Noni Seeds Research Articles

Valorization of the Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Seeds as Source of a Protein Concentrate and Its Physicochemical, Functional, and Structural Characterization

Valorization of the Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Seeds as Source of a Protein Concentrate and Its Physicochemical, Functional, and Structural Characterization

Peptide Isolated from Noni Seeds Confers Gastroprotective Effect by Improving Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice

Plant molecules are continuously investigated to prevent and treat inflammatory and ulcerative disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis, colitis, mucositis, and ulcers. However, most of the published work is devoted to investigating the therapeutic properties of secondary plant metabolites. This work investigated the gastroprotective activity of a lipid transfer protein isolated from Morinda citrifolia L., named McLTP1, when orally administered to mice from the perspective of its use as a novel peptide-based drug for the prevention and treatment of ulcerative gastric lesions. Pretreatment with McLTP1 at different doses (4, 8, or 16 mg/kg) reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesions (p < 0.05) by 40%, 84%, and 88%, respectively. In ethanol-induced gastric lesions, alterations in the levels of glutathione (GSH) (↑100%; p < 0.05) and a reduction of 45% (p < 0.05) in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were demonstrated after McLTP1 administration (8 mg/kg). McLTP1 showed an anti-inflammatory effect through modulation of the cytokines IL-10 (↑33%) and TNF-α (↓54%) and was able to reduce myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels (↓95%) in gastric tissue. In addition, the gastroprotective effect of McLTP1 also involves the production of nitric oxide. The present findings reveal that McLTP1 has a gastroprotective effect dependent, at least in part, on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.I confirm that the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence.

Genotoxicity Comparison between Morinda citrifolia Fruit and Seed Substances.

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the fruit and seed powder, fruit puree, and aqueous extracts of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae, noni). The genotoxic potential of the noni substances was evaluated using in vitro Ames, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus tests. All test procedures were conducted per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines, and good laboratory practice. None of the noni fruit test substances showed genotoxic signs up to 5000 and 2000 μg/plate in the Ames and micronucleus tests, respectively. In the chromosomal aberration test, neither the fruit puree nor aqueous extract showed structural and numerical aberrations up to 5000 and 4650 μg/mL, respectively, irrespective of metabolic activation, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups. The safe ranges of noni fruit and seed powders were up to 2500 and 2100 μg/mL, respectively, in the 6 h treatment group and up to 1600–4100 and 370–450 μg/mL, respectively, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups in the presence of metabolic activation. Noni fruit and seeds were safe in terms of genotoxicity under our experimental conditions. Our data are the first to provide valuable genotoxic information on Morinda citrifolia.

Uma nova enzima coagulante de leite de sementes de noni (Morinda citrifolia L.).

ABSTRACT Proteases are a group of enzymes that catalyze several essential reactions. They are found in all living organisms and in plants has received more attention because of their potential involvement in various industrial processes. Noni plant (Morinda citrifolia L.), belongs to the family Rubiaceae, of southwestern Asia origin. The juice made with the fruit is widely used as phytotherapic agent and in combating a range of diseases, while seeds are usually discarded. The objective of this work was to seek active milk clotting proteases in noni seeds. The crude extract (CE) protein was obtained from seeds sprayed and mixed with tris-HCl 50mM buffer (pH 6.0). The results demonstrated the presence of proteases with milk clotting properties in noni seeds, which a high milk clotting activity from 3,891 U/mL to 65°C. This value indicates that 1mL of extract is able to coagulate 3.8 liters of milk in 40 minutes under specific conditions. This property indicates the potential of noni seeds as a natural source of proteolytic enzymes with biotechnological potential for application in the cheese making industry.

Growth Evaluation of In-Vitro Propagated Embryo of Morinda Citrifolia L. Seeds

The dormant nature of Morinda citrifolia seeds is a limitation to its efficient in-vitro plantlet multiplication. Hence, the use of embryo culture for successful in-vitro culture initiation. Matured embryo of freshly collected noni seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with kinetin (Kn) and Benzyl amino purine (BAP) in the range of A: control (no addition); B: 0.5 mg/l Kn+1.0 mg/l BAP; C: 1.0 mg/l Kn+2.0 mg/l Bap; D: 1.5 mg/l Kn+3.0 mg/l BAP and E: 2.0 mg/l Kn+4.0 mg/l BAP. The results at 4 weeks after inoculation (WAI) showed that germination was faster from medium A without hormone whereas highest percentage germination was obtained from both medium D and E with 80 %. Medium B and C had 65 % each while medium A gave the least (40%). The development of the plantlets showed that longest shoot (3.9 cm) from medium A was closely related to 3.58 cm from Medium B while root lengths (2.28 cm) and number of adventitious roots (26) from medium A were significantly higher than other media at 12 WAI. Highest number of nodes (2.25) obtained from medium D was comparable to Media C and B while medium A had the least at 12 WAI. Number of leaves obtained was similar between the media at 12 WAI. These results indicated that using embryo is reliable for fast in-vitro propagation and shoot development of noni plant with optimum cytokinins (0.5/1.0 mg/l Kn/BAP) application.&#x0D; Keywords: Culture initiation, Cytokinins, Embryo culture, Plantlet, Shoot development

Drying Kinetics of Noni Seeds

Noni seeds have been used for years as an important medicinal source, with wide use in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Drying is a fundamental process in the post-harvest stages, where it enables the safe storage of the product. Therefore, the present study aimed to fit different mathematical models to experimental data of drying kinetics of noni seeds, determine the effective diffusion coefficient and obtain the activation energy for the process during drying under different conditions of air temperature. The experiment used noni seeds with initial moisture content of 0.46 (decimal, d.b.) and dehydrated up to equilibrium moisture content. Drying was conducted under different controlled conditions of temperature, 40; 50; 60; 70 and 80 &amp;ordm;C and relative humidity, 24.4; 16.0; 9.9; 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively. Eleven mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data. The parameters to evaluate the fitting of the mathematical models were mean relative error (P), mean estimated error (SE), coefficient of determination (R2), Chi-square test (c2), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwarz&amp;rsquo;s Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Considering the fitting criteria, the model Two Terms was selected to describe the drying kinetics of noni seeds. Effective diffusion coefficient ranged from 8.70 to 23.71 &amp;times; 10-10 m2 s-1 and its relationship with drying temperature can be described by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy for noni seeds drying was 24.20 kJ mol-1 for the studied temperature range.

Antibacterial activity of Morinda citrifolia Linneo seeds against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp

In traditional medicine, Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is used to treat various ailments, including skin and respiratory-tract infections. In this work, a bio-directed study (seed extracts) with five bacteria was carried out against four clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 strain to find molecules capable of inhibiting them. Three organic extracts were obtained by maceration of the noni seeds with ascending polarity solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) that were evaluated as antibacterial in the model of bioautography and broth microdilution techniques. The results showed that the methanolic extract was the most active against all bacteria (MIC = 16 mg/mL). The chromatographic fractionation performed on this extract allowed obtaining six fractions (EMF1-EMF6), of which F1, F2 and F5 exhibited activity against some of the bacteria. EMF1 fraction reached an MIC of 25 μg/mL against S. haemolyticus twice as much as the positive control, in which the chemical content is mainly composed of a mixture of γ-butyrolactones (1–2) and esterified fatty acids (3–9); chemical characterization of the nine compounds was carried out based on gas chromatography coupled to masses. EMF2 fraction, presented an MIC of 200 μg/mL against S. aureus 0198 and S. haemolyticus 562B, where a coumarin known as scopoletin (10) was isolated and active against S. aureus 0198 (MIC = 100 μg/mL). EMF5 fraction demonstrated an MIC of 200 μg/mL against S. aureus 0198, S. haemolyticus 562B and S. epidermidis 1042, in which a neolignan known as americanin A (11) was identified, showing activity against S. haemolyticus 562B and S. epidermidis 1042 (MIC = 100 μg/mL). The chemical characterization of isolated compounds 10 and 11 was performed by the analysis of 1H and 13C NMR. Therefore, the methanolic extract, identified and isolated compounds showed important antibacterial activity against the MRS, validating its use in traditional medicine.

UJI TEPUNG BIJI MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia L.) TERHADAP HAMA BUBUK JAGUNG Sitophilus zeamais M. (Coleoptera; Curculionidae)

Sitophilus zeamais M. was a warehouse pest that attacks corn kernels in storage. S. zeamais pest control commonly used fumigant insecticides that used still has many disadvantages such as food safety impacts, environmental pollution and pest resistance, so that a safe alternative to control was needed, one of which was using noni seeds. This research was aimed to obtain a dose of noni seed flour that was effective to S. zea mays corn powder pest mortality.The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pest, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau from March to May 2018.The treatment used was the dose of noni seed flour 0 g.100 g-1 corn, 2 g.100 g-1 corn, 4 g.100 g-1 corn, 6 g.100 g-1 corn, and 8 g.100 g-1 corn. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Based on the results of the research, the dose of noni seeds 8 g.100 g-1corn had not been effective in controlling S. zeamais with mortality of 52.50%, shrinkage of corn seed weight by 8.78% and an increase in individuals by 8.20. Keywords: Morinda citrifolia L., Sitophilus zeamais M., Zea mays

Lipid transfer protein isolated from noni seeds displays antibacterial activity in vitro and improves survival in lethal sepsis induced by CLP in mice

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a lipid transfer protein isolated from Morinda citrifolia L. seeds, named McLTP1, and to investigate its effect in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse sepsis model. Antimicrobial assays revealed that McLTP1 (12.5–800 μg/mL) significantly reduced Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P and ATCC 14458) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) planktonic growth, reaching maximal inhibition of approximately 50% and 98%, respectively. Furthermore, McLTP1 inhibited biofilm formation of both S. aureus strains, achieving percentages ranging from 39.1% to 69.1% (200–800 μg/mL) for ATCC 6538P and 34.4%–63% (12.5–800 μg/mL) for ATCC 14458. A synergistic interaction between McLTP1 and oxacillin against S. aureus and S. epidermidis was also observed, as determined by fractional inhibitory concentration indices of 0.18 and 0.38, respectively. McLTP1 showed no significant inhibitory effect against Gram-negative bacteria. In the in vivo experiments, sepsis was lethal to 83% of the animals, 72 h after CLP. In contrast, 100% of the animals treated with McLTP1 (8 mg/kg) before (intraperitoneal injection or oral dose) or after (oral dose) CLP were still alive 3 days later. In addition, oral or intraperitoneal administration of McLTP1 (8 mg/kg) significantly reduced the body weight loss, fever, leukocytosis, organ damage, and the level of inflammatory serum cytokines induced by sepsis. In conclusion, McLTP1 could be exploited for its antimicrobial properties, and can be considered a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of clinical sepsis.

Morinda citrifolia lipid transfer protein 1 exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Previous reports have demonstrated that a thermostable lipid transfer protein isolated from noni seeds (McLTP1; 9.4kDa) displays anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. This work aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of McLTP1 in mice. The protein was solubilised in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) immediately before the treatment of mice by oral or intraperitoneal routes at doses of 8mg/kg. Given orally or intraperitoneally, McLTP1 significantly inhibited (p<0.05) cell migration in experimental models of carrageenan-induced peritonitis and the formation of paw oedema induced by carrageenan and dextran. Additionally, McLTP1 demonstrated the ability to significantly inhibit the production of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (p<0.05) and to promote an increase in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The treatment of mice with McLTP1 by the oral or i.p route reduced pancreatic injury and activities of amylase, lipase, and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. This study suggested that the observed anti-inflammatory effects of McLTP1 can be related to modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels.

First isolation and antinociceptive activity of a lipid transfer protein from noni (Morinda citrifolia) seeds

In this study a novel heat-stable lipid transfer protein, designated McLTP1, was purified from noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) seeds, using four purification steps which resulted in a high-purified protein yield (72mg McLTP1 from 100g of noni seeds). McLTP1 exhibited molecular masses of 9.450 and 9.466kDa, determined by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The N-terminal sequence of McLTP1 (AVPCGQVSSALSPCMSYLTGGGDDPEARCCAGV), as analysed by NCBI-BLAST database, revealed a high degree of identity with other reported plant lipid transfer proteins. In addition, this protein proved to be resistant to pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion. McLTP1 given intraperitoneally (1, 2, 4 and 8mg/kg) and orally (8mg/kg) caused an inhibition of the writhing response induced by acetic acid in mice. This protein displayed thermostability, retaining 100% of its antinociceptive activity after 30min incubation at 80°C. Pretreatment of mice with McLTP1 (8mg/kg, i.p. and p.o.) also decreased neurogenic and inflammatory phases of nociception in the formalin test. Naloxone (2mg/kg, i.p.) antagonised the antinociceptive effect of McLTP1 suggesting that the opioid mechanisms mediate the analgesic properties of this protein.

The morphological characterization of the dry seeds and reserve mobilization during germination inMorinda citrifoliaL.

Information about the morphology, chemical composition and reserve mobilization is important in understanding the establishment of native and exotic species. The purpose of this study was to describe the morphology, chemical composition, and mobilization of reserves during germination of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). Biometric and morphological analyzes were performed with 100 randomly selected dried seeds. Other seeds were treated with sulfuric acid PA and soaked in Petri dishes. Collected seeds of five different times of germination were used for cytochemical and chemical analysis. For cytochemical analysis, the cuts of 5μm were submitted to dyes TB at pH 4.0; XP at pH 2.5, reaction of PAS and Sudan IV. The seeds were crushed for chemical analysis with lipids, proteins and soluble sugars extraction that were determined gravimetrically, by the Bradford method and the Antrona method, respectively. The fatty acid composition of the dry seed was determined by gas chromatography. Noni seeds are albuminous and have a thick seed coat, rich in lignin. Lipid and protein bodies were observed inside the endosperm cells, representing 43.50% and 9.15% respectively, while the reservoir of soluble sugars was less than 5%. Linoleic acid was the most prevalent with 68.1%. The lipids were mobilized during germination, suffering a reduction of up to 38% of its total. Proteins, as well as lipids decreased by 25.78% during the germination period observed. The main reserves of noni seeds are lipids and proteins that are mobilized during germination to provide energy and matter to the developing embryo and synthesis of more complex compounds.

Inhibitory Effects of Morinda citrifolia Extract and Its Constituents on Melanogenesis in Murine B16 Melanoma Cells

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Morinda citrifolia (noni) extract and its constituents on α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated melanogenesis in cultured murine B16 melanoma cells (B16 cells). A 50% ethanolic extract of noni seeds (MCS-ext) showed significant inhibition of melanogenesis with no effect on cell proliferation. MCS-ext was more active than noni leaf and fruit flesh extracts. Activity guided fractionation of MCS-ext led to the isolation of two lignans, 3,3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol (1) and americanin A (2), as active constituents. To elucidate the mechanism of melanogenesis inhibition by the lignans, α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells were treated with 1 (5 μM) and 2 (200 μM). Time-dependent increases of intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity, during 24 to 72 h, were inhibited significantly by treatment with the lignans. The activity of 1 was greater than that of 2. Western blot analysis suggested that the lignans inhibited melanogenesis by down regulation of the levels of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, resulting in suppression of tyrosinase expression.

Inhibitory effects of constituents of Morinda citrifolia seeds on elastase and tyrosinase

A 50% ethanolic extract (MCS-ext) from seeds of Morinda citrifolia ("noni" seeds) showed more potent in vitro inhibition of elastase and tyrosinase, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than extracts of M. citrifolia leaves or flesh. Activity-guided fractionation of MCS-ext using in vitro assays led to the isolation of ursolic acid as an active constituent of elastase inhibitory activity. 3,3'-Bisdemethylpinoresinol, americanin A, and quercetin were isolated as active constituents having both tyrosinase inhibitory and radical scavenging activities. Americanin A and quercetin also showed superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. These active compounds were isolated from noni seeds for the first time.

A new vegetable oil from noni (Morinda citrifolia) seeds

SummaryThe nutritional quality and safety of oil extracted from noni (Morinda citrifolia) seeds was evaluated to determine its potential as a useful vegetable oil. The average oil content of noni seeds was found to be 124.9 g kg1. The mean linoleic acid content of crude noni seed oil was 59.4%. The average β‐sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and α‐tocopherol contents of noni seed oil were 4310, 2195, 2020, and 382 mg kg−1, respectively. No evidence of acute oral toxicity was observed for noni seed or the oil at 5 g kg−1 b.w. and 10 mL kg−1 b.w., respectively. Noni seed oil was not gentoxic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay or the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration assay. These results indicate that noni seeds may be a useful new source of vegetable oil.