Non-exercise Control Group Research Articles

Physical Exercise with Music Reduces Gray and White Matter Loss in the Frontal Cortex of Elderly People: The Mihama-Kiho Scan Project.

Findings from previous studies suggest that physical exercise combined with cognitive training produces more positive effects on cognitive function in elderly people than physical exercise alone. However, the brain plasticity associated with these proposed benefits of combined therapy has not yet been investigated in elderly subjects. We hypothesized that the dual task group would experience greater benefits than the physical exercise alone and non-exercise control groups with regard to both cognitive function and brain plasticity. This study investigated the effect of physical exercise with musical accompaniment on structural brain changes in healthy elderly people. Fifty-one participants performed physical exercise (once a week for an hour with professional trainers) with musical accompaniment (ExM), 61 participants performed the same exercise without music (Ex), and 32 participants made up the non-exercise group (Cont). After the 1-year intervention, visuospatial functioning of the ExM but not the Ex group was significantly better than that of the Cont group. Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed that the ExM group showed greater right superior frontal gyrus volume and preserved volumes of the right anterior cingulate gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and insula. These results indicate that compared with exercise alone, physical exercise with music induces greater positive effects on cognitive function and leads to subtle neuroanatomical changes in the brains of elderly people. Therefore, physical exercise with music may be a beneficial intervention to delay age-related cognitive decline.

Change in Maximal Fat Oxidation in Individuals in Response to Different Regimes of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

INTRODUCTION: Increased capacity for fat oxidation (FatOx) is widely reported (Talanian et al. 2007; Burgomaster et al. 2008) in response to high intensity interval training (HIIT). However, most of these data was obtained in studies in which a non-exercising control group (CON) was not used. Based on the widespread variability in FatOx reported (Croci et al. 2014), it is unknown if these previously-reported increases in FatOx are real or a product of day-to-day variability in the measure. OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in FatOx and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) in response to 20 sessions of HIIT varying in structure in active men and women. METHODS: Thirty-nine active men and women (age and VO2max = 22.5 ± 4.4 yr and 40.0 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min) completed progressive HIIT, and 34 men and women matched for body fat and VO2max served as a non-exercising control group (CON). Ten sessions of low volume HIIT (8 – 10 1 min bouts at 90 – 110 % peak power output separated by 75 s recovery) were performed on a cycle ergometer after which subjects were randomly assigned to complete 10 additional HIIT sessions consisting of sprint interval training (SIT), high-volume HIIT, or periodized HIIT. After an overnight fast and 24 h dietary standardization, individuals underwent progressive cycling to exhaustion before, midway, and post-training to assess MFO, FatOx and carbohydrate oxidation (CHOOx). RESULTS: Results showed no effect of training on MFO (p = 0.11) although small increases in FatOx equal to an additional 4.3 g of fat were evident (p = 0.03). Individual responses in MFO occurred as 33 % of participants revealed meaningful increases in MFO from pre- to post-HIIT, and there was a significant inverse association between baseline MFO and the training-induced change, r = -0.46, p = 0.004. There was no time X training interaction for CHOOx (p = 0.31) suggesting a similar response of CHOOx to HIIT versus CON. CONCLUSIONS: Data refute previously-reported increases in MFO in response to HIIT (Astorino et al. 2013), although participants with low initial MFO tended to show meaningful increases in MFO with training. We recommend that scientists use a non-exercising control group to certify that the frequently-reported increase in FatOx attributed to HIIT is indeed a result of training and not due to marked variability in the measure.

Personalized Exercise Training Maximizes Comprehensive Training Responsiveness in Adults At-Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

PURPOSE: Previous research has identified considerable variability in training responsiveness among individuals exposed to regular exercise. While examining the considerable heterogeneity in exercise-induced changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and common cardiometabolic risk factors, it has been identified that an individualized and evidence-based approach to exercise prescription may be necessary to optimize training efficacy and reduce training unresponsiveness. The purpose of this study was to compare comprehensive training responsiveness between two exercise training programs: personalized vs. standardized. METHODS: Sedentary men and women (n=46, ages 44 to 83 yrs) were randomized into a non-exercising control group or one of two exercise training treatment groups: 1) standardized group (exercise intensity prescribed according to heart rate reserve) or 2) personalized group (exercise intensity prescribed according to ventilatory thresholds). Exercise training was performed 60-75 min/day on 3 days/wk for 13wk. Maximum oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose were measured pre/post intervention, and percent change for each measure was calculated. Based on percent change for each measure, participants were assigned scores (responder: 1, non-responder: 0), and a comprehensive response to training score (scale 0-5) was determined. RESULTS: Training responsiveness as evidenced by the responder composite score was greater (p<0.05) in the personalized treatment group (4.71 ±0.47) when compared to the standardized treatment group (2.86 ±0.66). There were similar (p>0.05) responder composite scores across men and women for both the personalized (men=4.75; women=4.67) and standardized (men=2.75; women=3.00) treatment groups. Training responsiveness was also similar (p>0.05) across age for both treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that personalized exercise training maximizes comprehensive training responsiveness. These preliminary results are promising for exercise physiologists and other health professionals who prescribe exercise for populations at-risk for cardiovascular disease and other chronic conditions.

Effects of BodyPump and resistance training with and without a personal trainer on muscle strength and body composition in overweight and obese women—A randomised controlled trial

Overweight and obese individuals are recommended to perform regular resistance training, and the health- and fitness industry offer several exercise programs with purpose to improve muscle strength and body composition. This randomised controlled trial aimed to compare 12 weeks (45-60min, 3 sessions/weeks) of popular exercise programs, available at health- and fitness centers worldwide. Previous untrained women with BMI≥25 were allocated to either BodyPump (a high-repetition group session) (n=25), individual resistance training with a personal trainer (n=25), non-supervised individual resistance training (n=21) and non-exercising control group (n=21). Primary outcome was one repetition maximum (1RM) in squat and bench press, and secondary outcome was body composition (Inbody720). The BodyPump group did not improve muscle strength, compared to any of the other groups. In 1RM squat, the personal trainer group increased 17% (95% CI 5.1-23.0), 20% (95% CI 7.5-24.8) and 30% (95% CI 15.8-33.0kg) more than the non-supervised group, BodyPump and controls, respectively. In bench press the personal trainer group increased 10% (95% CI 1.5-7.2) and 16% (95% CI 3.5-9.3kg) more compared to BodyPump and controls. No difference was found compared to the non-supervised group in bench press. There were no between-group differences in body composition. Twelve weeks of BodyPump did not improve muscle strength in overweight women, but a personal trainer amplified the effects of individual resistance training on maximal strength in squat. None of the intervention groups showed effect in body composition.

Treadmill exercise ameliorates the regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of NSE/PS2mtransgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease.

[Purpose]Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classified as a progressive neurological disorder, which not only causes cognitive impairment but also abnormal weight loss, with a reduction of muscle mass related to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in skeletal muscle. Thus, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on Aβ deposition, and p-AMPK, p-ACC, BDNF, and GLUT4 protein levels the regulation of muscle energy metabolism using an AD mouse. [Methods]At 13 months of age, NSE/PS2m mice (Tg) and control mice (non-Tg) were assigned to non-exercise control (Con) and exercise groups (Exe). The four groups were as follows: non-Tg Con, non-Tg Exe, Tg Con, and Tg Exe. The treadmill exercise was carried out for 12 weeks. [Results]The highest levels of Aβ expression in the skeletal muscle were in the Tg Con group. Aβ expression was significantly reduced in the Tg Exe group, compared to the Tg Con group. Congo red staining showed remarkable diffuse red amyloid deposition in the Tg Con group, while Aβ-deposition in the skeletal was reduced with muscle exercise in the Tg Exe group. Exercise also increased AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and BDNF and GLUT4 expression in the skeletal muscle of non-Tg and Tg mice. [Conclusion]Treadmill exercise reduces Aβ-deposition in the skeletal muscle and improves the regulation of energy metabolism. Thus, collectively, these results suggest that exercise could be a positive therapeutic strategy for skeletal muscle dysfunction in AD patients.

Skin temperature changes after exercise and cold water immersion

The study aimed to investigate the change in the skin temperature after exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and after cold water immersion during a recovery period. Randomized controlled trial. Thirty-nine participants were randomly divided into four groups: group 1 (G1) which performed aerobic exercise; group 2 (G2) only performed plyometric exercise; group 3 (G3) was submitted to plyometric exercise and cold water immersion (CWI) protocol; and group 4 (G4) was the non-exercised control group. Skin temperature (TsK) was collected in two regions of interest (forehead and anterior thigh) at rest (T-rest), immediately after exercise (T0), 10, 20, and 30 min (T10, T20, and T30), and 24 and 48 h (T24 and T48) after exercise using an infrared camera. In addition, isometric knee extension strength and DOMS were assessed at times T-rest, T0, T24, and T48 for all groups. A higher skin temperature was indicated in the anterior thigh muscles that performed plyometric exercise (G2). This thermographic change was accomplished by a decrease in the knee extensor strength immediately after performing exercises. In addition, it seems clear from our data that CWI was effective in reducing Thigh’s TsK until 30 min after exercise, but had no effect on the Thigh’s TsK 24 and 48 h after exercise. CWI attenuated pain inducted by muscle compression 48 h after plyometric exercise. This paper presents evidence that plyometric anaerobic exercise leads to a higher skin temperature on the exercised muscle groups than aerobic exercise and that the application of CWI has no influence on muscle temperature 24 h after exercise while minimizing DOMS and the deficit of isometric force.

Benefits of whole-body vibration training on arterial function and muscle strength in young overweight/obese women.

The early arterial dysfunction linked with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle heightens the likelihood of suffering from future cardiovascular events. Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) may improve systemic arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)) and muscle strength in pre- and post-menopausal women. However, the effectiveness of WBVT to impact the arterial segments included in baPWV is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WBVT on aortic and leg arterial stiffness in young sedentary overweight/obese women. Thirty-eight young (21 years) overweight/obese women were randomized to WBVT (n=25) or a nonexercising control (CON, n=13) groups for 6 weeks. PWV, brachial and aortic blood pressures (BP), wave reflection (augmentation index (AIx)) and leg muscle strength measurements were acquired before and after 6 weeks. WBVT significantly reduced carotid-femoral PWV (aortic stiffness, P<0.05), femoral-ankle (leg arterial stiffness, P<0.01) and baPWV (systemic arterial stiffness, P<0.01) compared with CON. The reduction in brachial systolic BP (SBP), heart rate, aortic SBP, aortic diastolic BP, AIx normalized to a heart rate of 75 beats per min (AIx@75; P<0.01) and AIx (P<0.05) following WBVT was significant compared with CON (P<0.05). WBVT increased leg muscle strength compared with CON (P<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between changes in relative muscle strength and aortic stiffness (r=-0.41, P<0.05). WBVT led to reductions in arterial stiffness, central BP and wave reflection in young obese women. WBVT may be an effective intervention toward vascular health promotion and prevention in young overweight/obese women (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02679898).

Aerobic Training Intensity for Improved Endothelial Function in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is widely utilised to assess endothelial function and aerobic exercise improves FMD in heart failure patients. The aim of this meta-analysis is to quantify the effect of aerobic training intensity on FMD in patients with heart failure. Background. A large number of studies now exist that examine endothelial function in patients with heart failure. We sought to add to the current literature by quantifying the effect of the aerobic training intensity on endothelial function. Methods. We conducted database searches (PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, and Cochrane Trials Register to June 30, 2016) for exercise based rehabilitation trials in heart failure, using search terms exercise training, endothelial function, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Results. The 13 included studies provided a total of 458 participants, 264 in intervention groups, and 194 in nonexercising control groups. Both vigorous and moderate intensity aerobic training significantly improved FMD. Conclusion. Overall both vigorous and moderate aerobic exercise training improved FMD in patients with heart failure.

Resistance training with instability is more effective than resistance training in improving spinal inhibitory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have motor dysfunction. Spinal inhibitory mechanisms are important for modulating both supraspinal motor commands and sensory feedback at the spinal level. Resistance training with instability was more effective than resistance training in increasing the levels of presynaptic inhibition and disynaptic reciprocal inhibition of lower limb at rest of the patients with PD, reaching the average values of the healthy controls.

Exercise training lowers serum chemerin concentration in obese children

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 16-week exercise program on serum chemerin concentrations in obese children. Equipment and methods Thirty-two overweight and obese male children were randomly assigned to either a twice-per-week exercise training group (ExG = 16) or a nonexercising control group (CG = 16) for 16 weeks. Body mass index (BMI), body composition, waist circumference (WC), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), lipids and serum chemerin were measured before and after intervention. Results Exercise training significantly improved BMI, body composition, WC, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipids’ profile in ExG. Serum chemerin concentrations were high at baseline in both groups, but exercise training reduced its levels after 16 weeks to 168.9 ± 12.6 ng/mL (P Conclusion In conclusion, the 16-week training program used in this study was very effective for producing significant benefits to body composition, insulin resistance and lipids’ profile, as well as lowering chemerin levels in these obese children. Therefore, our data suggests that chemerin serum concentrations are associated with insulin resistance.

Whole-Body Vibration Exercise Therapy Improves Cardiac Autonomic Function and Blood Pressure in Obese Pre- and Stage 1 Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an unconventional exercise therapy that appears to provide the same benefits of resistance training in postmenopausal women while being more safe and gentle on the joints. This study evaluated the effect of an 8-week WBV exercise regimen on heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP) in obese postmenopausal women. Randomized controlled study with two parallel groups. Twenty-five (age 50-65 years) obese (body-mass index >30 and <40 kg/m2) postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly assigned to a WBV training group or nonexercising control group. Participants in the WBV group completed the supervised training 3 times a week. WBV training consisted of four static and four dynamic leg exercises (normal, high, and wide-stance squats and calf-raises) with vertical vibration (25-40 Hz and low-high amplitude) progressed throughout the 8 weeks. Brachial systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) and HRV: sympathovagal balance (natural logarithm of low frequency [LnLF]/natural logarithm of high frequency [LnHF]; normalized low frequency [nLF]/normalized high frequency [nHF]), parasympathetic tone (LnHF, nHF, natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences [LnRMSSD]), sympathetic tone (LnLF, nLF), natural logarithm of total power, and heart rate (HR). There were significant group × time interactions (p < 0.05) for brachial SBP, DBP, LnLF/LnHF, and nLF/nHF that significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after WBV, compared with no changes after control. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in nHF and decrease in nLF in the WBV group compared with baseline, yet the changes were not different than those in the control group. No significant changes were observed in LnTP, LnLF, LnHF, LnRMSSD, or HR after 8 weeks in either group. WBV training for 8 weeks is an adequate unconventional exercise intervention for improving sympathovagal balance and BP in previously sedentary obese postmenopausal women.

The Differential Hormonal Milieu of Morning versus Evening May Have an Impact on Muscle Hypertrophic Potential.

Substantial gains in muscle strength and hypertrophy are clearly associated with the routine performance of resistance training. What is less evident is the optimal timing of the resistance training stimulus to elicit these significant functional and structural skeletal muscle changes. Therefore, this investigation determined the impact of a single bout of resistance training performed either in the morning or evening upon acute anabolic signalling (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), myogenic index and differentiation) and catabolic processes (cortisol). Twenty-four male participants (age 21.4±1.9yrs, mass 83.7±13.7kg) with no sustained resistance training experience were allocated to a resistance exercise group (REP). Sixteen of the 24 participants were randomly selected to perform an additional non-exercising control group (CP) protocol. REP performed two bouts of resistance exercise (80% 1RM) in the morning (AM: 0800 hrs) and evening (PM: 1800 hrs), with the sessions separated by a minimum of 72 hours. Venous blood was collected immediately prior to, and 5 min after, each resistance exercise and control sessions. Serum cortisol and IGFBP-3 levels, myogenic index, myotube width, were determined at each sampling period. All data are reported as mean ± SEM, statistical significance was set at P≤0.05. As expected a significant reduction in evening cortisol concentration was observed at pre (AM: 98.4±10.5, PM: 49.8±4.4 ng/ml, P<0.001) and post (AM: 98.0±9.0, PM: 52.7±6.0 ng/ml, P<0.001) exercise. Interestingly, individual cortisol differences pre vs post exercise indicate a time-of-day effect (AM difference: -2±2.6%, PM difference: 14.0±6.7%, P = 0.03). A time-of-day related elevation in serum IGFBP-3 (AM: 3274.9 ± 345.2, PM: 3605.1 ± 367.5, p = 0.032) was also evident. Pre exercise myogenic index (AM: 8.0±0.6%, PM: 16.8±1.1%) and myotube width (AM: 48.0±3.0, PM: 71.6±1.9 μm) were significantly elevated (P<0.001) in the evening. Post exercise myogenic index was greater AM (11.5±1.6%) compared with PM (4.6±0.9%). No difference was observed in myotube width (AM: 48.5±1.5, PM: 47.8±1.8 μm) (P>0.05). Timing of resistance training regimen in the evening appears to augment some markers of hypertrophic potential, with elevated IGFBP-3, suppressed cortisol and a superior cellular environment. Further investigation, to further elucidate the time course of peak anabolic signalling in morning vs evening training conditions, are timely.

Effects of yoga on negative emotions in patients with breast cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ObjectiveThe study aims to investigate the effectiveness of yoga on negative emotions in breast cancer patients. MethodsPubmed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases were screened throughout October 2015. Randomized control trials (RCTs) examining the effects of yoga versus a non-exercise or waitlist control group on negative moods in breast cancer patients were included. The methodological quality of included RCTs was evaluated by using the Cochrane Handbook 5.1, and data were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3. ResultsA total of 21 RCTs with 1762 participants were included. We found evidence for immediate effects on anxiety (p < 0.00001), depression (p < 0.00001), distress (p < 0.00001), perceived stress (p < 0.00001), and emotional well-being (p = 0.0002). Sustained effects (3 months) were only found in depression (p = 0.004) but not anxiety (p = 0.43), and other outcomes were not synthesized because of heterogeneity and the limited number of studies. ConclusionYoga is valuable in improving negative moods in patients with breast cancer. We also concluded five key mechanisms of yoga therapy in improving negative moods. Further well-designed RCTs with large sample size and long-term follow-up are needed.

Resistance Training with Instability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of resistance training (RT) and RT with instability (RTI) on the timed up and go test (TUG), on-medication Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III motor subscale score (UPDRS-III), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) score, and muscle strength in the leg press exercise (one-repetition maximum) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Thirty-nine patients with moderate to severe PD were randomly assigned to a nonexercising control group (C), RT group, and RTI group. The RT and RTI groups performed progressive RT twice a week for 12 wk. However, only the RTI group used high motor complexity exercises (i.e., progressive RT with unstable devices), for example, half squat exercise on the BOSU® device. The primary outcome was mobility (TUG). The secondary outcomes were on-medication motor signs (UPDRS-III), cognitive impairment (MoCA), quality of life (PDQ-39), and muscle strength (one-repetition maximum). There were no differences between RTI and RT groups for any of the outcomes at posttraining (P > 0.05). However, there were differences between RTI and C groups in the TUG, MoCA, and muscle strength values at posttraining (P < 0.05). Only the RTI group improved the TUG (-1.9 s), UPDRS-III score (-4.5 score), MoCA score (6.0 score), and PDQ-39 score (-5.2 score) from pre- to posttraining (P < 0.001). Muscle strength improved for both training groups (P < 0.001). No adverse events were reported during the trial. Both training protocols improved muscle strength, but only RTI improved the mobility, motor signs, cognitive impairment, and quality of life, likely because of the usage of high motor complexity exercises. Thus, RTI may be recommended as an innovative adjunct therapeutic intervention for patients with PD.

Acclimation Training Improves Endurance Cycling Performance in the Heat without Inducing Endotoxemia.

Purpose: While the intention of endurance athletes undertaking short term heat training protocols is to rapidly gain meaningful physical adaption prior to competition in the heat, it is currently unclear whether or not this process also presents an overt, acute challenge to the immune system. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the effects of heat training on both endurance performance and biomarkers associated with inflammatory and immune system responses.Methods: Moderately-actively males (n = 24) were allocated randomly to either HOT (n = 8, 35°C, and 70% RH; NEUTRAL (n = 8, 20°C, and 45% RH); or a non-exercising control group, (CON, n = 8). Over the 18 day study HOT and NEUTRAL performed seven training sessions (40 min cycling at 55 of VO2 max) and all participants completed three heat stress tests (HST) at 35°C and 70% RH. The HST protocol comprised three × sub-maximal intervals followed by a 5 km time trial on a cycle ergometer. Serum samples were collected before and after each HST and analyzed for interleukin-6, immunoglobulin M and lipopolysaccharide.Results: Both HOT and NEUTRAL groups experienced substantial improvement to 5 km time trial performance (HOT −33 ± 20 s, p = 0.02, NEUTRAL −39 ± 18 s, p = 0.01) but only HOT were faster (−45 ± 25 s, and −12 s ± 7 s, p = 0.01) in HST3 compared to baseline and HST2. Interleukin-6 was elevated after exercise for all groups however there were no significant changes for immunoglobulin M or lipopolysaccharide.Conclusions: Short-term heat training enhances 5 km cycling time trial performance in moderately-fit subjects by ~6%, similar in magnitude to exercise training in neutral conditions.Three top-up training sessions yielded a further 3% improvement in performance for the HOT group. Furthermore, the heat training did not pose a substantial challenge to the immune system.

Treadmill exercise within lower-body negative pressure attenuates simulated spaceflight-induced reductions of balance abilities in men but not women.

Spaceflight causes sensorimotor adaptations that result in balance deficiencies on return to a gravitational environment. Treadmill exercise within lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) helps protect physiological function during microgravity as simulated by bed rest. Therefore, we hypothesized that treadmill exercise within LBNP would prevent balance losses in both male and female identical twins during 30 days of 6° head-down tilt bed rest. Fifteen (seven female and eight male) identical twin sets participated in this simulation of microgravity. Within each twin pair, one twin was randomly assigned to an exercise group that performed 40 min of supine treadmill exercise within LBNP set to generate 1.0–1.2 body weight, followed by 5 min of static feet-supported LBNP, 6 days per week. Their identical sibling was assigned to a non-exercise control group with all other bed rest conditions equivalent. Before and immediately after bed rest, subjects completed standing and walking rail balance tests with eyes open and eyes closed. In control subjects, standing rail balance times (men: −42%, women: −40%), rail walk distances (men: −44%, women: −32%) and rail walk times (men: −34%, women: −31%) significantly decreased after bed rest. Compared with controls, treadmill exercise within LBNP significantly attenuated losses of standing rail balance time by 63% in men, but the 41% attenuation in women was not significant. Treadmill exercise within LBNP did not affect rail walk abilities in men or women. Treadmill exercise within LBNP during simulated spaceflight attenuates loss of balance control in men but not in women.

Endurance Exercise Improves Molecular Pathways of Aerobic Metabolism in Patients With Myositis.

Endurance exercise demonstrates beneficial effects in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM); however, the molecular effects of exercise on skeletal muscle are incompletely understood. We undertook this controlled pilot study to investigate the effects of a 12-week endurance exercise training program on the molecular profile of skeletal muscle in patients with established PM/DM compared to a nonexercised control group of patients with established PM/DM. Fifteen patients (7 in the exercise group and 8 in the control group) with paired baseline and 12-week follow-up muscle biopsy samples were included. Messenger RNA expression profiling, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on muscle biopsy samples to determine molecular adaptations associated with changes in clinical measurements induced by endurance exercise. Compared to the control group, the exercise group improved in minutes of cycling time (P < 0.01) and Vo2 max (P < 0.05). The exercise group also had reduced disease activity (P < 0.05) and reduced lactate levels at exhaustion (P < 0.05). Genes related to capillary growth, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, cytoskeletal remodeling, and muscle hypertrophy were up-regulated in the exercise group, while genes related to inflammation/immune response and endoplasmic reticulum stress were down-regulated. Mitochondrial pathways including the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway were most affected by the endurance exercise, as demonstrated by proteomics analysis. The exercise group also showed a higher number of capillaries per mm(2) in follow-up biopsy samples (P < 0.05). Our data indicate that endurance exercise in patients with established PM and DM may activate an aerobic phenotype and promote muscle growth and simultaneously suppress the inflammatory response in these patients' muscles, as supported by a combination of data on gene expression, proteomics, and capillary density in repeated muscle biopsies.

리듬운동이 고령여성의 신체조성과 혈관탄성에 미치는 영향

노화로 인한 신체조성과 혈관탄성의 변화는 심혈관질환에 위험을 증가시킨다. 하지만 리듬운동은 노인들이 쉽고 재미있게 할 수 있는 유산소 운동으로 신체조성과 혈관탄성에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 그리하여 본 연구는 고령여성 (>65 years) 대상으로 12주간 리듬운동을 실시한 후 신체조성 및 혈관탄성에 어떠한 효과를 미치는지에 관한 연구이다. 실험 참가자들 (n=20)은 무선할당 방식으로 운동집단 (n=10)과 통제집단 (n=10)으로 나누었다. 12주간에 리듬운동은 주3회 한 회당 60분으로 구성되었고 운동강도는 Borg의 운동자각도(6 - 20)에서 11-14로 설정되었다. 신체조성(근육량과 체지방량), 혈관탄성(맥파속도 (Pulse wave velocity (PWV))은 훈련 전과 후에 측정이 되었다. 연구 결과는 신체조성에서 운동집단의 골격근량 (p=0.04)이 유의하게 증가하였고 혈관탄성인 PWV에 오른쪽 (p=0.002)과 왼쪽 (p=0.02)모두 유의하게 감소하였지만 통제집단에서 골격근량과 맥파속도 (오른쪽과 왼쪽)에 유의한 변화가 없었다. 이러한 변화를 분석한 결과를 통하여 볼 때 여성노인들이 흥미를 가지고 쉽게 따라할 수 있는 리듬운동은 근육량을 증가시키고 혈관탄성에 긍정적인 효과를 주어서 근감소증의 예방과 지연 그리고 심혈관 질환의 위험성을 낮출 수 있는 매우 효과적인 운동이라 할 수 있다. The body composition and arterial compliance with advanced age increase the risks of cardiovascular diseases, but the elderly can perform rhythm exercise easily, which may positively influence their body composition and arterial compliance. Therefore, this study examined the effects of rhythm exercise training on the body composition and arterial compliance in elderly females. The subjects (n=20) were assigned randomly to either an exercise group (n=10, EX) or non-exercise control group (n=10, CON). The rhythm exercise training for 12 weeks consisted of 3 sessions per week with 60 minutes per session. In addition, the intensity was set to 11-14 of the Borg scale (6-20). The body composition and arterial compliance (pulse wave velocity (PWV)) were measured before and after training. The skeletal muscle mass in the EX was increased significantly (p=0.04) and the right (p=0.002) and left side (p=0.02) of the PWV in the EX were decreased significantly, but the skeletal muscle and both sides of the PWV in the CON were not changed. Elderly females could easily perform rhythm exercise training, which resulted in improvements of the skeletal muscle mass and arterial compliance. Therefore, rhythm exercise training may prevent or delay sarcopenia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiac Function in Older Adults

Aging is associated with cardiac remodeling and reduced cardiac function. Preliminary evidence indicates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may ameliorate some of these age-related changes, but there are no conclusive data that are based on randomized control trials. PURPOSE: To perform a randomized control trial to examine the effect of HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiac function in healthy older adults. METHODS: A total of 36 sedentary older adults (age: 65±1 years; range: 55-76 years), free of cardiovascular disease, participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to HIIT (n=12), MICT (n=10) or non-exercise control (n=14) group. Supervised isocaloric HIIT and MICT were performed on Airdyne® stationary bicycles, 4 times per week, for 8 weeks. HIIT consisted of cycling for 40 minutes at an alternating moderate and high intensity (70% and 90% of maximal heart rate, respectively), while MICT consisted of cycling for 47 minutes at a moderate intensity (~70% of maximal heart rate). Resting left ventricular structure and function (two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography including conventional and tissue Doppler) and peak oxygen consumption (open-circuit spirometry during graded exercise treadmill test) were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS: HIIT resulted in a small but significant improvement in ejection fraction (55.4±0.6% to 57.8±0.7%, pre vs. post; p=0.004) while no significant changes were observed in MICT (56.0±0.5 to 57.0±0.7%, p=0.2) and control (56.3±1.0 to 55.0±1.3%, p=0.05). A greater improvement in ejection fraction was associated with a greater improvement in peak oxygen consumption (r=0.60, p=0.004). Left ventricular diastolic function (early (E) to late diastolic peak filling velocity: 1.06±0.04 to 1.02±0.04, early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e’): 9.8±0.3 to 9.4±0.3 cm/s, E/e’: 8.5±0.4 to 8.5±0.4, pre vs. post) and measures of cardiac structure remained unchanged in all groups following the 8-week intervention (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of HIIT resulted in small improvements in ejection fraction and these improvements were positively related with exercise-induced improvements in peak oxygen consumption.

Examining Predictors of Change in A1c with Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PURPOSE: Exercise is recommended for improving glycemic control, fitness, and body composition for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Yet the relationships among changes in these benefits can vary among individuals and are not always parallel. We examined whether changes in A1c levels following exercise training were associated with changes in fitness or fatness. METHODS: Sedentary adults (n=140) with T2DM and mild hypertension were randomized to supervised exercise training or a non-exercising control group for 3 times per week for 6 months. Exercise was based on ACSM guidelines and included moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 45 minutes and 2 sets of 7 resistance exercises at 50% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). At baseline and 6 months, A1c was assessed from a fasting blood draw; muscle strength was the total of 1RM from 7 resistance exercises; aerobic fitness was VO2peak during treadmill testing; and % body fat was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Data analysis consisted of ANOVA on change scores in the main outcome variables and regression analysis to determine predictors of change in A1c. RESULTS: Among study completers (exercisers, n=51, control, n=63), the mean age was 55±;6 years; 59% were men; and 59% were white. At baseline, mean BMI was 33.1 ± 4.5 kg/m2 and mean A1c was 6.6 ± 1.4%. There were no group differences in these or any other study outcome at baseline. At 6 months, exercisers versus controls improved A1c (-0.19 ± 1.2 % vs. 0.30 ± 1.4 %, p<0.025), reduced % body fat (-1.5 ± 1.9% vs. 0.4 ± 0.2%, p<0.001), and improved total strength (122 ± 133 lbs vs. -12 ± 107 lbs, p=0.001) and VO2peak (3.2 ± 2.9 ml/kg/min vs. 0.5 ± 3 ml/kg/min, p<0.001). After adjustment for A1c at baseline, being in the exercise group but not changes in fitness or fatness predicted A1c at 6 months, such that the exercisers experienced an adjusted -0.24% improvement in A1c versus controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings support recommendations that exercise is an effective therapy for improving glycemic control and fitness and reducing fatness in T2DM. Nonetheless the improvement in glycemic control was independent of changes in total strength, VO2peak and body fat. These findings highlight that not all health benefits of exercise training should be considered contingent on changes in fitness and fatness.