Non-hazardous Waste Research Articles

SBBGR technology for reducing waste sludge production during plastic recycling process: Assessment of potential increase in sludge hazardousness

Sludge production in the wastewater treatment sector is consistently increasing and represents a critical environmental and economic issue. This study evaluated an unconventional approach for treating wastewater generated from the cleaning of non-hazardous plastic solid waste during the plastic recycling process. The proposed scheme was based on sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (SBBGR) technology, which was compared with the activated sludge-based treatment currently in operation. These treatment technologies were compared regarding sludge quality, specific sludge production, and effluent quality to highlight whether the reduced sludge production shown by SBBGR corresponded to an increase in the concentration of hazardous compounds in the sludge. The SBBGR technology showed remarkable removal efficiencies (TSS, VSS, and NH3 > 99 %; COD >90 %; TN and TP > 80 %) and a sludge production six-fold lower than the conventional plant (in terms of kgTSS/kg CODremoved). Biomass from the SBBGR did not show a significant accumulation of organic micropollutants (i.e., long-chain hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and chlorobenzenes, PCB, PCDD/F, PAH, chlorinated and brominated aliphatic compounds, and aromatic solvents), whereas a certain accumulation of heavy metals was observed. Furthermore, an initial attempt to compare the operating costs of the two treatment approaches revealed that the SBBGR technology would provide 38 % savings.

Physicochemical and pozzolanic properties of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash with different pretreatments.

Swelling caused by gas generated from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) when it is mixed with alkali limits its uses. Besides, the leaching of anion salts and heavy metals contained in MSWIFA poses a high risk to environment. This study presents the feasibility of a one-step alkaline washing, one-step thermal quenching and two-step combination of alkaline washing and thermal quenching pretreatment methods in altering the key properties of MSWIFA for promoting its reusability. It was found that apart from H2(gas), NH3(gas) was also generated during the alkaline washing of the MSWIFA. Besides, pretreatments led to the reduction in particle size, the increase in pore volume and specific surface area of the MSWIFA, as well as the removal of chloride and sulfate anions. All the pretreatment methods were effective in reducing leaching of heavy metals to below levels of nonhazardous waste except Cd and Pb with alkaline washing. Furthermore, both the chemical Frattini test and the mechanical activity index test showed improvement in pozzolanic activities of the MSWIFA after the pretreatments. Overall, the combined pretreatment method was most effective in eliminating gas emission, and reducing leaching of metal ions and anions from the ash, while enhancing the pozzolanic activity of the ash.

GAMBARAN SISTEM PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH PADAT DOMESTIK DI RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM A.YANI SURABAYA

Hospital waste can threaten surfaces, water, air, soil, environment and human health. Almost 80% of the waste produced by hospitals is in the form of non-medical waste, and 20% is in the form of medical waste. Based on the total amount of waste generated by health service activities, about 85% is general non-hazardous waste which is comparable to domestic waste. The purpose of this study is to describe the domestic solid waste management system at Isam A. Yani Hospital, Surabaya.This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. pene The population in this study is to 5 informants. This research uses purposive sampling method. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data.The results of the research at the stage of handling domestic solid waste for storage have distinguished between organic and non-organic waste, the transporter uses PPE and is stored in the TPS for 1 day. The facilities available are trolleys with uk 660 liters and 240 liters, sinks, green carts, dustbins, cikrak etc. Vector control is always carried out when there is a density of vector animals. Conclusion The conclusion of the domestic solid waste management system at the Islamic Hospital A. Yani Surabaya is that RSI has carried out the stages of waste management in accordance with existing regulations.Keywords: Hospitals, Domestic waste, Waste management

Behavior of Non-Hazardous Wastes in Concrete Bricks for Load Bearing Wall

As the world continues to grow, so does the demand for building materials necessary for building homes. About 20% of the population needs adequate housing. On the other hand, the problem with solid waste management has become a constant challenge over the years. As a result, innovators always try to resolve these issues while putting out economical and environment-friendly materials. This study aims to determine the feasibility of utilizing the following non-hazardous household wastes; PET, HDPE, and LDPE plastic wastes; bones from fish, poultry, and livestock animals; shredded used paper and tin cans in making an effective a practical concrete brick for load-bearing wall. The researchers tested the possibility of creating a concrete brick using cement, sand, and non-hazardous household wastes through compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence tests. The findings showed that using non-hazardous household wastes in concrete brick has a great significance in alleviating the effect of solid wastes conforming to the standards of ASTM C90 – Standard Specification for Load-Bearing Masonry Units, IS 3495 (Part 2) 1992 and ASTM C67. The study shows the great possibility of the produced sand brick as a building material and an excellent tool for resolving the issue of solid waste management.

Assessing non-hazardous solid waste business characteristics of Western Canadian provinces

This study addresses a gap that exists in studying waste business characteristics and the performance of a waste management system (WMS). Temporal and spatial analyses of the WMS in four Western Canadian provinces are systematically assessed over a 16-year period. The average waste business size in Canada ranged from 13.4 to 22.1 employees per business. Jurisdictions with lower disposal rates generally have larger waste companies. An average employee handled 1098 to 1426 t of waste annually. The diversion rates tended to be higher when less waste is managed per employee, suggesting total employee count may be important to improve WMS sustainability in Canada. Waste transfer costs are substantial during the study period, totaled $1276 million annually, or about 40.7% of the total government waste spending. BC only spent an average of 2.5% of the budget on operation of recycling facilities, but has the highest waste diversion rate. Expenditure distribution alone is unable to explain BC's superior waste diversion performance. Capital expenditures have been increasing from $15.7/t to $26.2/t. In this study, a business with more full-time employees correlates well with higher operating revenues. Part time workers were more predominant in SK, and may be responsible for the subpar diversion rate and operating revenue. More research is needed to determine waste business characteristics given increasing interest in circular economy and WMS efficiency.

The disposal of sulfide-arsenic cake

When processing sulfide copper-zinc concentrates at copper smelters, sulfide-arsenic cakes are formed, which are subject to disposal. To solve the global environmental problem of arsenic in the metallurgical and mining industries, it must be reliably concentrated and fixed in technological flows with subsequent waste disposal. The fusion of arsenic cake with elemental sulfur leads to the formation of vitreous sulfides, which are less toxic in comparison with dispersed powdered cake, homogeneous and compact in shape. The fusion product is represented by non-stoichiometric arsenic sulfide, similar in composition to As2S5. The high chemical stability of glassy arsenic sulfides is confirmed by the results of leaching by TCLP method. The fusion products have 100 times lower solubility compared to the initial cake. Achieving the solubility of arsenic in the alloy below the threshold concentration (5 mg/dm3 ) makes it possible to recommend the disposal of arsenic cake by fusing it with elemental sulfur. The fusion products belong to non-hazardous waste and are suitable for long-term storage. The composition and structure of cake fusions with iron powder have been studied. New compounds of variable composition were identified in the fused samples: arsenides and sulfides of iron, arsenic sulfides and arsenopyrites. Studies have shown that the products of fusion with iron have a solubility 10–15 times lower than the arsenic compounds in the initial cake but above the threshold concentration as per TCLP method. Therefore, fusion with iron cannot be recommended for practical use for the disposal of arsenic cakes.

Municipal solid waste and non-hazardous waste processing for sustainable circular economy through blockchain

Municipal solid waste and non-hazardous waste processing for sustainable circular economy through blockchain

Organic solvent free PbI2 recycling from perovskite solar cells using hot water

Perovskite solar cells represent an emerging and highly promising renewable energy technology. However, the most efficient perovskite solar cells critically depend on the use of lead. This represents a possible environmental concern potentially limiting the technologies’ commercialization. Here, we demonstrate a facile recycling process for PbI2, the most common lead-based precursor in perovskite absorber material. The process uses only hot water to effectively extract lead from synthetic precursor mixes, plastic- and glass-based perovskites (92.6 – 100% efficiency after two extractions). When the hot extractant is cooled, crystalline PbI2 in high purity (> 95.9%) precipitated with a high yield: from glass-based perovskites, the first cycle of extraction / precipitation was sufficient to recover 94.4 ± 5.6% of Pb, whereas a second cycle yielded another 10.0 ± 5.2% Pb, making the recovery quantitative. The solid extraction residue remaining is consequently deprived of metals and may thus be disposed as non-hazardous waste. Therefore, exploiting the highly temperature-dependent solubility of PbI2 in water provides a straightforward, easy to implement way to efficiently extract lead from PSC at the end-of-life and deposit the extraction residues in a cost-effective manner, mitigating the potential risk of lead leaching at the perovskites’ end-of-life.

Upravljanje otpadom u tekstilnoj industriji

In the management system of large companies, environmental protection is increasingly becoming one of the more important subsystems in terms of the generation of industrial waste. In order to manage the impact a factory's production process on the environment as efficiently as possible, it is necessary to control certain quality parameters of emissions into the environment, and activities to minimize the impact of emissions and pollution, from the moment the raw materials arrive until the product leaves the warehouse as a finished product. By analyzing the technological process, the method of waste management is defined, i.e. the types, composition and quantities of waste generated in the textile plants are determined. By constantly analyzing the existing waste management system, the currently implemented measures and possible shortcomings and omissions are constantly reviewed, on the basis of which measures to improve waste management are proposed. The paper describes the impact of waste management in the textile industry on the environment, i.e. examples of the management flow of industrially generated hazardous and non-hazardous waste - characterization of industrial waste, disposal methods and proposals for their reduction.

An Intelligent Hazardous Waste Detection and Classification Model Using Ensemble Learning Techniques

Proper waste management models using recent technologies like computer vision, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) are needed to effectively handle the massive quantity of increasing waste. Therefore, waste classification becomes a crucial topic which helps to categorize waste into hazardous or non-hazardous ones and thereby assist in the decision making of the waste management process. This study concentrates on the design of hazardous waste detection and classification using ensemble learning (HWDC-EL) technique to reduce toxicity and improve human health. The goal of the HWDC-EL technique is to detect the multiple classes of wastes, particularly hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. The HWDC-EL technique involves the ensemble of three feature extractors using Model Averaging technique namely discrete local binary patterns (DLBP), EfficientNet, and DenseNet121. In addition, the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) based hyperparameter optimizers are used to optimally adjust the parameters involved in the EfficientNet and DenseNet121 models. Moreover, a weighted voting-based ensemble classifier is derived using three machine learning algorithms namely support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), and gradient boosting tree (GBT). The performance of the HWDC-EL technique is tested using a benchmark Garbage dataset and it obtains a maximum accuracy of 98.85%.

Enhancing soil quality with coal fly ash amendment: a waste recycling approach for climate change mitigation in Indonesia - a review

Coal fly ash (CFA), a byproduct of coal combustion (CCP) from electric/thermal power plants, was classified as hazardous and toxic waste under Government Regulation Number 104/2014 in Indonesia. However, a significant shift in this regulatory viewpoint developed with the introduction of Government Regulation Number 22/2021. This regulation fundamentally altered the treatment and classification of CFA. Managing CFA as a waste has been both extensive and costly. In various countries where CFA is classified as non-hazardous and non-toxic waste, its utilization spans various sectors. Agriculture is a notable sector benefiting from CFA, as it is applied to soil amendment. As a soil amendment, CFA enhances nutrient availability and soil fertility, promotes plant development, and positively alters soil physical properties. In addition, CFA application to soil improves soil carbon storage, contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper aims to review Indonesia's state of CFA utilization before the enactment of Government Regulation Number 22/2021, in order to present insights into the potential for expanded CFA utilization in soil amendment following the new regulation (Government Regulation Number 22/2021).

Towards an ecological transition in the construction sector through the production of new eco-efficient products

The economic model of the construction sector is becoming more circular by emphasizing sustainability at all stages from the design, the production phase, the installation, the use, the removal and finally its transport to landfill. This work analyses the influence of added polyurethane foam waste from refrigerated industry on the technical properties (bulk density, water vapor permeability, and reaction to fire performance). The environmental properties were also measured through a comparative Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) between the traditional gypsum ceiling tile and a new organic one. The re-use of polyurethane waste in ceiling tiles causes technical improvements. The most relevant improvements noticed are the decrease in the density (28%), reduction in thermal conductivity (27%) and A1 classification for fire reaction. The comparative (LCA) between both tiles shows that the new product that incorporates polyurethane waste has significant improvement in CO2 (14%) and lower use of energy during the manufacturing process (14%). The following impact categories were also reduced: 9% in the case of the acidification of the ground and water, 9% for eutrophication and 31% reduction for non-hazardous waste. This work intends to reduce the carbon footprint and increase the sustainability of polyurethane gypsum products.

Incorporation of Adsorbent Ash with Potentially Toxic Elements into Mortar: A Sustainable Approach

Although biosorption is an effective technique for removing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from wastewater, it causes secondary pollution in the form of used adsorbents ending up in landfills, leading to PTE leaching into groundwater. This study used two kinds of adsorption process waste ash - adsorbed paper ash (APA) and adsorbed mulch ash (AMA)- as an additive to mortar, which added an environmental and economic value through energy recovery during the ashing process following the ideas of the waste to energy and circular economy, in addition to immobilizing the PTEs into a cement matrix aiming to close the loop of pollution. This study focused on investigating the leaching of PTEs (Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb) at five different artificial adsorption initial concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 50) mg/L and three different mixing weight proportions of ash with cement, as well as their pH-dependent behavior, to ensure environmental safety. To detect the release of PTEs from the mortar ash mixes, the ICP-OES technique was used. The study concluded that the used adsorbent ashes potentially could be environmentally acceptable as an additive for mortar because their ability to stabilize PTEs based on leaching values of (Pb, Zn, and Cu) was below the permissible limit under the nonhazardous waste category. Only Cd leached higher than the regulatory limit in the case of very low acidity when pH was lower than 0.

A process “algorithm” for C&D materials reuse through file-to-factory processes

The paper illustrates some of the ongoing results of the interdepartmental research Prosit “PROgettare in SostenibilITà: qualification and digitalization in construction”, analyzing some of the key steps aimed at testing, within the actual regulatory and technological framework, new possible applications of recycled materials from construction and demolition (C&D) in sustainable and innovative supply chains. In Italy, in particular, about 98% of the non-hazardous waste from C&D activities already in 2018, as documented by the Eurostat’s “Recovery rate of construction and demolition waste” report. Nevertheless, C&D waste is mainly reused for the construction of embankments and road foundations. The research, therefore, identifies in the use of file-to-factory technologies a possible way to extend the scope of the reuse of these resources to realize diversified and non-standard manufactures and components, in the perspective of a greater spread of virtuous practices of circular economy in the construction sector. In this sense, a process “algorithm” is described, designed to be scaled and replicated in different contexts for similar purposes.

Ecogreen Peritoneal Dialysis Waste Disposal System: A Case Study from The Public Health Nursing Perspectives

Introduction: The increased amount of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) medical waste will harm the environment and humans around it, and so far there is no system. Many studies revealed more about how to handle medical waste. This study aims to identify hazardous and non-hazardous medical waste and to introduce an environmentally friendly PD disposal system.Methods: This research was a case study method with a descriptive design. The population and sample of PD waste were 40 patients in PD in South Sulawesi (n: 19) and Manado, North Sulawesi (n: 21), Indonesia. The instrument used was a document review with the PICO model as a filter. The instrument was used to filter reliable research documents obtained from Google Scholar for the last 5 years (2017-2022), with keywords: peritoneal dialysis, medical waste disposal, CAPD nurses. Nightingale’s Environment Theory was also used to support the analysis.Results: Collected 177 grams of PD medical waste or an average of 620 grams a day with a risk load of 6 out of 7 items. In a month, 18.6 kgs of PD medical waste will be collected. The waste is mixed (hazardous and non-hazardous) and potentially dangerous.Conclusion: This study recommended a disposal system that is not yet clear and there is no certainty about who is in charge. The combustion results can be used for ecogreen plant fertilizers where in its application it can involve public health nursing because of their close role in family and community health.

CONTENTS OF THE COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF THE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR SELECTION OF LAND PLOTS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE REGIONAL LANDFILL OF SOLID NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LUTSK CLUSTER OF VOLYN REGION)

The need to introduce resource-saving technologies and environmental protection policies both at the international and regional levels, the rapid growth of the Earth's population in recent centuries and the associated processes of industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agricultural production, the increase in the need for energy resources and, accordingly, the increase in the amount of waste, which pollute the environment, further complicates the task of substantiating the locations of new waste disposal facilities and evaluating existing ones. The constituent elements of the ecological and economic mechanism for the selection of land plots for the location of regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste are highlighted using the example of Lutsk waste management cluster of Volyn region, which solves the above problems. The mechanism makes it possible to determine promising land plots for the location of the regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste landfills. With its help, one can choose the number of alternative sites required by the specific task. It takes into account primarily the interests of the community, sanitary and hygienic norms, it is economically attractive and preserves territories valuable for the environment. The ecological and economic mechanism for the selection of land plots for the location of regional landfill of solid non-hazardous waste consists of five stages. They include the evaluation of the territory according to economic, ecological, social and sanitary criteria. The elements of the mechanism in the form of five stages are performed separately and sequentially. Since the mechanism for greater visibility and practical use was developed on the example of a real territory, which is identified with the territory of modern Lutsk district of Volyn region, a plot of land was chosen, which is the most optimal for the disposal of waste from this territory. Further actions in the development of this mechanism and its practical value are given. Key words: ecological and economic mechanism, land plot, regional landfill, waste, Lutsk cluster, rejection criteria, distance matrix, competitive criteria.

Analysis Of Non-B3 Liquid Waste Management In Preventing Environmental Pollution In PT.Kharisma Iskandar Muda Nagan Raya Regency

Background: Non-B3 waste is residual waste from business or industrial activities that do not contain hazardous and toxic materials. This research is based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2021 concerning Procedures for Management of Non-Hazardous and Toxic Waste from health care facilities. 
 Objectives: This study aims to analyze more deeply related to the Reduction, Storage, Utilization, Stockpiling, and Transboundary Movement of Non-B3 Waste. 
 
 Research Metodes: This study uses a qualitative method through a descriptive approach with cross-sectional research analysis. 
 Results: From the results of research conducted through interviews, it can be seen that the management of Non-B3 Waste at PT Kharisma Iskandar Muda, Nagan Raya Regency has been carried out in accordance with the regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2021 concerning Procedures for Management of Non-Hazardous and Toxic Waste, which is proven with the cooperation between factory managers in maintaining the cleanliness and health of the environment so that it remains productive and not polluted. 
 Conclusion: Prevention of environmental pollution at PT Kharisma Iskandar Muda is very good, because the factory manager always pays attention to the presence of waste so that it does not spill into the environmental area, in addition PT Kharisma Iskandar Muda also utilizes Non-B3 waste from industrial activities as fertilizer for plantations in the PT. that's on its own

Recycling of Organic Waste: An Overview of Pálinka Distillery Mash Composting

Organic waste generation has been extending to an alarming level in most areas of the world, and its sustainable management is required. In Hungary, the amount of organic waste is increasing significantly, especially in pálinka manufacturing - a Hungarian hard liquor - producing a great quantity of mash residue, mostly grape pomace spent wash, a non-hazardous food waste that is a suspension left over by the distillation of fermented spirits. Around two hundred thousand tons of fruit waste are generated annually, and its full recycling and legal disposal are unprecedented in Hungarian distilling plants, threatening the environment if disposed of incorrectly. In this paper, we focused on reviewing the Pálinka mash composting, where the biggest challenge for its treatment is its initial pH, around 4, which can be successfully neutralized with mineral additives. The applied additives were chosen by their beneficial physical, chemical, and biological qualities. Accordingly, andesite and alginite were employed in the experimental composting. The results of our observation have confirmed that the mineral additives can establish valuable compost or fertilizer, favourably altering the dynamics of the decomposition and synthesis reactions. As an experiment on mash composting technology, we also tested the mature mash compost in culture vessel experiments for heavy metal adsorption capacity of the ma tube mash compost using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) as test plants. The plants were irrigated with lead (Pb), and iron (Fe) contaminated water, and then it was determined the metals accumulation capacity of the plants and growing media with an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The study could compare the rate of heavy metal accumulation by different plant parts and ratios of Pálinka mash compost in the growing media.

Use of Tailings as a Substitute for Sand in Concrete Blocks Production: Gravimetric Mining Wastes as a Case Study

This study assesses the feasibility of reusing tailings from a gold mining area in southern Ecuador in concrete block (CB) manufacturing. For this purpose, physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses were performed to characterize the tailings. Furthermore, the tailing samples were subjected to the European Standard EN 12457-2 leaching test to assess the potential risk of releasing toxic elements (PTE) into the environment. The CBs were made conventionally and replaced 50% and 70% of the sand with tailings. Lastly, mechanical resistance tests (MRTs) were performed to evaluate the indirect tensile strength, compressive strength, and absorption. The study results show that tailings are feasible as a substitute for sand in manufacturing CBs. Furthermore, the leaching tests complied with the set limit for non-hazardous mining wastes. Regarding the MRT, the CBs made with 50% of tailings were the ones that gave the most favorable results; however, the compressive strength and absorption did not comply with the regulations. In this regard, making CBs with less than 50% tailings is recommended to evaluate their mechanical properties. This study offers an alternative for recycling tailings and contributing to the circular economy.

Multi-period optimization for CO2 sequestration potential of enhanced weathering using non-hazardous industrial wastes

Negative emission technologies (NETs) can contribute to mitigating climate change. Enhanced weathering (EW) is a NET with considerable carbon sequestration potential. It is based on accelerated chemical reactions between alkaline minerals and water and carbon dioxide to generate bicarbonates in runoff that flows into the ocean to achieve long-term carbon sequestration. EW also presents a potential valorisation pathway for the use of industrial residues. Therefore, we selected non-hazardous industrial wastes (NHIWs) as the alkaline mineral of EW. The processes for implementing EW (crushing, transporting, and spreading NHIWs) will produce additional CO2 emissions and require energy input, and these values may vary in the life cycle of the specific facilities. To address this gap, we developed a multi-period mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to optimize NHIWs flows between sources and sinks over the planning horizon, while considering the annual CO2 sequestration target for achieving regional carbon drawdown. Our results show that the unit net CO2 sequestration cost for removing 1% and 1.5% annual carbon emissions of Shandong province is $273 and $378 /t CO2, respectively. It is estimated that from 2020 to 2030, the maximum CO2 sequestration of NHIWs produced by Shandong province will be 305.78 Mt CO2. The developed model can also be applied to other regions and countries as guidance for EW deployment and support for waste utilization towards circular economy.