Non-enzymatic Peroxide Sensor Research Articles

Synthesis of CuxO/Ag nanoparticles on exfoliated graphene: application for enhanced electrochemical detection of H2O2 in milk

In this paper, a novel composite is constructed as a non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor by liquid-phase exfoliation method, which is composed of copper oxide, cuprous oxide and silver nanoparticles doped few-layer-graphene (CuxO/Ag@FLG). Its surface morphology and composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS), and its H2O2 sensing performances include catalytic reduction and quantitative detection were studied with electrochemical methods. Our sensor had a high sensitivity of 174.5 μA mM−1 cm−2 (R2 = 0.9978) in an extremely wide range of concentrations from 10 μM to 100 mM, a fast response (about 5 s) and a low limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 2.13 μM. The sensor exhibits outstanding selectivity in the presence of various biological interference, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, citric acid, etc. In addition, the constructed sensor continued 95% current responsiveness after 1 month of storage further points to its long-term stability. Last but not least, it has a good recovery rate (90.12–102.00%) in milk sold on the open market, indicating that it has broad application possibilities in the food industry and biological medicine.

High-performance non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensor prepared with a magnetite-loaded carbon nanotube waterborne ink

• Magnetite-loaded carbon nanotube waterborne ink with peroxidase-like activity. • Mechanical stability allowing determinations in forced convection/quiescent conditions. • Ease of preparation, suitable for inkjet and screen-printing methods. • Remarkable analytical figures of merit towards the detection of hydrogen peroxide. • Composite’s formulation optimized to maximize its catalytic properties. In this study, a non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor was developed employing a waterborne carbon nanotube ink containing catalytic submicrometric particles of magnetite. Magnetite particles were synthesized via a solvothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD). For the ink preparation, Fe 3 O 4 particles were incorporated into a waterborne carbon nanotube ink and the mixture was drop casted onto a glassy carbon and used for coating Valox TM strips to fabricate standalone electrodes. As a non-enzymatic amperometric sensor, the resulting Fe 3 O 4 /CNT ink coated electrodes exhibited high-performance values towards the detection of H 2 O 2 , presenting a limit of detection of 0.5 µM, a linear detection range up to 2 mM, a sensitivity of 1040 µA cm −2 mM −1 and tolerance to common interfering agents like ascorbic acid, glucose and Cl - /SO4 -2 ions. Moreover, the Fe 3 O 4 /CNT electrodes presented a high stability, losing only 20% of their catalytic performance after three weeks.

Facile construction of an Ag/MoSe2 composite based non-enzymatic amperometric sensor for hydrogen peroxide.

We report an electrochemical non-enzymatic method for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection based on Ag nanoparticle-decorated MoSe2 (Ag/MoSe2-500) hybrid nanostructures. These hybrid nanocomposites are easily prepared by in situ reduction of Ag+ on the surface of MoSe2. Benefiting from the strong synergy of Ag nanoparticles and MoSe2 nanosheets in enhancing electrical conductivity, the Ag/MoSe2-500 hybrid nanostructures perform excellent sensing activity for H2O2 electrocatalytic reduction with a wide linear range of 0.02-15.2 mM, a high sensitivity of 400.0 μA mM-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 0.39 μM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the sensor displays satisfactory reproducibility and stability and is applicable for practical quantitative analysis of H2O2 in milk and orange juice samples. In a word, Ag/MoSe2-500 nanocomposites are promising candidates for non-enzymatic H2O2 sensing in the fields of biology and food science.

A Two-step Electrodeposition of Pd-Cu/Cu2O Nanocomposite on FTO Substrate for Non-enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor

Background: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a common reagent in the production and living, but excessive H2O2 may enhance the danger to the human body. Consequently, it is very important to develop economical, fast and accurate techniques for detecting H2O2. Methods: A simple two-step electrodeposition process was applied to synthesize Pd-Cu/Cu2O nanocomposite for non-enzymatic H2O2 sensor. Cu/Cu2O nanomaterial was firstly electrodeposited on FTO by potential oscillation technique, and then Pd nanoparticles were electrodeposited on Cu/Cu2O nanomaterial by cyclic voltammetry. The chemical structure, component, and morphology of the synthesized Pd-Cu/Cu2O nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of Pd-Cu/Cu2O nanocomposite were studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Results: Under optimal conditions, the as-fabricated sensor displayed a broad linear range (5-4000 μM) and low detection limit (1.8 μM) for the determination of H2O2. The proposed sensor showed good selectivity and reproducibility. Meanwhile, the proposed sensor has been successfully applied to detect H2O2 in milk. Conclusion: The Pd-Cu/Cu2O/FTO biosensor exhibits excellent electrochemical activity for H2O2 reduction, which has great potential application in the field of food safety.

Micro-colloidal catalyst of palladium nanoparticles on polyaniline-coated carbon microspheres for a non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor

We describe the chemical synthesis of a colloidal micro-catalyst of palladium nanoparticles decorated on polyaniline-coated carbon microspheres (PdNP-PANi/CMs). The colloidal PdNP-PANi/CMs were used to modify the electrode interface of a highly sensitive non-enzymatic sensor. The morphology and electrochemical properties of the catalyst and electrode were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, and electrochemical methods. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was the model analyte. The catalytic efficiency of the PdNP-PANi/CMs/GCE toward H2O2 was evaluated via the scan rate effect and chronoamperometric measurement, which showed a diffusion-controlled process with a high diffusion coefficient (D = (3.4 ± 0.5) × 10−3 cm2 s−1) and catalytic rate constant (kcat = (4.50 ± 0.02) × 107 mol−1 cm3 s−1). A response time within 5 s and excellent sensitivity (234 µA mM−1 cm−2) were obtained. The proposed electrode provided a linear concentration range between 0.002 and 10 mM with a limit of detection of 0.70 µM. Operationally, the PdNP-PANi/CMs/GCE exhibited good electrocatalytic stability and good repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity. The applicability of the developed sensor was proved by the determination of H2O2in human seminal fluid. Recoveries were in the range of 97 ± 2% to 102 ± 3%.The good performances of this colloidal micro-catalyst showed the potential of this material in other sensing, biosensing, and biofuel cell applications.

1D Zn2GeO4 rods supported on Ni foam for high performance non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor

One-dimensional (1D) Zn2GeO4 rods were in-situ grown on Ni foam (NF) using a ethylenediamine (En)/water mixed solvent by a hydrothermal route in one single step. Such rhombohedral phase Zn2GeO4 rods are 1–2 μm in diameter and a few micrometers in length. Ethylenediamine is found to play a critical role in coordinating with starting zinc and germanium ions and acting as template. The Zn2GeO4/NF was developed as a new none-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor. In electrochemical studies, the Zn2GeO4/NF electrode exhibits high sensitivity (3974 μM mM−1 cm−2), wide linear detection range (1–4000 μM), fast response (<9 s), low detection limit (1 μM), excellent selectivity and stability towards H2O2. Several factors such as intrinsic nature of Zn2GeO4, the unique microstructure and the seamless contact with NF are believed to attributed to the excellent electrochemical sensing performances.

A Non-enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor with Enhanced Sensitivity Based on Pt Nanoparticles.

The non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing platform for hydrogen peroxide by using Pt-based nanoparticle was investigated. The characterization of PtNiCo-NPs was done by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, EDS, and XPS. A simple drop-casting technique was used to fabricate the nanomaterial on FTO electrode. The amperometric and cyclic voltammetric results illustrated that PtNiCo-NPs on FTO had excellent electrochemical performance over other mono or bimetallic materials. The catalytic performance for H2O2 sensing based on PtNiCo-NPs possessed a wide linear range from 5 μM to 16.5 mM with a low detection limit of 0.37 μM and a good sensitivity of 1374.4 μA mM-1 cm-2 at a scan rate of 20 mV s-1 (vs. Ag/AgCl). This work presents a new way to produce a ternary nanomaterial for H2O2 sensing with excellent electrochemical performance. In addition, the fabricated nanomaterial showed no interferences for common interfering agents, which indicates the high specificity of the sensor. The PtNiCo-NPs have excellent stability and good reproducibility in real samples.

A Novel Nonenzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Magnetic Core-Shell Fe3O4@C/Au Nanoparticle Nanocomposite.

Fe3O4@C/Au nanoparticle (AuNP) nanocomposites were prepared through electrostatic adsorption of AuNPs onto PDDA-functionalized core/shell Fe3O4@C magnetic nanospheres, which had been synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The morphology and composition of the nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), etc. Moreover, highly electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was also exhibited on the Fe3O4@C/AuNP-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The effect of solution pH and the modification amount of Fe3O4@C/AuNPs on the performance of electrocatalytic H2O2 reduction was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the catalytic current showed a linear relationship with the increase of H2O2 concentration in the range of 0.007–15 mM and a detection limit of 5 μM. The H2O2 sensor showed high selectivity for H2O2 detection, which could effectively resist the interference of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and citric acid (CA). Finally, the H2O2 sensor was used in the real fetal bovine serum to detect H2O2 and obtained satisfactory results with the recovery values ranging from 95.14 to 103.6%.

Synthesis of spinel-type CuGa2O4 nanoparticles as a sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection

Abstract In this paper, spinel-type CuGa2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal-calcination technique, and were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The electrochemical behaviors of CuGa2O4 nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (CuGa2O4/GCE) under neutral condition with H2O2 and alkaline condition with glucose were studied. It was found that CuGa2O4 nanoparticles exhibited apparent electrocatalytical effects for the reduction of H2O2 and the oxidation of glucose. As a result, cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric techniques could be used in the sensitive detection of H2O2 and glucose. Under the optimal condition, the concentration of H2O2 varied linearly with the electrochemical signal in the range of 5–200 μM, and the detection limit was 5 μM (S/N = 3), while glucose showed a linear change in the range of 0.05–2 mM, and the detection limit was 25 μM (S/N = 3). The modified electrode had good repeatability and stability, and showed a promising application in the detection of actual samples. The outstanding electrochemical performance make this spinel CuGa2O4 nanoparticle promising for the improvement of non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Facile and green synthesis of silver nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide composite and its application as nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide

A simple and environment friendly protocol has been developed for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with copper metal foil as reductant. The prepared AgNPs-rGO, nanocomposite was characterized by various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical performance of the material has been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The average crystallite size of AgNPs is found to be 32.34 nm. The application of prepared electrocatalyst (AgNPs-rGO) as a non-enzymatic sensor is examined through the modified electrode with the synthesized AgNPs-rGO. The sensor showed excellent performance toward H2O2 reduction with a sensitivity of 12.73 µA.cm-2.mM-1, with a linear dynamic range of 1.5 µM – 100 mM, and the detection limit of 1.90 µM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the sensor displayed high sensitivity, reproducibility, stability and selectivity for the determination of H2O2. The results demonstrated that AgNPs-rGO has potential applications as sensing material for quantitative determination of H2O2.

In situ synthesis of copper–ruthenium bimetallic nanoparticles on laser-induced graphene as a peroxidase mimic

A new type of disposable flexible sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection was developed by in situ synthesis of copper-ruthenium bimetallic nanoparticles on a laser-induced graphene surface (Cu-Ru/LIG). The approach produced Cu-Ru/LIG via a solid phase transfer mechanism which loaded the metal precursor onto LIG, followed by laser scribing without demanding chemical vapor deposition or solution-based reactions. Cu-Ru/LIG showed a high electrocatalytic response toward H2O2 reduction at -0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The sensor also showed good selectivity and reproducibility. This method provides an alternative route to easily synthesize various catalysts on conductive substrates for sensor applications.

A novel MnO-CrN nanocomposite based non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor.

A MnO–CrN composite was obtained via the ammonolysis of the low-cost nitride precursors Cr(NO3)3·9H2O and Mn(NO3)2·4H2O at 800 °C for 8 h using a sol–gel method. The specific surface area of the synthesized powder was measured via BET analysis and it was found to be 262 m2 g−1. Regarding its application, the electrochemical sensing performance toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied via applying cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry (i–t) analysis. The linear response range was 0.33–15 000 μM with a correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.995. Excellent performance toward H2O2 was observed with a limit of detection of 0.059 μM, a limit of quantification of 0.199 μM, and sensitivity of 2156.25 μA mM−1 cm−2. A short response time of within 2 s was achieved. Hence, we develop and offer an efficient approach for synthesizing a new cost-efficient material for H2O2 sensing.

One-step synthesis of CuO nanoparticles based on flame synthesis: As a highly effective non-enzymatic sensor for glucose, hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde

Abstract Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for detections of glucose, hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde, characterized with fast response, convenient operation and high sensitivity, have attracted widespread attention from researchers. In this project, the flame synthesis integrating the merits of simple operation, less-time consumption and low cost was utilized to quickly prepare CuO nanoparticles on carbon cloth (CuO NPs/CC) in one step. The material was then successfully used as a working electrode to achieve the construction of a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor. In detection of glucose, the results show a low detection limit of 6.8 nM (S/N = 3) and an excellent sensitivity of 12,050 μA mM−1 cm−2, while in hydrogen peroxide detection, the detection limit is 34 nM (S / N = 3), and the sensitivity is 1479 μAmM−1 cm−2. And the detection limit in formaldehyde sensing is 26 nM (S / N = 3), and the sensitivity is 2406 μAmM−1 cm−2. It proves that the flame-synthesized CuO NPs/CC is applicable to the highly sensitive electrocatalysis of glucose, hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde.

Manganese oxides/carbon nanowall nanocomposite electrode as an efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in a CO/H2 microwave discharge system was performed for synthesizing of carbon nanowalls template and subsequently potentiostatic anodic deposition technique was applied for depositing of manganese oxides onto the carbon nanowall surfaces. Characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite films was done via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical properties of MnOx/CNW electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry techniques. The prepared nanocomposite electrode exhibited high electrochemical activity for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in phosphate buffer solution at an applied potential of +0.7 V, showing a linear dependence on the concentration of H2O2 from 40 μM to 10,230 μM, a high sensitivity (698.6 μA mM−1 cm−2), and a detection limit of 0.55 μM (signal/noise = 3). The sensor exhibited good selectivity toward hydrogen peroxide detection against ascorbic acid, uric acid, and citric acid. This study demonstrates a great potential of CNW based composite electrodes in nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor application.

Promising activities of defective black phosphorus nanosheets as non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors

Defective black phosphorus nanosheets (dBPNs) containing vacancies are successfully prepared using a sonoelectrochemical method. A potential of 6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and an ultrasonic power of 640 W are used to drive the rapid intercalation of phosphate ions into the spacing between layers of black phosphorus as a working electrode in a neutral phosphate-buffered electrolyte. In comparison with non-defective black phosphorus, the X-ray photoelectron P 2p spectrum for dBPN exhibits lower binding energies, corroborating the presence of an electron-rich surface. Additionally, dBPN is applied as a non-enzymatic amperometric sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. The sensitivities (at −0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl) of the dBPN sensor over the concentration ranges 0.005–6.995 mM and 6.995–24.955 mM are 124.14 and 233.86 μA·mM−1·cm−2, respectively. Both these values are more than 7.9 times greater than that for almost defect-free reduced graphene oxide (15.71 μA·mM−1·cm−2). The real-world sample tests reveal high recoveries (approximately 100%), demonstrating the feasibility of dBPN as a sensor for the determination of H2O2 pollutants in milk.

Bio-directed synthesis of platinum nanoparticles by Nymphaea alba extract: fabrication of a novel non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor

In this work, the extract of Nymphaea alba flowers was used as a reducing agent to synthesize platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs), being such NPs characterized by different methods such as XRD, SEM and FT-IR. Crystal size of prepared Pt NPs was determined by SEM round circa 35 nm. Such characterized NPs were then applied to modify carbon paste electrodes (CPE/Pt NPs), which were electrochemically investigated by cyclic voltammetric method. The active surface area of CPE/Pt NPs was calculated about 0.027 cm2. Finally, the ability of this modified electrode was assessed to determine of hydrogen peroxide by amperometric technique. This modified electrode has shown a linear dynamic range of 1.5–250 μmol L−1 with detection limit of 0.7 μmol L−1. In addition, the electron transfer coefficient for hydrogen peroxide at the surface of CPE/Pt NPs was found to be 0.74. The simple preparation method, low costs (free enzyme), good stability, and efficient response are the advantages of this novel modified electrode as a sensor for determination of hydrogen peroxide.

Peptide-inspired green synthesis of hedgehog-like CuO nanoclusters on reduced graphene oxide for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor

Bioinspired synthesis provides a potential green method for creating functional nanomaterials on graphene supports. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of hedgehog-like cupric oxide nanoclusters (CuONCs) on peptide-modified reduced graphene oxide (RGO-Pep) nanohybrids through a solution-phase synthesis in which the bound peptide molecules (GNNQQNYEE) mediate the non-covalent modification of GO and provide the adsorption of Cu[Formula: see text] ions and the nucleation sites for the growth of CuONCs. The synthesized RGO-Pep-CuONCs hybrids were further utilized for the modification of a glass carbon electrode to fabricate a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It was found that the fabricated H2O2 sensor exhibited good performances for sensing H2O2 with a detection limit of [Formula: see text]M and two wide linear detection ranges. In addition, this sensor revealed good selectivity and stability. It is expected that the strategies used in this study will be valuable to inspire the creation of various functional biomolecule- and graphene-based hybrid bionanomaterials for the applications in materials science, sensors, biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and other fields.

Hierarchical MnS@MoS2 architectures on tea bag filter paper for flexible, sensitive, and selective non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors

We report here the rational development of MnO2 nanorods coated tea bag filter paper (TBFP) as a self-standing, bendable, and disposable electrochemical probe for the sensitive and selective H2O2 detection and addresses their challenges in H2O2 sensing via the replacement of ‘O’ with ‘S’ in the form of MnS microcubes and its core@shell architecture with MoS2. The as-configured MnS@MoS2/TBFP overwhelms the constrains of conventional electrochemical probes including time and cost consumed electrode surface renewability and catalyst loading progression, and the practice of an insulating binder. The hierarchical open porous architectures of MoS2-shell favour the diffusion of H2O2 into the core-MnS microcubes, facilitating an analyte utilization efficacy at both the core and shell architectures. The impacts of core@shell morphological features, replacement of ‘O’ with ‘S’, surface defects, and lattice distribution of MnS@MoS2 toward non-enzymatic H2O2 sensing performances are elucidated using variant electrochemical techniques. With the synergism of uniformly implanted and exposed metallic active sites, efficient electron transfer rate, and high analyte utilization efficiency, MnS@MoS2/TBFP exposes the low detection limit (120 nM), excellent sensitivity (650 μA mM−1 cm−2), and wide linear range (500 nM-5 mM) on H2O2 detection. Furthermore, the scrutinized non-enzymatic H2O2 detection concerts of MnS/MoS2/TBFP are selective, decisive, repeatable, and stable, constructing the excellent recovery rates in human urine sample analyses. Thus, the collective benefits of free-standing, flexible, binder-less, re-functional, and cost-efficient MnS@MoS2/TBFP probe actualize the evolution of affordable and high performance H2O2 sensors.

Design and fabrication of cost-effective and sensitive non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor using Co-doped δ-MnO2 flowers as electrode modifier.

The development of a cost-effective and highly sensitive hydrogen peroxide sensor is of great importance. Electrochemical sensing is considered the most sensitive technique for hydrogen peroxide detection. Herein, we reported a cost-effective and highly sensitive hydrogen peroxide sensor using Co-doped δ-MnO2 (Co@δ-MnO2) flower-modified screen-printed carbon electrode. The δ-MnO2 and Co@δ-MnO2 flowers were synthesized by employing a hydrothermal approach. Advanced techniques such as PXRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman, UV, EDX, BET, and TEM were utilized to confirm the formation of δ-MnO2 and Co-doped δ-MnO2 flowers. The fabricated sensor exhibited an excellent detection limit (0.12μM) and sensitivity of 5.3μAμM-1cm-2.Graphical abstract.

Porous microtubes of nickel-cobalt double oxides as non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors

Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have attracted more and more concerns. A series of nickel and cobalt double oxides (NixCoy-DO) with the different ratios of Ni/Co have been prepared by a polyol-mediated solvothermal method for H2O2 detection. The obtained products exhibit honeycomb-like open porous microtubes constituted with the low-dimensional nanostructured NixCoy-DO blocks after the calcination treatment. Compared with nickel oxides, the introduced Co ions in NixCoy-DO can induce the production of surficial oxygen vacancies, and further enhance the electrode surface activity. In particular, the NiCo-DO sample (with an atomic ratio of Ni/Co = 4:3) shows the richest surficial oxygen vacancies and presents the highest H2O2 detection activity among all the as-prepared samples, demonstrating an excellent sensitivity of 698.60 μA L mmol−1 cm-2 (0 ∼ 0.4 mmol/L), low detection limit (0.28 μmol/L, S/N = 3), as well as long stability, high selectivity and good reproducibility. This work lends a new impetus to the potential application of double metal oxides for the next generation of non-enzymatic sensors.