players from touching their mucosal membranes with their hands represents the sixth potential interruption. Whilst potential fomite transmission pathways were identified, evidence suggests that viral load will be substantially reduced during surface transfer. Mitigation strategies could further reduce potential fomites, suggesting that by comparison, direct airborne transmission presents the greater risk in cricket.